Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T02:23:02.581Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The United Kingdom's contributions to the development of aeronautics. Part 3. The development of the streamlined monoplane (the 1920s-1 940s)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 July 2016

J. A. D. Ackroyd
J. A. D. Ackroyd*
Affiliation:
Aerospace Division, Manchester School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The second part of this survey closed a little after the termination of the First World War. By then the utility of the aeroplane as an instrument of warfare had been amply demonstrated. Moreover, something of its future potential in civil use had been indicated by such British achievements as the first transatlantic flight by Alcock and Brown in 1919, albeit in a Vickers Vimy biplane of otherwise limited performance. It was also at this time that the new aerodynamic ideas of Kutta, Zhukovskii and Prandtl reached Britain. All such thinking pointed inevitably to the greater speed, efficiency and economy to be expected of the streamlined monoplane.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Aeronautical Journal , Volume 106 , Issue 1059 , May 2002 , pp. 217 - 268
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 2002 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Ackroyd, J.A.D. The United Kingdom's contributions to the development of aeronautics; Part 2.The development of the practical aeroplane (1900-1920), Aeronaut J, December 2000, 104,(1042), pp 569–596.Google Scholar
2. Penrose, H. British Aviation, the Great War and Armistice, Putnam, London, 1969.Google Scholar
3. Cayley, G. On aerial navigation, A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts, 1809, 24, pp 164–174; 1810, 25, pp 81-87, 161- 169.Google Scholar
4. Page, F.H. The Handley Page wing, Aeronaut J, 1921, 25, pp 263–289.Google Scholar
5. Centenary Journal, JRAeS, 1966, 70.Google Scholar
6. Barnes, C.H. Handley Page Aircraft since 1907, Putnam, London, 1976.Google Scholar
7. Glauert, H. The Handley Page slotted wing, ARC, R&M No 834, 1922.Google Scholar
8. Bradfield, F.B. Tests on four slotted aerofoils, supplied by Messrs Handley Page Ltd, ARC, R&M No 835, 1922.Google Scholar
9. Lachmann, G.V. Das unterteilte Flächenprofil, Zeitfür Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt, 1921, 12, pp 164–169.Google Scholar
10.Anon The No 2 7-foot wind channel, at the Royal Aircraft Establish ment, ARC, R&M No 847, 1922.Google Scholar
11. Lavender, T. The ‘Duplex’ wind tunnel of the National Physical Laboratory, ARC, R&M No 879, 1923.Google Scholar
12. Relf, E.F. An electric motor of small diameter for use inside aeroplane models, ARC, R&M No 778, 1922.Google Scholar
13. Glauert, M. Two-dimensional aerofoil theory, JRAeS, 1923, 27, pp 348–366.Google Scholar
14. Glauert, H. A generalised type of Joukowski aerofoil, ARC, R&M No 911,1924.Google Scholar
15. Karman, T. Von and Trefftz, E. Potentialströmung um gegebene Tragflächenquerschnitte, Zeit für Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt, 1918, 9,pp 111–116.Google Scholar
16. Karman, T. Von with Edson, L. The Wind and Beyond, Little, Brown and Co, Boston, 1967.Google Scholar
17. Theodorsen, T. On the theory of wing sections with particular reference to the lift distribution, NACA, Rep No 383, 1931.Google Scholar
18. Theodorsen, T. Theory of wing sections of arbitrary shape, NACA, RepNo411, 1931.Google Scholar
19. Theodorsen, T. and Garrick, I.E. General potential theory of arbitrary wing sections, NACA, Rep No 452, 1933.Google Scholar
20. Munk, M.M. General theory of thin wing sections, NACA, Rep No 142,1922.Google Scholar
21. Birnbaum, W. Die tragende Wirbelfläche als Hilfsmittel zur Behand-lung des ebenen Problems der Tragflügeltheorie, Zeit für angew Mathund Mech, 1923, 3, pp 290–297.Google Scholar
22. Glauert, H. A theory of thin aerofoils, ARC, R&M No 910, 1924.Google Scholar
23. Glauert, H. The Elements of Aerofoil and Airscrew Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1926.Google Scholar
24. Glauert, H. The theoretical relationships for an aerofoil with hinged flap, ARC, R&M No 1095, 1927.Google Scholar
25. Perring, W.G.A. The theoretical relationships for an aerofoil with a multiply hinged flap system, ARC, R&M No 1171, 1928.Google Scholar
26. Glauert, H. and Gates, S.B. The characteristics of a tapered and twisted wing with sweep-back, ARC, R&M No 1226, 1928.Google Scholar
27. Gates, S.B. An analysis of a rectangular monoplane with hinged tips, ARC, R&M No 1175,1928.Google Scholar
28. Gates, S.B. and Hirst, D.M. Some features of the earlier Pterodactyl design. ARC, R&M No 1423, 1931.Google Scholar
29. Bryant, L.W. and Williams, D.H. An investigation of the flow of air around an aerofoil of infinite span, ARC, R&M No 989, 1924.Google Scholar
30. Bryant, L.W. and Williams, D.H. An investigation of the flow of air around an aerofoil of infinite span, Phil Trans Roy Soc A, 1925, 225, pp 199–245.Google Scholar
31. Ackroyd, J.A.D. The United Kingdom's contributions to the development of aeronautics; Part 1. From antiquity to the era of the Wrights ,Aeronaut J, January 2000, 104, (1031), pp 9–30.Google Scholar
32. Prandtl, L. The generation of vortices in fluids of small viscosity, JRAeS, 1927, 31, pp 718–741.Google Scholar
33. Lanchester, F.W. Sustentation in flight, JRAeS, 1926, 30, pp 587–606.Google Scholar
34. Glauert, H. The interference of wind channel walls on the aerodynamic characteristics of wings, ARC, R&M No 867, 1923.Google Scholar
35. Jones, B.M. The streamline aeroplane, JRAeS, 1929, 33, pp 357–385.Google Scholar
36. Jones, B.M. The importance of streamlining in relation to performance, ARC, R&M No 1115, 1927.Google Scholar
37. Prandtl, L. Über den Reibungswiderstand strömender Luft, Ergebnisse der Aerodynamischen Versuchsanstalt zu Göttingen, 1927, 3, pp 3–5.Google Scholar
38. Loftin, L. Quest for performance. The evolution of modern aircraft, NASA SP 468, NASA, Washington DC, 1985.Google Scholar
39. Bairstow, L. Skin friction, JRAeS, 1925, 29, pp 3–23.Google Scholar
40. MacColl, J.W. Modern aerodynamic research in Germany, JRAeS, 1930, 34, pp 649–689.Google Scholar
41. Karman, T. Von Über laminare und turbulente Reibung, Zeit für angew Math und Mech, 1921, 1, pp 233–252.Google Scholar
42. Pohlhausen, K. Zur näherungsweisen Integration der Differentialgleichung der laminaren Grenzschicht, Zeit für angew Math und Mech, 1921, 1, pp 252–268.Google Scholar
43. Tollmien, W. Über die Entstehung der Turbulenz, 1. Mitteilungen, Nach der Gesellschaft der Wiss zu Göttingen, Math-Phys Klasse, 1929, pp 21–44.Google Scholar
44. Prandtl, L. Bericht über Untersuchungen zur ausgebildeten Turbulenz. Zeit für angew Math und Mech, 1925, 5, pp 136–139.Google Scholar
45. Fage, A. and Falkner, V.M. An experimental determination of the intensity of friction on the surface of an aerofoil, Proc Roy Soc A, 1930, 129, pp 378–410.Google Scholar
46. Stanton, T.E., Marshall, D. and Bryant, C.N. On the conditions at the boundary of a fluid in turbulent motion, Proc Roy Soc A, 1920, 97, pp 413–434.Google Scholar
47. The Cambridge University Aeronautics Laboratory The measure ment of profile drag by the pitot-traverse method, ARC, R&M No 1688,1936.Google Scholar
48. Betz, A. Ein Verfahren zur direkten Ermittlung des Profilwiderstandes, Zeit für Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt, 1925, 16, pp 42–44.Google Scholar
49. Young, A.D. Note on a method of measuring profile drag by means of an integrating comb, ARC, R&M No 257, 1938Google Scholar
50. Falkner, .M. and Skan, S.W. Some approximate solutions of the boundary-layer equations, ARC, R&M No 1314, 1930.Google Scholar
51. Falkner, V.M. and Skan, S.W. Solutions of the boundary-layer equations, Phil Mag Ser 7, 1931, 12, pp 865–896.Google Scholar
52. Hartree, D.R. On an equation occurring in Falkner and Skan's approximate treatment of the equations of the boundary layer, Proc Cam PhilSoc, 1937, 33, pp 223–239.Google Scholar
53. Howarth, L. The theoretical determination of the lift coefficient of a thin elliptic cylinder, Proc Roy Soc A, 1935, 149, pp 558–586.Google Scholar
54. Young, A.D. and Winterbottom, N.E. Note on the effect of compressibility on the profile drag of aerofoils at subsonic Mach numbers in the absence of shock waves, ARC, R&M No 2400, 1940.Google Scholar
55. Thwaites, B. On the momentum equation in laminar boundary-layer flow. A new method of uniparametric calculation, ARC, R&M No 2587,1947.Google Scholar
56. Schlichting, H. Boundary-Layer Theory (Sixth Edition), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.Google Scholar
57. Rayleigh, , Lordon the stability, or instability, of certain fluid motions, Scientific Papers, 1, pp 474–478; 2, pp 2-23.Google Scholar
58. Orr, , W.M.F. The stability or instability of the steady motions of a liquid, Proc R Irish Acad A, 1907, 27, pp 9–27,69-138.Google Scholar
59. Sommerfeld, A. Ein Beitrag zur hydrodynamischen Erklärung der turbulenten Flüssigkeitsbewegungen, Atti del IV Congresso Internationale dei Matematici, Roma, 1908(Rome, 1909), 3, ppl 16–124.Google Scholar
60. Schubauer, G.B. and Skramstad, H.K. Laminar boundary layer oscillations and transition on a flat plate, NACA, Rep No 909, 1947.Google Scholar
61. Taylor, G.I. The transport of vorticity and heat through fluids in turbulent motion, Proc Roy Soc A, 1932, 135, pp 685–705.Google Scholar
62. Taylor, G.l. Statistical theory of turbulence. I, Proc Roy Soc A, 1935, 151, pp 421–444.Google Scholar
63. Taylor, G.I. Statistical theory of turbulence. II, Proc Roy Soc A, 1935, 151, pp 445–454.Google Scholar
64. Taylor, G.I. Statistical theory of turbulence. III. Distribution of dissipation of energy in a pipe over its cross-section, Proc Roy Soc A, 1935, 151, pp 455–464.Google Scholar
65. Taylor, G.I. Statistical theory of turbulence. IV. Diffusion in a turbulent air stream, Proc Roy Soc A, 1935, 151, pp 465–478.Google Scholar
66. Taylor, G.I. Statistical theory of turbulence. V. Effect of turbulence on boundary layer. Theoretical discussion of relationship between scale of turbulence and critical resistance of spheres, Proc Roy Soc A, 1936,156, pp 307–317.Google Scholar
67. Taylor, G.I. Turbulence in a contracting stream, Zeit für angew MathundMech, 1932, 15, pp 91–96.Google Scholar
68. Prandtl, L.M Mechanik der flüssigenundgasörmigenKörper; Lehrbuch der Physik I, II, pp 991-1188, Vieweg und Sohn, Braun schweig, 1929. [See also Prandtl, L. The Physics of Solids and Fluids, Blackie & Son, London, 1930].Google Scholar
69. Squire, H.B. On the stability for three dimensional disturbances of viscous fluid flow between parallel walls, Proc Roy Soc A, 1933, 142, pp 621–628.Google Scholar
70. Squire, H.B. and Young, A.D. The calculation of the profile drag of aerofoils, ARC, R&M No 1838, 1937.Google Scholar
71. Young, A D. The calculation of the total and skin friction drags of bodies of revolution at zero incidence, ARC, R&M No 1874, 1939.Google Scholar
72. Anderson, J.D. A History of Aerodynamics, Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
73. Relf, E.F. The compressed air wind tunnel of the National Physical Laboratory, Engineering, 1931, 132, (3428), pp 428–433.Google Scholar
74. Collar, A.R. The NPL open jet wind tunnel, ARC, R&M No 1569, 1933.Google Scholar
75. Collar, A.R. Some experiments with cascades of aerofoils, ARC, R&M No 1768, 1936.Google Scholar
76. Collar, A.R. Effect of a gauze on the velocity distribution in a uniform duct, ARC, R&M No 1867, 1939.Google Scholar
77. Jennings, W.G., Terry, A. and Pearsall, P.J. Preliminary calibration of the 24-foot wind tunnel, RAE, with a short description of the tunnel, ARC, R&M No 1720, 1936.Google Scholar
78. Bradfield, F.B. The 5-ft open jet wind tunnel, RAE, ARC, R&M No 1364,1930.Google Scholar
79. Stephens, A.V. and Francis, R.H. Model spinning tests of an interceptor fighter, ARC, R&M No 1578, 1933.Google Scholar
80. Hall, A.A. Measurements of the intensity and scale of turbulence, ARC, R&M No 1842, 1938.Google Scholar
81. Hall, A.A. and Hislop, G.S. Experiments on the transition of the laminar boundary layer on a flat plate, ARC, R&M No 1843, 1938.Google Scholar
82. Jones, B.M. Flight experiments on the boundary layer, JAS, 1938, 5, pp 81–101.Google Scholar
83. Squire, H.B. and Winter, K.G. The Royal Aircraft Establishment 4ft x 3ft experimental low turbulence wind tunnel. Part 1 – General flow characteristics, ARC, R&M No 2690, 1948.Google Scholar
84. Goldstein, S. LOW drag and suction aerofoils, JAS, 1948, 15, pp 189–220.Google Scholar
85. Goldstein, S. Approximate two-dimensional aerofoil theory. Part I. Velocity distributions for symmetrical aerofoils (from ARC Rep 5804, 1942). ARC CP No 68, 1952.Google Scholar
86. Goldstein, S. Approximate two-dimensional aerofoil theory. Part II. Velocity distributions for cambered aerofoils (from ARC Rep 6156, 1942),ARC,CPNo69, 1952.Google Scholar
87. Goldstein, S. and Richards, E.J. Approximate two-dimensional aerofoil theory. Part III. Approximate designs of symmetrical aerofoils for specified pressure distributions (from ARC Rep 6225, 1942), ARC, CP No 70, 1952.Google Scholar
88. Goldstein, S. Approximate two-dimensional aerofoil theory. Part IV. The design of centre lines (from ARC Rep 8548, 1945), ARC, CP No 71, 1952.Google Scholar
89. Goldstein, S. Approximate two-dimensional aerofoil theory. Part V. The positions of maximum velocity and theoretical CL-ranges (from ARC Rep 8549,1945), ARC, CP No 72, 1952.Google Scholar
90. Goldstein, S. and Preston, J.H. Approximate two-dimensional aerofoil theory. Part VI. Aerofoils with hinged flaps (from ARC Rep 8877, 1945), ARC, CP No 73, 1952.Google Scholar
91. Lighthill, M.J. A new method of two-dimensionalaerodynamic design, ARC, R&M No 2112, 1945.Google Scholar
92. Glauert, M.B. The application of the exact method of aerofoil design, ARC, R&M No 2683, 1947.Google Scholar
93. Falkner, V.M. The calculation of the aerodynamic loading on surfaces of any shape, ARC, R&M No 1910, 1943.Google Scholar
94. Falkner, V.M. The solution of lifting plane problems by vortex lattice theory, ARC, R&M No 2591, 1947.Google Scholar
95. Rogers, E.W.E. Aerodynamics in retrospect and prospect, Aeronaut J, February 1982, 86, (852), pp 43–67.Google Scholar
96. Sutton, O.G. The Science of Flight, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1955.Google Scholar
97. Sutton, O.G. Mastery of the Air, Basic Books, New York, 1965.Google Scholar
98. Karman, T. VON. Aerodynamics, Cornell University Press, 1954.Google Scholar
99. Hoerner, S.F. Fluid Dynamic Drag, Published by the author. Brick Town, 1958.Google Scholar
100. Hoerner, S.F. and Borst, H.V. Fluid Dynamic Lift, Published by the authors. Brick Town, 1975.Google Scholar
101. Case, J. and Gates, S.B. Tail loads in recovering from a vertical dive at terminal velocity, ARC, R&M No 756, 1921.Google Scholar
102. Gates, S. B. and Howard, H.B. On the maximum load in pulling out from vertical dives, ARC, R&M No 1232, 1929.Google Scholar
103. Gates, S.B. and Garner, H.M. A theory of the full scale determination of damping in roll, ARC, R&M No 938, 1924.Google Scholar
104. Garner, H.M. and Gates, S.B. The full scale determination of the lateral resistance derivatives of a Bristol Fighter aeroplane. ARC, R&M No 987, 1925.Google Scholar
105. Relf, E.F. and Lavender, T. A continuous rotation balance for the measurement of Lp at small rates of roll, ARC, R&M No 828, 1922.Google Scholar
106. Lavender, T. A continuous rotation balance for the measurement of pitching and yawing moments due to angular velocity of roll (Mp and Np), ARC, R&M No 936, 1925.Google Scholar
107. Jones, B.M. and Trevelyan, A. Step by step calculations upon the asymmetric movements of stalled aeroplanes, ARC, R&M No 999. 1925.Google Scholar
108. Jones, B.M. Control of stalled aeroplanes, JRAeS, 1926, 30, pp 345–364.Google Scholar
109. Jones, B. M. and Maitland, C. E. Instrumental records of the lateral motions of a stalled Bristol Fighter aeroplane, ARC. R&M No 1181, 1928.Google Scholar
110. Jones, B.M. and Maitland, C.E. Records of the lateral motions of a stalled Bristol Fighter aeroplane with slots upon the upper wing tips, ARC, R&M No 1286,1929.Google Scholar
111. Jones, B.M. and Haslam, J.A.G. Airflow about aeroplanes shown by wool-tufts, ARC, R&M No 1494, 1932.Google Scholar
112. Jones, B.M. Stalling, JRAeS, 1934, 38, pp 747–770.Google Scholar
113. Farren, W.S., Walker, P.B., Francis, R.H. and Cohen, J. Flow near a wing which starts suddenly from rest and then stalls, ARC, R&M No 1561, 1933.Google Scholar
114. Farren, W.S. Reaction on a wing whose angle of incidence is changing rapidly. Wind tunnel experiments with a short period recording balance, ARC, R&M No 1648, 1935.Google Scholar
115. Wagner, H. Über die Entstehung des dynamischen Auftriebes von Tragflügeln, Zeit für angew Math und Mech, 1925, 5, pp 17–35.Google Scholar
116. Young, A.D. A review of some stalling research, ARC, R&M No 2609, 1942.Google Scholar
117. Stephens, A.V. Fee-flight spinning investigations with several models, ARC, R&M No 1404, 1931.Google Scholar
118. Gates, S.B. and Bryant, L.W. The spinning of aeroplanes, ARC, R&M No 1001, 1926.Google Scholar
119. Bryant, L.W. and Gates, S.B. The spinning of aeroplanes. JRAeS. 1927, 31, pp 619–688.Google Scholar
120. Gates, S.B. Spinning experiments on a single seater fighter. II. Full scale spinning tests. ARC. R&M No 1278, 1929.Google Scholar
121. Gates, S.B. Measured spins on aeroplane H, ARC, R&M No 1403, 1931.Google Scholar
122. Gates, S.B. Effect of centrifugal force on the controls in a spin, ARC, R&M No 1416, 1931.Google Scholar
123. Gates, S.B. and Francis, R.H. An analytical survey of the effect of mass distribution on spinning equilibrium, ARC, R&M No 1644, 1934.Google Scholar
124. Gates, S.B., Irving, H.B., Alston, R.P. and Stephens, A.V. Slots and interceptors in spins, ARC, R&M No 1660, 1934.Google Scholar
125. Gates, S.B. and Stephens, A.V. Air density effect in spinning. ARC. R&M No 1663, 1934.Google Scholar
126. Glauert, H. A nondimensional form of the stability equations of an aeroplane, ARC, R&M No 1093, 1927.Google Scholar
127. Gates, S.B. A survey of longitudinal stability below the stall, with an abstract for designers' use. ARC, R&M No 1118, 1927.Google Scholar
128. Bryant, L.W., Jones, I.M.W. and Pawsey, G.L. The lateral stability of an aeroplane beyond the stall, ARC, R&M No 1519, 1932.Google Scholar
129. Jones, B.M. Dynamics of the Airplane (Division N, Aerodynamic Theory, Vol V, Durand, W.F. (Ed)), Springer, Berlin, 1935.Google Scholar
130. Bryant, L.W. and Gates, S.B. Nomenclature for stability coefficients. ARC, R&M No 1801, 1937.Google Scholar
131. Gates, S.B. An analysis of static longitudinal stability in relation to trim and control force. I. Gliding; II. Engine on, ARC, R&M No 2132, 1939.Google Scholar
132. Gates, S.B. Proposal for an elevator manoeuvrability criterion, ARC, R&M No 2677, 1942.Google Scholar
133. Gates, S.B. Note on differential gearing as a means of aileron balance. ARC, R&M No 2526, 1940.Google Scholar
134. Gates, S.B. and Lyon, H.M. A continuation of longitudinal stability and control analysis. I. General theory, ARC, R&M No 2027, 1944.Google Scholar
135. Gates, S.B. and Lyon, H.M. A continuation of longitudinal stability and control analysis. II. Interpretation of flight tests, ARC, R&M No 2028,1944.Google Scholar
136. Abzug, M.J. and Larrabee, E.E. Airplane Stability and Control: A History of the Technologies that Made Aviation Possible, Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
137. Berry, A. The calculation of stresses in aeroplane wing spars, Aero Reprints No l.RAeS, 1916.Google Scholar
138. Howard, H.B. The graphical and analytical determination of stresses in single spar and continuous beams under end compression and lateral load with variations in shear, distributed load and moment of inertia, ARC R&M No 1233, 1928.Google Scholar
139. James, D.N. Westland Aircraft since 1915, Putnam, London, 1991.Google Scholar
140. Gerard, I.J. The primary importance of mechanical testing in aircraft construction, JRAeS, 1931, 35, pp 579–608.Google Scholar
141. Weyl, A.R. Fokker: The Creative Years, Putnam, London, 1965.Google Scholar
142. Junkers, H. Metal aeroplane construction, JRAeS, 1923, 27, pp 406–449.Google Scholar
143. Miller, R. and Sawers, D. The Technical Development of Modern Aviation, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1968.Google Scholar
144. Gray, P. and Thetford, O. German Aircraft of the First World War, Putnam, London, 1962.Google Scholar
145. Barnes, C.H. Bristol Aircraft since 1910, Putnam, London, 1964.Google Scholar
146. Douglas, W.D. and Clegg, A.W. Methods employed at the Royal Aircraft Establishment for the experimental determination of the ultimate strength of aeroplane structures, ACA, R&M No 476, 1918.Google Scholar
147. Barnes, C.H. Shorts Aircraft since 1900, Putnam, London, 1989.Google Scholar
148. Francillon, R.J. Lockheed Aircraft since 1913, Putnam, London, 1982.Google Scholar
149. Wagner, H. Ebene Blechwandträger mit sehr dünnem Stegblech, Zeit für Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt, 1929, 20, pp 200–207, 227- 233,256-262,279-284,306-314.Google Scholar
150. Wagner, H. Flat sheet metal girders with very thin metal webs, NACA, TM 604-606, 1931.Google Scholar
151. Kuhn, P. A summary of design formulas for beams having thin webs in diagonal tension, NACA TN 469, 1933.Google Scholar
152. Karman, T. VON, Sechler, E. E. and Donnell, L.H. The strength of thin plates in compression, Trans ASME, 1932, 54, pp 53–57.Google Scholar
153. Cox, H.L. Summary of the present state of knowledge regarding sheet metal construction, ARC, R&M No 1553, 1933.Google Scholar
154. Cox, H.L. Buckling of thin plates in compression, ARC, R&M No 1554,1933.Google Scholar
155. Gerard, I.J. Monocoque construction, JRAeS, 1937, 41, pp 467–492.Google Scholar
156. Williams, D. Behaviour in bending of thin-walled tubes and channels, ARC, R&M No 1669, 1935.Google Scholar
157. Williams, D. and B.V.S.C., Rae The flexural axis of thin-walled sections that have no plane of symmetry, ARC, R&M No 2939, 1943.Google Scholar
158. Williams, D. and Fairbank, D.W.G. A study of the flexural axis positions for certain box sections, ARC, R&M No 1751, 1936.Google Scholar
159. Williams, D., Starkey, R.D. and Taylor, R.H. Distribution of stress between spar flanges and stringers for a wing under distributed loading, ARC, R&M No 2098, 1939.Google Scholar
160. Williams, D. and Fine, M. Stress distribution in reinforced flat sheet, cylindrical shells and cambered box-beams under bending actions, ARC, R&M No 2099, 1940.Google Scholar
161. Fine, M. and Williams, D. Stress concentration due to four-point fixing at front end of monocoque fuselage, theoretical analysis, ARC, R&M No 2100, 1941.Google Scholar
162. Fine, M. and Hopkins, H.G. Stress diffusion adjacent to gaps in the inter-spar skin of a stressed-skin wing, ARC, R&M No 2618, 1942.Google Scholar
163. Hadji-Argyris, J. and Dunne, P.C. The general theory of cylindrical and conical tubes under torsion and bending loads. Parts I-IV, JRAeS, 1947, 51, pp 199–269; Part V, 1947, 51, pp 757-784, 884-930; Part VI, 1949,53, pp 461-483, 558-620.Google Scholar
164. Southwell, R.V. Stress calculation in frameworks by the method of ‘systematic relaxation of constraints’. I and II, Proc Roy Soc A, 1935, 151, pp 56–89,90-95; III, 153, pp 41-76.Google Scholar
165. Pugsley, A.G. A philosophy of aeroplane strength factors, ARC, R&M No 1906, 1942.Google Scholar
166. Pugsley, A.G. Modern experimental work on aeroplane structures, JRAeS, 1945, 49, pp 566–598.Google Scholar
167. Pugsley, A.G. The behaviour of structures under repeated loads, JRAeS, 1947, 51, pp 715–720.Google Scholar
168. Andrews, C.F. and Morgan, E.B. Vickers Aircraft since 1908, Putnam, London, 1988.Google Scholar
169. Fozard, J.W. (Ed), Sydney Camm and the Hurricane, Airlife, Shrewsbury, 1991.Google Scholar
170. Harper, R.H.T. A survey, chiefly historical, but with a structural flavour, covering the period 1939-1964, JRAeS, 1966, 70, pp 477–486.Google Scholar
171. Boswell, R.P., Crabtree, L.F. and Webber, J.P.H. Aeronautical Structures, (Chapter 11, Engineering Structures; Developments in the Twentieth Century, Bulson, P.S., Caldwell, J.B. and Severn, R.T. (Eds)), University of Bristol Press, 1983.Google Scholar
172. Hoff, N.J. Thin shells in aerospace structures, Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1967, 5, (2), pp 26–45.Google Scholar
173. Garrick, I.E. and Reed, W.H. Historical development of aircraft flutter, J Aircr, 1981, 18, pp 897–912.Google Scholar
174. Reissner, H. Neurere Probleme aus der Flugzeugstatik, Zeit für Flugtechnik und Motorluftschiffahrt, 1926, 17, pp 137–146.Google Scholar
175. Frazer, R.A. An investigation of wing flutter, ARC, R&M No 1042, 1926.Google Scholar
176. Baumhauer, A.G. Von and Konig, C. On the stability of oscillations of an airplane wing, International Air Congress, London, 1923.Google Scholar
177. Frazer, R.A. and Duncan, W.J. The flutter of aeroplane wings, ARC, R&M No 1155, 1928.Google Scholar
178. Frazer, R.A. and Duncan, W.J. The flutter of monoplanes, biplanes and tail units, ARC, R&M No 1255, 1931.Google Scholar
179. Perring, W.G.A. Wing flutter experiments upon a model of a single seater biplane, ARC, R&M No 1197, 1928.Google Scholar
180. Duncan, W.J. and Collar, A.R. Present position of airscrew flutter, ARC, R&M No 1518, 1932.Google Scholar
181. Glauert, H. The force and moment on an oscillating aerofoil, ARC, R&M No 1242, 1929.Google Scholar
182. Duncan, W.J. and Collar, A.R. Calculation of the resistance derivatives of flutter theory, ARC, R&M No 1500, 1932.Google Scholar
183. Theodorsen, T. General theory of aerodynamic instability and the mechanism of flutter, NACA Rep No 496, 1935.Google Scholar
184. Cox, H. Roxbee A statistical method of investigating relations between elastic stiffness of aeroplane wings and wing-aileron flutter, ARC, R&M No 1505,1932.Google Scholar
185. Cox, H. Roxbee and Pugsley, A.G. Theory of loss of lateral control due to wing twisting, ARC, R&M No 1506, 1932.Google Scholar
186. Pugsley, A.G. and Brooke, G.R. The calculation by successive approximation of the critical reversal speed for an elastic wing, ARC, R&M No 1508, 1932.Google Scholar
187. Pugsley, A.G. The influence of wing density upon the flutter of aero plane wings, ARC, R&M No 1497, 1932.Google Scholar
188. Pugsley, A.G. The influence of wing elasticity upon the longitudinal stability of an aeroplane, ARC, R&M No 1548, 1933.Google Scholar
189. Pugsley, A.G. Aileron instability, with special reference to rolling-aileron motion and the influence of Frise type hinge moment curves, ARC, R&M No 1595, 1934.Google Scholar
190. Pugsley, A.G. and Cox, H. Roxbee The aileron power of a monoplane, ARC, R&M No 1640, April 1934.Google Scholar
191. Pugsley, A.G. The wing stiffness of monoplanes, ARC, R&M No 1742, 1936.Google Scholar
192. Pugsley, A.G. and Naylor, G.L. The divergence speed of an elastic wing, ARC, R&M No 1815, 1937.Google Scholar
193. Pugsley, A.G. Control surface and wing stability problems, JRAeS, 1937, 41, pp 975–996.Google Scholar
194. Mason, F.K. Hawker Aircraft since 1920, Putnam, London, 1991.Google Scholar
195. Collar, A.R. and Grinsted, F. The effects of structural flexibility of tailplane, elevator and fuselage on longitudinal stability and control, ARC, R&M No 2010, 1942.Google Scholar
196. Collar, A.R. The expanding domain of aeroelasticity, JRAeS, 1946, 50, pp 613–636.Google Scholar
197. Collar, A.R. Aeroelasticity &Mdash; Retrospect and prospect, JRAeS, 1959, 63, pp 1–15.Google Scholar
198. Collar, A.R. The first fifty years of aeroelasticity. Aerospace, 1978, 5, (2), pp 12–20.Google Scholar
199. Gunston, W.T. The Development of Piston Aero Engines (Second Edition), Patrick Stevens, Somerset, 1999.Google Scholar
200. Ricardo, H.R. The Internal Combustion Engine. Vol I; Slow Speed Engines, Blackie & Son, London, 1922.Google Scholar
201. Ricardo, H.R. The Internal Combustion Engine. Vol II: High Speed Engines, Blackie & Son, London, 1923.Google Scholar
202. Grey, C.G. (Ed) Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1919, Samson Low Marston, London, 1919.Google Scholar
203. Bridgman, L. (Ed) Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1945/46, Samson Low Marston, London, 1946.Google Scholar
204. Smith, H.H. Aircraft Piston Engines; From the Manly Baltzer to the Continental Tiara, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981.Google Scholar
205.Anon Investigations carried out at the Royal Aircraft Establishment on the use of blowers for super-charging aero-engines, ACA (Internal Combustion Engine Sub-Committee), ICE 230, 1918.Google Scholar
206. Hooker, S. From Merlin to Pegasus, from Hurricane to Harrier, Aerospace, 1975, 2, (4), pp 12–19.Google Scholar
207. Hooker, S. Not Much of an Engineer, Airlife, Shrewsbury, 1984.Google Scholar
208. Gunston, W.T. By Jupiter; The life of Sir Roy Fedden, Royal Aeronautical Society, London, 1978.Google Scholar
209. Gunston, W.T. Fedden – The Life of Sir Roy Fedden, Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, Derby, 1998.Google Scholar
210. Banks, F.R I Kept No Diary, Airlife, Shrewsbury, 1978.Google Scholar
211.Anon The variable pitch propeller – experiments conducted at the Royal Aircraft Factory, ACA, R&M No 402, 1918.Google Scholar
212.Anon The construction of the RAE variable pitch airscrew, ACA, R&M No471, 1918.Google Scholar
213. Hele-Shaw, H.S. and Beacham, T.E. The variable pitch airscrew, JRAeS, 1928, 32, pp 525–554.Google Scholar
214. Bass, R.M. An historical review of propeller developments, Aeronaut J, 1983, 87, pp 255–267.Google Scholar
215. Betz, A. Schraubenpropeller mit geringstem Energieverlust, Nach der kgl Gesellschaft der Wiss zu Göttingen, Math-Phys Klasse, 1919, pp 193–217.Google Scholar
216. Goldstein, S. On the vortex theory of screw propellers, Proc Roy Soc A, 1929, 123, pp 440–465.Google Scholar
217. Lock, C.N.H. Application of Goldstein's theory to the practical design of airscrews, ARC, R&M No 1377, 1932.Google Scholar
218. Townend, H.C.H. Reduction of drag of radial engines by the attachment of rings of aerofoil section, including interference experiments of an allied nature, with some further applications, ARC, R&M No 1267,1929.Google Scholar
219. Perring, W.G.A. Some wind tunnel experiments on the cowling of air-cooled engines, ARC, R&M No 1413, 1930.Google Scholar
220. Perring, W.G.A. Wind tunnel tests on a Bristol Bulldog fitted with a Townend ring, ARC, R&M No 1504, 1932.Google Scholar
221. Weick, F.E. The new NACA low drag cowling, Aviation, 1928, 25, pp 1556–1567,1586-1590.Google Scholar
222. Weick, F.E. Drag and cooling with various forms of cowling for a ‘Whirlwind’ radial air-cooled engine – I, NACA, TR 313, 1929.Google Scholar
223. Theordorsen, T, Brevoort, M.J. and Stickle, G.W. Full scale tests of NACA cowlings, NACA,TR 592, 1937.Google Scholar
224. Meredith, F.W. Cooling of aircraft engines with special reference to ethylene glycol radiators enclosed in ducts, ARC, R&M No 1683, 1935.Google Scholar
225. Morgan, B.E. and Shacklady, E. Spitfire. The History, Key Publishing, Stamford, 1987.Google Scholar
226. Atwood, J.L. We can build you a better airplane than the P-40, Aeroplane Monthly, 1999, 27, (5), pp 30–37.Google Scholar
227. Robinson, A. and Laurmann, J.A. Wing Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1956.Google Scholar
228. Thwaites, B. (Ed) Incompressible Aerodynamics, Oxford University Press, 1960.Google Scholar
229. Lamb, H. Hydrodynamics (Sixth Edition), Cambridge University Press, 1932.Google Scholar
230. Goldstein, S. (Ed) Modern Developments in Fluid Dynamics, Vols I, II, Oxford University Press, 1938.Google Scholar
231. Rosenhead, L. (Ed) Laminar Boundary Layers, Oxford University Press, 1963.Google Scholar
232. Batchelor, G.K. The Theory of Homogeneous Turbulence, Cambridge University Press, 1953.Google Scholar
233. Townsend, A.A. The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow, Cambridge University Press, 1956.Google Scholar
234. Pankhurst, R.C. and Holder, D.W. Wind-tunnel Technique, Pitman, London, 1952.Google Scholar
235. Bairstow, L. Applied Aerodynamics (Second Edition), Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1939.Google Scholar
236. Van Dyke, M.D. Perturbation Methods in Fluid Dynamics, Academic Press, New York, 1964.Google Scholar
237. Duncan, W.J. The Principles of the Control and Stability of Aircraft, Cambridge University Press, 1952.Google Scholar
238. Pippard, A.J.S. and Pritchard, J.L. Aeroplane Structure, Longmans, Green and Co, London, 1919.Google Scholar
239. Pritchard, J.L. Sir George Cayley, Parrish, London, 1961.Google Scholar
240. Southwell, R.V. Introduction to the Theory of Elasticity, for Engineers and Physicists, Oxford University Press, 1936.Google Scholar
241. Williams, D. An Introduction to the Theory of Aircraft Structures, Arnold, London, 1960.Google Scholar
242. Frazer, R.A., Duncan, W.J. and Collar, A.R. Elementary Matrices, and some Applications to Dynamics and Differential Equations, Cambridge University Press, 1938.Google Scholar
243. Broadbent, E.G. The Elementary Theory of Aeroelasticity, Aircraft Engineering Monograph, London, 1954.Google Scholar
244. Pye, D.R. The Internal Combustion Engine. Vol I: Principles, Oxford University Press, 1931.Google Scholar
245. Pye, D.R. The Internal Combustion Engine. Vol II: The Aero-engine. Oxford University Press, 1934.Google Scholar
246. Schlaifer, R. and Heron, S.D. Development of Aircraft Engines and Fuels, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass, 1950.Google Scholar
247. Jackson, A.J. De Havilland Aircraft since 1909, Putnam, London, 1962.Google Scholar
248. Proctor, P.G. The life and work of Sir Alan Cobham, Aerospace, 1975, 2, (3), pp 18–27.Google Scholar
249. Cobham, A.J. A Time to Fly, Shepheard-Walwyn, London, 1978.Google Scholar
250. Taylor, H.A. Airspeed Aircraft since 1931, Putnam, London, 1970.Google Scholar
251. Tapper, O. Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft since 1913, Putnam, London. 1973.Google Scholar
252. Bowers, P.M. Boeing Aircraft since 1916, Putnam, London, 1966.Google Scholar
253. Francillon, R.J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920, Putnam, London, 1979.Google Scholar
254. James, D.N. Gloster Aircraft since 1917, Putnam, London, 1971.Google Scholar
255. Ackroyd, J.A.D. and Lamont, P.J. A comparison of turning radii for four Battle of Britain fighter aircraft, Aeronaut J, February 2000, 104. (1032), pp 53–58.Google Scholar
256. Taylor, H.A. Fairey Aircraft since 1915, Putnam, London, 1974.Google Scholar
257. Andrews, C.F. and Morgan, E.B. Supermarine Aircraft since 1914, Putnam, London, 1981.Google Scholar
258. James, D.N. Supermarine's Schneider Trophy seaplanes, Aeroplane Monthly, 2001, 29, (10), pp 51–65.Google Scholar
259. East, R.A. and Cheeseman, I.C. (Eds) Forty Years of the Spitfire, Royal Aeronautical Society Southampton Branch, 1976.Google Scholar
260. Price, A. Spitfire – A Documentary History, Macdonald and Jane's, London, 1977.Google Scholar
261. Smith, J. The development of the Spitfire and Seafire, JRAeS, 1947, 51, pp 339–383.Google Scholar
262. Anon, The Design and Development of the Avro Lancaster, Royal Aeronautical Society Manchester Branch, 1991.Google Scholar
263. Gibbs-Smith, C.H. Aviation, an Historical Survey (Second Edition), HMSO, London, 1985.Google Scholar
264. Penrose, H. British Aviation: The Adventuring Years, Putnam. London, 1973.Google Scholar
265. Penrose, H. British Aviation: Widening Horizons 1930-1934, HMSO, London, 1979.Google Scholar
266. Penrose, H. British Aviation: Ominous Skies 1935-1939, HMSO, London, 1980.Google Scholar