Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T19:19:41.022Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Propeller influence on the aeroelastic stability of High Altitude Long Endurance aircraft

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2020

P.C. Teixeira*
Affiliation:
Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
C.E.S. Cesnik
Affiliation:
Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Abstract

This work investigates the propeller’s influence on the stability of High Altitude Long Endurance aircraft, incorporating all resultant loads at the propeller hub, propeller slipstream, and gyroscopic loads. Such effects are usually neglected in the aeroelastic simulation of HALE aircraft. For that goal, a previously developed framework, which couples a geometrically nonlinear structural solver with an Unsteady Vortex Lattice method (uVLM) for lifting surfaces and a Viscous Vortex Particle (VVP) method for propeller slipstream, was employed to generate time-data series. Also, a method, based on a combination of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition and system identification, to extract dynamic information (frequencies, damping, and modes) of the aircraft from a time-series signal is proposed and successfully tested for a purely structural case, for which reference data is available. The method is then applied to investigate the stability of aeroelastic cases. The results demonstrate that the presence of propellers can influence the aeroelastic stability of a Very Flexible Aircraft.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Royal Aeronautical Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Lanchester, F.W.The Flying Machine, Wiley, 1917, New York.Google Scholar
Harris, R.G. Forces on a propeller due to sideslip, Tech Rep, Aeronautical Research Committee Reports and Memoranda No. 427, London, 1918.Google Scholar
Glauert, H. The stability derivatives of an airscrew, Tech Rep, Aeronautical Research Committee Reports and Memoranda No. 642, London, 1919.Google Scholar
Glauert, H. Airplane propellers. In Aerodynamics Theory, Miscellaneous Airscrew Problems, Vol. 4 div. L, Chapter XII, Secs. 5–6, Berlin, 1935, pp 351359.Google Scholar
Katzoff, S.Longitudinal stability and control with special reference to slipstream effects, TechRep, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1940.Google Scholar
Ribner, H.S.Propellers in yaw, TechRep, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1945.Google Scholar
Jamison, G.R. Flight Test Investigation of Propeller Effects on the Static Longitudinal Stability of the E-2C Airplane, Master’s Thesis, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2006.Google Scholar
Goraj, Z.J. and Cichocka, E.Influence of weak and strong gyroscopic effects on light aircraft dynamics, Aircraft Eng Aerospace Tech, 2016, 88, (5), pp 613622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouquet, T. Modelling the Propeller Slipstream Effect on the Longitudinal Stability and Control, Master’s Thesis, Delft University of Technology, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rezaeian, A. Dynamic stability analysis of a propeller-wing wind tunnel model, Deutscher Luft-und Raumfahrtkongress, 2011, Bremen, Deutschland.Google Scholar
An, S. Aeroelastic Design of a Lightweight Distributed Electric Propulsion Aircraft with Flutter and Strength Requirements, Master’s Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 2015.Google Scholar
Guruswamy, G.P.Dynamic aeroelasticity of wings with tip propeller by using Navier–Stokes equations, AIAA J, 2019, 57, (8), pp 32003205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodges, D.H., Patil, M.J. and Chae, S.Effect of thrust on bending-torsion flutter of wings, J Aircraft, 2002, 39, (2), pp 371376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldt, W.T. and Herrmann, G.Bending-torsional flutter of a cantilevered wing containing a tip mass and subject to a transverse follower force, J Franklin Inst, 1974, 297, (6), pp 467468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quanlong, C., Jinglong, H. and Haiwei, Y.Effect of thrust engine on nonlinear flutter of wings, J Vibroeng, 2013, 15, (4), pp 17311739.Google Scholar
Riso, C., Di Vicenzo, F.G., Ritter, M., Cesnik, C.E.S. and Mastroddi, F. A fem-based approach for nonlinear aeroelastic trim of highly flexible aircraft, International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics, IFASD 2017, Como, Italy, 25–28 June 2017.Google Scholar
Shearer, C.M. and Cesnik, C.E.S.Nonlinear flight dynamics of very flexible aircraft, J Aircraft, 2007, 44, (5), pp 15281545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Su, W. and Cesnik, C.E.S.Dynamic response of highly flexible flying wings, AIAA J, 2011, 49, (2), pp 324339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Su, W. and Cesnik, C.E.S.Nonlinear aeroelasticity of a very flexible blended-wing-body aircraft, J Aircraft, 2010, 47, (5), pp 15391553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murua, J., Palacios, R. and Graham, J.M.R.Applications of the unsteady vortex-lattice method in aircraft aeroelasticity and flight dynamics, Progress Aerospace Sci, 2012, 55, pp 4672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, R.J. and Palacios, R. Numerical aspects of nonlinear flexible aircraft flight dynamics modeling, 54th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesse, H., Palacios, R. and Murua, J.Consistent structural linearization in flexible aircraft dynamics with large rigid-body motion, AIAA J, 2014, 52, (3), pp 528538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Carre, A. and Palacios, R.Low-altitude dynamics of very flexible aircraft, AIAA Scitech 2019Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, San Diego, California, 2019.Google Scholar
Chang, C.S. Vibration and Aeroelastic Analysis of Highly Flexible HALE Aircraft. PhD Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA, 2006.Google Scholar
Mardanpour, P. and Hodges, D.H.On the importance of nonlinear aeroelasticity and energy effciency in design of flying wing aircraft, Adv Aerospace Eng, 2015, pp 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritter, M., Cesnik, C.E.S. and Kruger, W.R. An enhanced modal approach for large deformation modeling of wing-like structures, AIAA Science and Technology Forum and Exposition (SciTech2015), 56th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, AIAA Paper 2015-0176, January 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritter, M., Jones, J. and Cesnik, C.E.S. Enhanced modal approach for free-flight nonlinear aeroelastic simulation of very flexible aircraft, AIAA Science and Technology Forum and Exposition (SciTech2016), 15th Dynamics Specialists Conference, AIAA Paper 2016-1794, January 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teixeira, P.C. and Cesnik, C.E.S. Inclusion of propeller effects on aeroelastic behavior of very flexible aircraft, International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics, IFASD 2017, Como, Italy, 25–28 June 2017.Google Scholar
Teixeira, P.C. and Cesnik, C.E.S. Propeller effects on the dynamic response of hale aircraft, AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, AIAA SciTech Forum, 2018, Kissimmee, Florida, 8–12 January 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teixeira, P.C. and Cesnik, C.E.S.Propeller effects on the response of high-altitude longendurance aircraft, AIAA J, 57, (10), pp 43284342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teixeira, P.C. Propeller Effects on Very Flexible Aircraft, PhD Thesis, University of Michigan, USA, 2019.Google Scholar
Su, W. and Cesnik, C.E.S.Strain-based geometrically nonlinear beam formulation for modeling very flexible aircraft, Int J Solids Struct, 2011, 48, (16–17), pp 23492360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, D.A. and Johnson, M.J.Finite-state airloads for deformable airfoils on fixed and rotating wings. American Soc Mechan Eng, 1994, 44, pp 128.Google Scholar
Peters, D.A. and Cao, W. Finite state induced flow models, part 1: two-dimensional thin airfoil, J Aircraft, 1995, 32, (2), pp 313322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritter, M., Teixeira, P.C. and Cesnik, C.E.S. Comparison of nonlinear aeroelastic methods for maneuver simulation of very flexible aircraft, 2018 AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, AIAA SciTech Forum. AIAA Paper 2018–1953, January 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kima, D., Leeb, J.S., Leeb, J.H. and Hanb, J. An aeroelastic analysis of a flexible flapping wing using modified strip theory, SPIE 15th Annual Symposium Smart Structures and Materials, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patil, M.J., Hodges, D.H. and Cesnik, C.E.S.Nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of complete aircraft in subsonic flow, J Aircraft, 2000, 37, (5), pp 753760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Georgiou, G., Vio, G.A. and Cooper, J.E.Aeroelastic tailoring and scaling using bacterial foraging optimisation, Struct Multidiscipl Opt, 2014, 50, (1), pp 8199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weisshaar, T.A.Aeroelastic tailoring of forward swept composite wings, J Aircraft, 1981, 18, (8), pp 669676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritter, M.R.An Extended Modal Approach for Nonlinear Aeroelastic Simulations of Highly Flexible Aircraft Structures, PhD Thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, Berlin, 2018.Google Scholar
Huang, Y. and Su, W. Linearization and analytical aerodynamic sensitivity of unsteady vortex-lattice aerodynamics, AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
del Carre, A., Teixeira, P.C., Palacios, R. and Cesnik, C.E.S. Nonlinear response of a very flexible aircraft under lateral gust, International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics, IFASD, Savannah, Georgia, USA, June 2019.Google Scholar
Chao, Y., LiBo, W., ChangChuan, X. and Yi, L.Aeroelastic trim and flight loads analysis of flexible aircraft with large deformations, Sci China Tech Sci, 2012, 55, (10), pp 27002711.Google Scholar
Xie, C., Wang, L., Yang, C. and Liu, Y.Static aeroelastic analysis of very flexible wings based on non-planar vortex lattice method, Chinese J Aeronautics, 2013, 26, (3), pp 514521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guimaraes Neto, A.B.G. Approximation of aerodynamic geometrical nonlinearities in aircraft with high-aspect-ratio wings, International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics, IFASD, Savannah, Georgia, USA, June 2019.Google Scholar
Hesse, H. and Palacios, R.Reduced-order aeroelastic models for dynamics of maneuvering flexible aircraft, AIAA J, 2014, 52, (8), pp 17171732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nguyen, N., Reynolds, K., Trinh, K. and Frost, S. Coupled aeroelastic vortex lattice modeling of flexible aircraft, 29th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, R.M.On the remarkable accuracy of the vortex lattice method, Comput Methods Appl Mech, 1972, 1, (1), pp 5979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritter, M., Dillinger, J. and Meddaikar, Y.M. Static and dynamic aeroelastic validation of a flexible forward swept composite wing, AIAA SciTech, 58th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Grapevine, Texas, January 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falkner, V.M. The scope and accuracy of vortex lattice theory, Tech Rep, Reports and Memoranda 2740, London, 1949.Google Scholar
Murua, J., Palacios, R. and Michael, R.G.J. Modeling of nonlinear flexible aircraft dynamics including free-wake effects, AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2–5 August 2010. DOI: 10.2514/6.2010-8226CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murua, J., Palacios, R. and Michael, R.G.J.Assessment of wake-tail interference effects on the dynamics of flexible aircraft, AIAA Journal, 2012, 50, (7), pp 15751585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abedi, H., Davidson, L. and Voutsinas, S. Vortex method application for aerodynamic loads on rotor blades, EWEA 2013: Europe’s Premier Wind Energy Event, 2013, Vienna, Austria, 4–7 February 2013.Google Scholar
Tan, J., Sun, Y. and Barakos, G.N.Unsteady loads for coaxial rotors in forward flight computed using a vortex particle method, Aeronautical J, 2018, 122, (1251), pp 693714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, P. and Friedmann, P.P.Application of vortex methods to coaxial rotor wake and load calculations in hover, J Aircraft, 2017, 55, (1), pp 373381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, C. and Zhao, J.Modeling rotor wake dynamics with viscous vortex particle method, AIAA Journal, 2009, 47, (4), pp 902915.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, P. and Friedmann, P.P. Dynamic stall modeling using viscous vortex particle method for coaxial rotors, Vertical Flight Society 75th Annual Forum and Technology Display, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 13–16 May 2019.Google Scholar
Calabretta, J.S. A Three Dimensional Vortex Particle-panel Code for Modeling Propellerairframe Interaction, Master’s Thesis, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, 2010.Google Scholar
Willis, D.J.Unsteady, An, Accelerated, High Order Panel Method with Vortex Particle Wakes, PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 2006.Google Scholar
Thepvongs, S., Cesnik, C.E.S. and Voutsinas, S.G.Aeroelastic and acoustic analysis for active twist rotors, 31st European RotorcraftForum, 2005, Florence, Italy, 13–15 September 2005.Google Scholar
Alvarez, E.J. and Ning, A.Development of a vortex particle code for the modeling of a wake interaction in distributed propulsion, AIAA AviationForum, 25–29 June 2018, Atlanta, Georgia.Google Scholar
Winckelmans, G.S. and Leonard, A.Contributions to vortex particle methods for the computation of three-dimensional incompressible unsteady flows, J Comput Phys, 1993, 109, (2), pp 247273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speck, R.Generalized Algebraic Kernels and Multipole Expansions for Massively Parallel Vortex Particle Methods. IAS Series Volume 7. Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jlich, 2011.Google Scholar
Beale, J.T. and Majda, A.Vortex methods. I - Convergence in three dimensions. II - Higher order accuracy in two and three dimensions, Math Comput, 1982, 39, pp 152.Google Scholar
Beale, J. and Majda, A.High order accurate vortex methods with explicit velocity kernels, J Comput Phys, 1985, 58, (2), pp 188208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hald, O. and Del Prete, V.M.Convergence of vortex methods for Euler’s equations, Math Comput, 1978, 32, (143), pp 791809.Google Scholar
Nordmark, H.O.Rezoning for higher order vortex methods, J Comput Phys, 1991, 97, (2), pp 366397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajmohan, N., Zhao, J. and He, C. A coupled vortex particle/cfd methodology for studying coaxial rotor configurations, Fifth Decennial AHS Aeromechanics Specialists’ Conference, San Francisco, CA, 22–24 January 2014.Google Scholar
Zhao, J. and He, C. A viscous vortex particle model for rotor wake and interference analysis, Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 2010, 55, pp 12007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, J. and He, C. Real-time simulation of coaxial rotor configurations with combined finite state dynamic wake and vpm, Vol. 3, 2014.Google Scholar
Cottet, G.H. PhD Thesis, Universit Paris 6, Paris, 1982.Google Scholar
Anderson, C. and Greengard, C.On vortex methods, SIAM J Numer Anal, 1985, 22, (3), pp 413440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beale, J.T.A convergent 3-d vortex method with grid-free stretching, Math Comput, 1986, 46, (174), pp 401424.Google Scholar
Bisplinghoff, R.L. and Ashley, H.Principles of Aeroelasticity, John Wiley, 1962, New York.Google Scholar
Hassig, H.J.An approximate true damping solution of the flutter equation by determinant iteration, J Aircraft, 1971, 8, (11), pp 885889.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abel, I. An analytical technique for predicting the characteristics of a flexible wing equipped with an active flutter-suppression system and comparison with wind-tunnel data, Tech Rep, NASA-TP-1367, L-12567, 1979.Google Scholar
Hallissy, B. and Cesnik, C.E.S. High-fidelity aeroelastic analysis of very flexible aircraft, 52nd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNamara, J.J. and Friedmann, P.P.Flutter boundary identification for time-domain computational aeroelasticity, AIAA J, 2007, 45, (7), pp 15461555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, C.E. and Dogget, J.R.V. An analytical technique for predicting the characteristics of a flexible wing equipped with an active flutter-suppression system and comparison with wind-tunnel data, Tech Rep, NASA Scientific and Technical Information Offce, Washington, 1975.Google Scholar
Bennett, R.G. and Desmarais, R. Curve-fitting of aeroelastic transient response data with exponential functions, Tech Rep, NASA SP-415, 1975.Google Scholar
Onoda, J.Estimation of dynamic characteristics of a wing from the random response to turbulence, J Japan Soc Aeronaut Space Sci, 1978, 26, (299), pp 649656.Google Scholar
Silva, W.A.AEROM: NASA’s unsteady aerodynamic and aeroelastic reduced-order modeling software, Aerospace, 2018, 5, (2), pp 118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Overschee, P. and De Moor, B.N4sid: subspace algorithms for the identification of combined deterministic-stochastic systems, Automatica, 1963, 11, (2), pp 431441.Google Scholar
Rainiere, C. and Fabbrocino, G.Operational Modal Analysis of Civil Engineering Structures, Spring-Verlag, 2014, New York, pp 182183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cesnik, C.E.S., Senatore, P.J., Su, W., Atkins, E.M. and Shearer, C.M.X-hale: a very flexible unmanned aerial vehicle for nonlinear aeroelastic tests, AIAA Journal, 2012, 50, (12), pp 28202833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Teixeira and Cesnik supplementary material

Teixeira and Cesnik supplementary material 1

Download Teixeira and Cesnik supplementary material(File)
File 1.1 KB
Supplementary material: File

Teixeira and Cesnik supplementary material

Teixeira and Cesnik supplementary material 2

Download Teixeira and Cesnik supplementary material(File)
File 674.9 KB