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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 July 2016
Many structures are made up of skin material which is stiffened by reinforcing members. Configurations of this type are predominant in the aircraft industry where they are referred to as semi-monocoque structures. When analysing such structures, using finite element techniques, the reinforcing members (stringers) are lumped together to form pure axial elements and the skin is then represented by isotropic plane stress elements.