Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T11:51:44.905Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Conceptual design and sizing of airframe panels according to safe-life acoustic fatigue criteria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2016

R. M. Ajaj ,
G. Allegri  and
A. T. Isikveren
G. Allegri
Affiliation:
Aerospace Vehicle Architecture and Design Integration (AVADI), ACCIS, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
A. T. Isikveren
Affiliation:
Aerospace Vehicle Architecture and Design Integration (AVADI), ACCIS, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper presents a methodology that permits accounting for acoustic fatigue effects when sizing safe-life structural skin-stringer panels at the conceptual design stage of aircraft product development. The approach is based upon estimation of the maximum noise radiated from an entry-into-service year 2020 turbofan. Sonic fatigue endurance is assessed for different skin-stringer panels having different values of skin thickness, rib pitch and stringer pitch. Three different materials were considered in this study: aluminium 2024-T3 alloys (Al 2024-T3); carbon fibre-reinforced plastics (CFRP); and, glass reinforced fibre metal laminate (Hybrid Glare-3). The study resulted in CFRP having the most favourable sonic fatigue performance. In order to link economic considerations into technical decision making, the sonic endurance methods were coupled with an industry grade costing analysis tool (SEER-HTM) to examine the impact of safe-life design on the panel cost and weight. The presented methodology has been shown to be sufficiently generic in nature and robust. This will not only assist in identifying acoustic fatigue as a potential critical design scenario, but will also increase throughput during conceptual design sizing and optimisation.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Aeronautical Journal , Volume 115 , Issue 1163 , January 2011 , pp. 15 - 27
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 2011 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Miller, A.G., Lovell, D.T. and Seferis, J.C. The evolution of an aerospace material: influence of design, manufacturing and in-service Performance, Composite Structures, 1994, 27, (1-2), pp 193–206.Google Scholar
2. Smith, M. A look into the aero-engine noise problem, 1971, Rolls-Royce.Google Scholar
3. Mathews, D.C., Nagel, R.T and Kester, J.D. Review of theory and methods for turbine noise prediction, 1975, AIAA Paper 75–540.Google Scholar
4. Townsend, N. A method for calculating the fatigue life of a Panel subject to jet noise for aircraft ground and flight conditions, Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Tech, 1966, 38, (7), pp 8–10.Google Scholar
5. Xiao, Y., White, R. and Aglietti, G. An experimental characterisation of the acoustic fatigue endurance of Glare and comparison with that of CFRP, Composite Structures, May 2005, 68, (4), pp 455–470.Google Scholar
6. Yang, J. Statistical estimation of service cracks and maintenance cost for aircraft structure, J Aircr, 1977, 13, (12), pp 929-37.Google Scholar
7. Salamanco, H. and Quiroz, L. A simple method of estimating the maintenance cost of airframes, Aircraft Eng and Aerospace Tech J, 2005, 77, (2), pp 148–151.Google Scholar
8. Raymer, D.P. Enhancing Aircraft Conceptual Design using Multidisciplinary Optimization, May 2002, Chapter 2, Doctoral Thesis, Report 2002-2, Department of Aeronautics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar
9. Smith, M. Aircraft Noise, 1989, University of Cambridge Press, New York, USA.Google Scholar
10. Papamoschou, D. and Debiasi, M. Conceptual development of quiet turbofan engines for supersonic aircraft, J Propulsion and Power, March-April 2003, 19, (2).Google Scholar
11. Baughcum, S.L., Sutkus, D.J. and Henderson, S.C. Year 2015 aircraft emission scenario for scheduled air traffic, March 1998, Boeing Commercial Airplane Group, Seattle, Washington, USA.Google Scholar
12. Lawrence, P. Meeting the challenge of aviation emissions: an aircraft industry perspective, Tech Analysis & Strategic Management, 21, (1), January 2009, pp 79–92.Google Scholar
13. Hileman, J.I., Spakovsky, Z.S., Drela, M. and Sargeant, M.A. Airframe design for ‘Silent Aircraft’, 2007, 45th AIAA Aerospace Science Meeting and Exhibition, 8-11 January 2007, Reno, Nevada, USA.Google Scholar
14. Ajaj, R.M. ET AL. Final engineering definition report: Aquila, February 2009, 2008/09 Airbus Design Project Group 4F submission, University of Bristol.Google Scholar
15. Kurzke, J. A program for gas turbine performance calculations, GasTurb 10 User’s Manual, 2004, Germany.Google Scholar
16. Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU) 02020. An introduction to aircraft noise, 2002.Google Scholar
17. Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU) 01004. Computer-base estimation procedure for coaxial jet noise including far-field subsonic jet mixing noise database for stationary coplanar conical nozzles, 2001.Google Scholar
18. Kurzke, J. An utility for gas turbine performance calculations, GasTurb Details 4 User’s Manual, 2003, Germany.Google Scholar
19. Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU) 98008. Prediction of noise generated by fans and compressors in turbojet and turbofan engines, 1998.Google Scholar
20. Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU) 05001. Prediction of combustor noise from gas turbine engines, 2005.Google Scholar
21. Dunn, G. and Peart, A. Aircraft noise source and contour estimation, 1973, working paper, Boeing Commercial Airplane Co.Google Scholar
22. Weiyang, Q., Kaifu, X., Zhaowei, W. and Haoming, Q. Prediction and analysis of the far-field noise radiation for the jet plane in the take-off and landing, 2008, North-western Polytechnical University and China Aircraft Strength Research Institute, China.Google Scholar
23. Boscolo, M., Allegri, G. and Zhang, X. Design and modelling of selective reinforcements for integral aircraft structures, 2008, AIAA, 46, (9).Google Scholar
24. Lin, Y.K., Brown, I.D. and Deutschles, P.C. Free vibration of a finite row of continuous skin-stringer panel, J Sound and Vibration, January 1964, 1, (1).Google Scholar
25. Blevins, R.D. Formulas for Natural Frequency and Mode Shapes, 1979, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA.Google Scholar
26. Roskam, J. Airplane design Part III: Layout design of cockpit, fuselage, wing and empennage: cutaways and inboard profiles, 1989, Roskam Aviation and Engineering Corporation, Ottawa, Kansas, USA.Google Scholar
27. Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU) 73014. The estimation of RMS stress in skin panels with flexible stiffeners subjected to random acoustic loading, 1973.Google Scholar
28. Blevins, R.D. An approximate method for sonic fatigue analysis of plates and shells, J Sound and Vibration, 1989, 129, (1), pp 51–71.Google Scholar
29. Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU) 84008. Estimation of RMS strain in laminated skin panels subjected to random acoustic loading, 1984.Google Scholar
30. Shokrieh, M. and Najafi, A. Experimental evaluation of dynamic Behaviour of Metallic Plates Reinforced by polymer matrix composites, Composite Structures J, 2006, 75, pp 472–478.Google Scholar
31. Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU) 72015. Endurance of aluminium alloy structural elements subjected to simulated acoustic loading, 1972.Google Scholar
32. Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU) 84027. Endurance of fibre-reinforced composite, Laminated Structural Elements subjected to Simulated Random Acoustic Loading, 1984.Google Scholar
33. Dilger, R., Hickethier, H. and Greenhalgh, M. Eurofighter a safe life aircraft in the age of damage tolerance, Int J Fatigue, 2009, 31 (6), pp 1017–1023.Google Scholar
34. Miner, M.A. Cumulative damage in fatigue, J Appl Mech, 1945, 12, pp 159–164.Google Scholar
35. Valerdi, R., Ernstoff, M., Mohlman, P.H., Reifer, D. and Stump, E. Systems engineering sizing in the age of acquisition reform, 2004, 14th Annual International Symposium of the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE), 21-24 June 2004.Google Scholar
36. Castagne, S., Curran, R., Rothwell, A., Price, M., Benard, E. and Raghunathan, S. A Generic Tool for Cost Estimating in Aircraft Design, 2008, Springer-Verlag, London, UK.Google Scholar