Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T08:19:56.881Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A review of supersonic business jet design Issues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 February 2016

H. Smith
H. Smith*
Affiliation:
School of Engineering, Cranfield University, Cranfield Beds, UK
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Key issues relating to the Supersonic Business Jet (SBJ) concept are reviewed with the intent to assess the readiness of enabling technologies and hence the concept itself. The multidisciplinary nature of aircraft design precludes an in-depth analysis of each specific aspect, which could individually be the subject of a separate discipline review, hence an overview is presented.

The review looks at the market, environmental issues, with particular reference to the sonic boom phenomenon & solutions, technological issues, including prediction methods, flight testing, systems, certification and interested aerospace companies and design organisations.

It is apparent that the need to reduce the sonic boom signature is vital if the vehicle is to be permitted to operate over land and hence be economically viable. It is clear that sonic boom acceptability requirements must be set if resources are to be effectively focused and designs are to converge. Despite this challenge, considerable investment is aimed at de-risking many of the enabling technologies and raising readiness levels. Many technologies are moving beyond theoretical and numerical analysis into the experimental and flight test domains. Collaboration between the civil and military sectors is increasing.

Clearly, supersonic air travel is not an efficient means of personal conveyance; however, concerns for the environment are difficult to balance against the ‘value of time’ benefits offered by the SBJ concept. Air travel, of which this is a specialised form, is important to the global economy. Continued effort in the areas of human factors, customer demand and certification & requirements would be beneficial.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Aeronautical Journal , Volume 111 , Issue 1126 , December 2007 , pp. 761 - 776
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 2007 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Owen, K., Concorde: Story of a supersonic pioneer, NMSI Trading Ltd, 2001.Google Scholar
2. Henne, P.A.. The case for small supersonic civil aircraft, AIAA Paper 2003-2555, AIAA/ICAS International Air and Space Symposium and Exposition, 14-17 July 2003, Dayton, Ohio, USA.Google Scholar
3. Chudoba, B., Coleman, G., Roberts, K., Mixon, B., Mixon, B., Oza, A. and Czysz, P.. What price supersonic speed? A design anatomy of supersonic transportation – Part 1, AIAA 2007-851, 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 8-11 January 2007.Google Scholar
4. Chudoba, B., Coleman, G., Roberts, K., Mixon, B., Mixon, B., Oza, A. and Czysz, P.. What price supersonic speed? An applied market research case study – Part 2, AIAA 2007-848, 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 8-11 January 2007.Google Scholar
5. Baugheum, S.L., First order ozone impact of a fleet of supersonic business jets (SSBJs), NASA/CR-2002-211898, September 2002.Google Scholar
6. Dutta, M., Patten, K. and Wuebbles, D., Parametric analysis of potential effects on stratospheric and tropospheric ozone chemistry by a fleet of supersonic business jets projected in a 2020 atmosphere, NASA/CR-2004-213306, October 2004.Google Scholar
7. Wei, C.F., Larson, S.O., Patten, K.O. and Wuebbles, D.J.. Modelling of ozone reaction on aircraft-related soot in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Atmospheric Environment, 35, (6167-6180), 2001.Google Scholar
8. Bagshaw, M., Cosimic radiation in commercial aviation, King’s College London available at: www.iaasm.org/Cosmic%20Radiation.pdf.Google Scholar
9. Wilson, J.W., Goldhagen, P., Rafnsson, V., Clem, J.M., De Angelis, G. and Friedberg, W.. Overview of atmospheric ionizing radiation (Air) research: SST-Present, Advances in Space Research, 32, (1), pp 3–16, July 2003.Google Scholar
10. Finegold, L.S., Harris, C.S. and Von Gierke, H.E.. Community annoyance and sleep disturbance: updated criteria for assessing the impacts of general transportation noise on people, Noise Control Engineering J, 42, (1), January-February 1994.Google Scholar
11. Federal Interagency Committee on Noise, Federal Agency Review of Selected Airport Noise Analysis Issues, Federal Interagency Committee on Noise, August 1992.Google Scholar
12. Darder, C.M., An overview of NASA’s HSR program: Environmental issues and economic concerns (1998), available at: techreports.larc.nasa.gov/ltrs/PDF/1998/mtg/NASA-98-eccmas-cmd.pdf Google Scholar
13. Supplemental environmental impact statement for the evolved expendable launch vehicle program, United States Air Force, March 2000, available at fas.org/spp/military/program/launch/eelv-eis2000/ Google Scholar
14. Kubota, H.. Sonic boom research in Japan, AIAA 2003-3578, 33rd AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, 23-26 June 2003.Google Scholar
15. Maglieri, D.J. and Plotkin, K.J., Sonic Boom, Aeroacoustics of Flight Vehicles, edited by Hubbard, H.H. NASA RP, 1991, (1258), 10, (1), pp 519–561.Google Scholar
16. NASA facts, sonic booms, available at: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/pdf/120274main_FS-016-DFRC.pdf last accessed on 6 May 2007.Google Scholar
17. Carlson, H.W., Experimental and analytic research on sonic boom generation at NASA, Sonic Boom Research Conference Washington DC, 12 April 1967.Google Scholar
18. Howe, D.C., Sonic boom reduction through the use of non-axisymmetric configuration shaping, AIAA 2003-929, January 2003.Google Scholar
19. Plotkin, K.J., Recent (more or less) Government Sonic Boom Programs, Wyle Laboratories, available at Plotkin, K.J. Recent (more or less) Government Sonic Boom Programs, Wyle Laboratories, available at; www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/aep/super-sonic_noise/last accessed 14 May 2007, 14 November 2003.Google Scholar
20. Sonic booms and their effects on wildlife, NSBIT, available at www.iemr.org/Wrkgrps/uploads/Sonic_boom_Lecture.pdf last accessed on 14 May 2007.Google Scholar
21. Whitham, G.B.. The flow pattern of a supersonic projectile, communications on pure and applied mathematics, 1952, 5, pp 301–348.Google Scholar
22. Plotkin, K.J. and Maglieri, D.J., Sonic boom research: History and future, AIAA 2003-3575, 33rd AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA. 23 June 2003.Google Scholar
23. Walkden, F.. The shock pattern of a wing-body combination, far from the flight path, Aeronautical Q, 1958, IX, (2), pp 164–194.Google Scholar
24. George, A.R., Reduction of sonic boom by azimuthal redistribution of overpressure, AIAA 68-159.Google Scholar
25. Friedman, M.P., Kane, E.J. and Sigalla, A., Effects of atmosphere and aircraft motion on the location and intensity of a sonic boom, AIAA J, 1963, 1, (6), 1327–1335.Google Scholar
26. Hayes, W.D., Haefeli, R.C., and Kulsrund, H.E., Sonic boom propagation in a stratified atmosphere, with computer program, NASA CR-1299, April 1969.Google Scholar
27. Crow, S.C.. Distortion of sonic bangs by atmospheric turbulence, J Fluid Mech, 1969, 37, 529–563.Google Scholar
28. Seebass, R. and George, A.R.. Sonic boom minimization, J Acoust Soc Am, 51, (2), (prt 3), February 1972, pp 686–694.Google Scholar
29. Seebass, R., Nonlinear Acoustic Behaviour at a Caustic, October 1970, NASA SP-255, pp 87–120.Google Scholar
30. Coulouvrat F. Sonic boom european research program (SOBER): numerical and laboratory-scale experimental simulation, 7th CEAS-ASC Workshop, Aeroacoustics of Supersonic Transport, CTU-FEE Prague, Czech Republic, 13-14 November 2003.Google Scholar
31. Non-Linear Acoustic Behaviour at a Caustic: An Approximate Solution, AIAA Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Nagamatsu, H.J.T (Ed.), MIT Press, 1975.Google Scholar
32. Marchiano, R., Coulouvrat, F. and Grenon, R.. Numerical simulation of shock wave focusing at fold caustics, with application to sonic boom, J Acoustical Society of America, October 2003, 114, (4), pp 1758–1771.Google Scholar
33. Thomas, C.L., Extrapolation of sonic boom pressure signatures by the waveform parameter method, NASA TN D-6832, June 1972.Google Scholar
34. Robinson, L.D., Sonic Boom Propagation Through an Inhomogeneous, Windy Atmosphere, Thesis (PHD), 1991, The University of Texas at Austin, USA.Google Scholar
35. Nadarajah, S.K., Jameson, A. and Alonso, J.J.. Adjoint-based sonic boom reduction For wing-body configurations in supersonic flow, Canadian Aeronautics and Space J, December 2005, 51, (4).Google Scholar
36. Nadarajah, S.K., Soucy, O. and Balloch, C.. Sonic boom reduction via remote inverse adjoint approach, AIAA 2007-56, 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 8-11 January 2007.Google Scholar
37. Howe, D.C.. Sonic boom reduction through the use of non-axisymmetric configuration shaping, AIAA 2003-929, 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 8-9 January 2003.Google Scholar
38. Elmer, K.R. and Joshi, M.C., Variability of measured sonic boom signatures, 1, NASA TR 191483, January 1994.Google Scholar
39. Maglieri, D.J., Sothcott, V.E. and Keefer, T.N., Feasibility study on conducting overflight measurements of shaped sonic boom signatures using the firebee BQM-34E RPV, NASA CR 189715, February 1993.Google Scholar
40. McCudy, D.A. (Ed), High-Speed Research: 1994 Sonic Boom Workshop, Configuration Design, Analysis and Testing, NASA CP-1999-209699, December 1999.Google Scholar
41. Pawlowski, J.W., Graham, D.H., Boccadoro, C.H., Coen, P.G. and Maglieri, D.J., Origins and overview of the shaped sonic boom demonstration program, AIAA 2005-5, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada, USA, 10-13 January 2005.Google Scholar
42. Meredith, K., Dahlin, J., Graham, D., Haering, E., Malone, M. and Page, J.. CFD development and measurement of inlet spillage of an F-5E in supersonic Flight, AIAA 2005-6, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, USA, 10-13 January 2005.Google Scholar
43. Graham, D., Dahlin, J., Meredith, K. and Vadnais, J., Aerodynamic design of shaped sonic boom demonstration aircraft, Northrop Grumman Corporation, El Segundo, CA, USA, AIAA-2005-8, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada, USA, 10-13 January 2005.Google Scholar
44. Haering, A.E., Murray, J.E., Purifoy, D.D., Graham, D.H., Meredith, K.B., Ashburn, C.E. and Stucky, M.. Airborne shaped sonic boom demonstration pressure measurements with computational fluid dynamics comparisons, AIAA 2005-9, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada, USA, 10-13 January 2005.Google Scholar
45. Graham, D., Dahlin, J., Page, J., Plotkin, K., Wyle, and Coen, P.. Wind tunnel validation of shaped sonic boom demonstration aircraft design, AIAA-2005-7, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada, USA, 10-13 January 2005.Google Scholar
46. Plotkin, K., Haering, E., Murray, J., Maglieri, D., Salamone, J., Sullivan, B., and Schein, D.. Ground data collection of shaped sonic boom experiment aircraft pressure signatures, AIAA-2005-10, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada, USA, 10-13 January 2005.Google Scholar
47. Plotkin, K., Martin, L., Maglieri, D., Haering, E. and Murray, J.. Pushover focus booms from the shaped sonic boom demonstrator, AIAA-2005-11, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada, USA, 10-13 January 2005.Google Scholar
48. Morgenstern, J., Arslan, A., Lyman, V. and Vadyak, J.. F-5 Shaped sonic boom demonstrator’s persistence of boom shaping reduction through turbulence, AIAA-2005-12, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada, USA, 10-13 January 2005.Google Scholar
49. Kandil, O., Ozcer, I., Zheng, X., Old, Bobbitt, P.. Comparison of Full-Potential Propagation-Code Computations with the F-5E “Shaped Sonic Boom Experiment” Program, AIAA-2005-13, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada, USA. 10-13 January 2005.Google Scholar
50. Howe, D.C. and Henne, P.A.. Improved sonic boom scaling algorithm, AIAA 2006 – 27, 44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 9-12 January 2006.Google Scholar
51. Morgenstern, J.M.. Wind tunnel testing of a sonic boom minimised tail-braced wing transport configuration, 10th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference, Albany, New York, USA, 30-1 August/September 2004.Google Scholar
52. Lyman, V. and Morgenstern, J.M.. Calculated and measured pressure fields for an aircraft designed for sonic-boom alleviation, AIAA 2004-4846, 22nd Applied Aerodynamics Conference and Exhibit, 16-19 August 2004.Google Scholar
53. Tam, T., Ruffin, S., Yates, L., Gage, P., Bogdanoff, D. and Morgenstern, J.. Sonic boom testing of artificially blunted leading edge (ABLE) Concepts in the NASA Ames Aeroballistic Range, AIAA 2000-1011, Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 38th, Reno, NV, USA, 10-13 January 2000.Google Scholar
54. Makino, Y. and Noguchi, M.. Sonic boom research activities on unmanned scaled supersonic experimental airplane, AIAA 2003-3574, 33rd AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, 23-26 June 2003.Google Scholar
55. Lee, H., Morganstern, J.M. and Aminpour, H.. United States Patent 6913228, Aircraft with active centre of gravity control, US Patent Issued on 5 July 2005.Google Scholar
56. Morgenstern, J.M. and Arslan, A.E.. United States Patent 7070146, Aircraft thickness/camber control device for low sonic boom, US Patent Issued on 4 July 2006.Google Scholar
57. Howe, D.C.. Improved sonic boom minimization with extendable nose spike, AIAA 2005-1014, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 10-13 January 2005.Google Scholar
58. Simmons, F. and Freund, D.. Morphing concept for quiet supersonic jet boom mitigation, AIAA 2005-1015, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 10-13 January 2005.Google Scholar
59. Simmons, F. and Spivey, N.D.. Quiet spike: The design and validation of an extendable nose boom prototype, AIAA 2007-1774, 48th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, 23-26 April 2007.Google Scholar
60. Miles, R.B., Martinelli, L., Macheret, S.O., Shneider, M., Girgis, I.G., Zaidi, S.H., Mansfield, D.K., Smereczniak, P., Kashuba, R. and Vogal, P.. Suppression of sonic boom by dynamic off-body energy addition and shape optimisation, AIAA 2002-0150, 40th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, 14-17 January 2002.Google Scholar
61. Jameson, A., Sriram, , Martinelli, L., Cliff, S. and Thomas, S.. Aerodynamic shape optimisation of transonic and supersonic aircraft Configurations, AIAA 2005-1013, 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 10-13 January 2005.Google Scholar
62. Chung, H-S. and Choi, S.. Supersonic business jet design using a knowledge-based genetic algorithm with an adaptive, unstructured grid methodology, AIAA-2003-3791, 21st AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 23-26 June 2003.Google Scholar
63. Chung, H-S. and Alonso, J.J.. Design of a low-boom supersonic business Jet using cokriging approximation models, AIAA 2002-5598, 9th AIAA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, 4-6 Sept 2002.Google Scholar
64. Alauzet, F. and Mohammadi, B.. Optimisation 3D du nez d’un Supersonic Business Jet basee sur l’adaptation de Maillages. Application a la reduction du bang sonique, INRIA, Report No 5053, 17 December 2003.Google Scholar
65. Daumas, L., Heron, N., Johan, Z., Roge, G. and Vigneron, S.. Aerodynamic design process of a supersonic business Jet, AIAA 2006-3459, 24th Applied Aerodynamics Conference, 5-8 June 2006.Google Scholar
66. Rallabhandi, S.K. and Mavris, N.. Design and analysis of supersonic business jet concepts, AIAA 2006-7702, 6th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration and Operations Conference (ATIO), 25-27 Sept 2006.Google Scholar
67. NASA technology facts, F-XL Supersonic laminar flow, available at www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-12-DFRC.html, last accessed on 6/5/2007.Google Scholar
68. Marshall, L.A., Summary of transition results from the F-16XL-2 supersonic laminar flow control experiment, AIAA 2000-4418, Denver, Colorado, USA, 14-17 August 2000.Google Scholar
69. Hartwich, P.M., Burroughs, B.A., Herzberg, J.S. and Wiler, C.D.. design development strategies and technology integration for supersonic aircraft of low perceived sonic boom, AIAA 2003-0556, 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 6-9 January 2003.Google Scholar
70. Choudhari, M., Chang, C-L., Streett, C. and Balakumar, P.. Integrated transition prediction: A case study in supersonic laminar flow control, AIAA 2004-0973, 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, 6-9 January 2003.Google Scholar
71. Whurr, J.. Propulsion system concepts and technology requirements for quiet supersonic transports, 7th CEAS-ASC Workshop, Aeroacoustics of Supersonic Transport, CTU-FEE Prague, Czech Republic, 13-14 November 2003.Google Scholar
72. Berton, J.J., Haller, W.J., Senick, P.F., Jones, S.M. and Seidel, J.A., A comparative propulsion system analysis for the high-speed civil transport, NASA/TM-2005-213414, February 2005.Google Scholar
73. Bruckner, R.J.. Conceptual design of a supersonic business jet propulsion system, AIAA 2002-3919, 38th AIAA Joint Propulsion Conference, 7-10 July 2002.Google Scholar
74. Debiasi, M.. Cycle Analysis for quieter supersonic turbofan engines, AIAA 2001-3749, 37th AIAA Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, 8-11 July 2001.Google Scholar
75. Richter, H. and Cosner, A.A.. Meeting future fuel burn and emission requirements for corporate and regional aircraft by effective technologies, AIAA 2003-2563, AIAA International Air and Space Symposium and Exposition, 14-17 July 2003.Google Scholar
76. Conners, T.R., Howe, D.C. and Whurr, J.R.. Impact of engine cycle selection on propulsion system integration and vehicle performance for a quiet supersonic aircraft, AIAA 2005-1016, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 10-13 January 2005.Google Scholar
77. Stone, J.R., Krejsa, E.A., Halliwell, I. and Clark, B.J.. Noise suppression nozzles for a supersonic business jet, AIAA 2000-3194, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, 36th, Huntsville, AL, USA, 16-19 July 2000.Google Scholar
78. Klimov, A., Bityurin, V. and Mironov, A.. Jet noise reduction by plasma formation, 7th CEAS-ASC Workshop, Aeroacoustics of Supersonic Transport, CTU-FEE Prague, Czech Republic, 13-14 November 2003.Google Scholar
79. Howe, D.. Engine placement for sonic boom mitigation, AIAA 2002-0148, 40th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, 14-17 January 2002.Google Scholar
80. Rodriguez, D.L.. Propulsion/airframe integration and optimisation on a supersonic business jet, AIAA 2007-1048, 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 8-11 January 2007.Google Scholar
81. Garzon, G.A.. Use of a translating cowl on a SSBJ for improved takeoff performance, AIAA 2007-25, 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 8-11 January 2007.Google Scholar
82. Beier, T.H. and Heaton, P., High speed research program sonic fatigue summary report, NASA/CR-2005-213742, April 2005.Google Scholar
83. Martins, J.R.R.A., Alonso, J.J. and Reuther, J.J.. High-fidelity aero-structural design optimization of a supersonic business jet, AIAA 2002-1483, 43rd AIAA Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, 22-25 April 2002.Google Scholar
84. Choudhari, M., Chang, C-L., Streett, C. and Balakumar, P.. Integrated transition prediction: A case study in supersonic laminar flow control, AIAA 2004-0973, 41st Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, 6-9 January 2003.Google Scholar
85. Baklanov, V. and Pastnov, S.. New technologies for required vibroa-coustical characteristics In pressurized cabin of supersonic aircraft and execution of norms of noise on land (at take-off), 7th CEAS-ASC Workshop, Aeroacoustics of Supersonic Transport, CTU-FEE Prague, Czech Republic, 13-14 November 2003.Google Scholar
86. Smith, H., E-5 Supersonic business jet: design specification, DES 0500, Cranfield University, October 2006.Google Scholar
87. Williams, D.M., Waller, M.C. and Koelling, , ET AL Concept of operations for commercial and business aircraft synthetic vision systems, NASA/TM-2001-211058, December 2001.Google Scholar
88. Mack, R.J., A supersonic business-jet concept designed for low sonic boom, NASA/TM-2003-212435 (Corrected Copy 3/22/04), October 2003.Google Scholar
89. Mack, R.J., A supersonic business-jet concept designed for low sonic boom, NASA/TM-2003-212435 (Corrected Copy 3/22/04), October 2003.Google Scholar
90. Aronstein, D.C. and Schueler, K.L.. Conceptual design of a sonic boom constrained supersonic business aircraft, AIAA 2004-697, 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 5-8 January 2004.Google Scholar
91. Komadina, S., Drake, A. and Bruner, S., Development of a quiet supersonic aircraft with technology applications to military and civil Aircraft, AIAA 2002-0519.Google Scholar
92. Phan, L.L., Yamaoka, Y. and Mavris, D.N.. Implementation and Benefits of variable geometry wings for a supersonic business jet, AIAA 2003-6812, AIAA 3rd Annual Aviation Technology, Integration and Operations Tech, 17-19 November 2003.Google Scholar
93. Simmons, F. and Freund, D.. Wing morphing for quiet supersonic jet performance- variable geometry design challenges for business jet utilization, AIAA 2005-1017, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 10-13 January 2005.Google Scholar
94. Buonanno, M.A. and Mavris, D.N.. Small supersonic transport concept evaluation using interactive evolutionary algorithms, AIAA 2004-6301, AIAA 4th Aviation Technology, Integration and Operations Forum, 20-22 September 2004.Google Scholar
95. Briceño, S.I., Buonanno, M.A., Fernandez, I. and Mavris, D.N.. A parametric exploration of supersonic business jet concepts utilizing response surfaces, AIAA 2002-5828, AIAA’s Aircraft Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) 2002 Technical 1-3 October 2002.Google Scholar
96. Li, P., Seebass, R. and Sobieczky, H., The sonic boom of an oblique flying wing SST, CEAS/AIAA-95-107, 1995.Google Scholar
97. FAR 91.817 Part 91 General operating and flight rules subpart I--operating noise limits, Federal Airworthiness Administration, Department of Transportation.Google Scholar
98. Nam, T., Shih, K. and Mavris, D.N.. Assessment of environmental and regulatory uncertainty impacts on propulsion system design, AIAA 2003-6805, AIAA 3rd Annual Aviation Technology, Integration an Operations Tech, 17-19 November 2003.Google Scholar
99. Supersonic Transport Aircraft TSS Standard, No 0 issue 1,Google Scholar
100. AINonline Gulfstream demonstrates ‘quiet spike’ for potential supersonic bizjet web site available on line at: ain.gcnpublishing.com/content/news/single-news-page/article/gulfstream-demonstrates-quiet-spike-for-potentialsupersonic-bizjet/?no_cache=1&cHash=cbde58a2c5 last accessed 6 May 2007.Google Scholar
101. Gulfstream News Gulfstream Continues Research Efforts In Sonic Boom Suppression’ web site available on line at www.gulfstream.com/news/releases/2005/051108d.htmlastaccessed6/5/2007.Google Scholar
102. Aerion Corporation web site available at www.aerioncorp.com/ last accessed May 2007.Google Scholar
103. AINonline, Two companies reveal supersonic bizjet plans, web site available at www.ainonline.com/issues/11_04/11_04_twocpmpaniesp1.html last accessed 24/5/2005.Google Scholar
104. Aerion Corporation – News Update, web site available at www.aerioncorp.com/about_aerion-update-report.html last accessed 6/5/2007.Google Scholar
105. SAI web site available at www.saiqsst.com/ last accessed May 2007.Google Scholar
106. Hagerman, E., All Sonic, No Boom, Popular Science, March 2007.Google Scholar
107. HISAC Home page, web site available at: www.hisacproject.com/index.html last accessed 6/5/2007.Google Scholar
108. Cordis Search web site available at: cordis.europa.eu/search/index.cfm?fuseaction=proj.simpledocu-mentlucene&HD_ID=7977959&CFID=475029&CFTOKEN=3955181 8 last accessed on 6/5/2007.Google Scholar
109. AINonline Aerion expects partners on SSBJ by NBAA 2007 web site available on line at ain.gcnpublishing.com/content/news/single-news-page/article/aerion-expects-partners-on-ssbj-by-nbaa-2007/?no_cache=1&cHash=c3aae389b1 last accessed 6/5/2007.Google Scholar
110. Wall, R., Gaining Speed, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 12 March 2007.Google Scholar
111. Pietremont, N. and Deremaux, Y., Executive public summary of the three preliminary aircraft configuration families, HISAC-T-5-1-1, 10 November 2005.Google Scholar
112. Darpa News release, Quiet supersonic platform phase II contractors selected 29/4/2002 available at; www.darpa.mil/body/news/2002/qspph2.pdf last accessed 6 May 2007.Google Scholar
113. Tupolev website, available from www.tupolev.ru/ last accessed on 6 May 2007.Google Scholar
114. Yoshimoto, M. and Uchiyami, N., Optimization of canard surface positioning of supersonic business jet for low boom and low drag design, AIAA 2003-3576, 2003.Google Scholar