Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T20:49:59.913Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Optical imaging techniques for hypersonic impulse facilities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 February 2016

T. J. McIntyre
Affiliation:
School of Physical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
H. Kleine
Affiliation:
School of Aerospace, Civil & Mechanical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australia
A. F. P. Houwing
Affiliation:
Department of Physics and Theoretical Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

Abstract

The application of optical imaging techniques to hypersonic facilities is discussed and examples of experimental measurements are provided. Traditional Schlieren and shadowgraph techniques still remain as inexpensive and easy to use flow visualisation techniques. With the advent of faster cameras, these methods are becoming increasingly important for time-resolved high-speed imaging. Interferometry’s quantitative nature is regularly used to obtain density information about hypersonic flows. Recent developments have seen an extension of the types of flows that can be imaged and the measurement of other flow parameters such as ionisation level. Planar laser induced fluorescence has been used to visualise complex flows and to measure such quantities as temperature and velocity. Future directions for optical imaging are discussed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 2007 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Stalker, R.J., Modern developments in hypersonic wind tunnels, Aeronaut. J. 2006, 110, (1103), pp 2139.Google Scholar
2. Beck, W.H., Scheer, M. and Vetter, M., An Examination of the Aachen Shock Tunnel TH2 Gas Flows Using the HEG PLIF Apparatus, Proc. 19th Int Symp Shock Waves, 1, pp 321326, Springer, 1995, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1995.Google Scholar
3. Merzkirch, W., Flow Visualization, 2nd ed., Ch 3, Academic Press, 1987, Orlando, USA.Google Scholar
4. Settles, G.S., Schlieren and Shadowgraph Techniques, Springer, 2001, Heidelberg, New York, USA.Google Scholar
5. Kleine, H., Flow Visualization, in: Handbook of Shock Waves, 1, Ch 5.1, pp 683740, Academic Press, 2001, San Diego, USA.Google Scholar
6. Cords, P.H., A High-resolution, high sensitivity color Schlieren method, SPIE J, 1968, 6, pp 8588.Google Scholar
7. Oertel, H. and Oertel, H. Jr, Optische Strömungsmesstechnik, Braun, Karlsruhe, 1989. (in German).Google Scholar
8. Kleine, H., Verbesserung optischer Methoden für die Gasdynamik, Thesis, Stosswellenlabor RWTH Aachen, Germany, 1994 (in German).Google Scholar
9. Kleine, H., Grönig, H. and Takayama, K., Simultaneous shadow, Schlieren and interferometric visualization of compressible flows. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2006, 44, (4), pp 170189.Google Scholar
10. Bize, D., Dunet, G., Philbert, M., Roblin, A. and Surget, J., Schlieren device and spectroscopic measurements in F4, in: Proc. of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop New Trends in Instrumentation for Hypersonic Research, pp 135151, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1993.Google Scholar
11. Vetter, M., Hyperschallumströmung von Modellen im Stosswellenkanal, Thesis, Stosswellenlabor RWTH Aachen, Germany, 1993 (in German).Google Scholar
12. Kleine, H. and Grönig, H., Colour Schlieren experiments in shock tube and tunnel flow, in: Proc Int Workshop on Strong Shock Waves, pp 4148, Chiba University, 1992.Google Scholar
13. Honour, J., Electro-Optical Camera Systems, in: High-Speed Photography and Photonics, pp 134149, Focal Press, Oxford, 1997 (reprinted by SPIE under the same title as SPIE PM120 in October 2002).Google Scholar
14. Smith, G.W., HIGH-SPEED CCD Camera Technology, in: High-Speed Photography and Photonics, pp 8198, Focal Press, Oxford, 1997 (reprinted by SPIE under the same title as SPIE PM120 in October 2002).Google Scholar
15. Hashimoto, T. and Takayama, K., Study of separated flows over double wedges and cones, in: Proc 24th Int Symp on Shock Waves, 1, pp 479485, Springer, Berlin, Germany, Heidelberg, 2005.Google Scholar
16. Cranz, C. and Schardin, H., Kinematographie auf ruhendem Film und mit extrem hoher Bildfrequenz, Zeitsch. f. Physik, 1929, 56, pp 147183.Google Scholar
17. Parker, V. and Roberts, C., Rotating Mirror and Drum Cameras, in: High-Speed Photography and Photonics, pp 167180, Focal Press, Oxford, 1997 (reprinted by SPIE under the same title as SPIE PM120 in October 2002).Google Scholar
18. Honour, J., A high resolution electronic imaging system for Schlieren recording, in: Proc 24th Int Congr high-speed Photography & Photonics, 2001, 4183, pp 163169, SPIE, Bellingham.Google Scholar
19. Etoh, T.G., Takehara, K., Okinaka, T., Takano, Y., Ruckelshausen, A. and Poggemann, D., Development of high-speed video cameras, in: Proc 24th Int Congr High-Speed Photography & Photonics, 4183, pp 3647, SPIE, Bellingham, 2001.Google Scholar
20. Kleine, H., Hiraki, K., Maruyama, H., Hayashida, T., Yonai, J., Kitamura, K., Kondo, Y. and Etoh, T.G., High-speed time-resolved color Schlieren visualization of shock wave phenomena. Shock Waves 2005, 14, (5/6), pp 333342.Google Scholar
21. Wu, P.F.P. and Miles, R.B., Megahertz visualization of compression-corner shock structures, AIAA J, 2001, 39, (8), pp 15421546.Google Scholar
22. Etoh, T.G., Hatsuki, Y., Okinaka, T., Ohtake, H., Maruyama, H., Hayashida, T., Yamada, M., Kitamura, K., Arai, T., Tanioka, K., Poggemann, D., Ruckelshausen, A., Van Kuijk, H., Bosiers, J.T. and Theuwissen, A.J., An image sensor of 1,000,000 fps, 300,000 pixels and 144 consecutive frames. In: Proc 26th Int Congr. High-Speed Photography & Photonics, 2005, 5580, pp 796804, SPIE, Bellingham.Google Scholar
23. Hiraki, K., Kleine, H., Maruyama, H., Hayashida, T., Kitamura, K., Yonai, J., Nakajima, T. and Etoh, T.G., Visualization of the unsteady flow field around spiked concave bodies in supersonic flow. In: Proc 12th Int Symp Flow Visualization, Göttingen, Germany.Google Scholar
24. Haertig, J., Havermann, M., Rey, C. and George, A., Particle Image Velocimetry in Mach 3·5 and 4·5 Shock Tunnel Flows. AIAA J, 2002, 40, (6), pp 10561060.Google Scholar
25. Meier, G.E.A., Computerized background-oriented schlieren, Exp Fluids, 2002, 33, pp 181187.Google Scholar
26. Dalziel, S.B., Hughes, G.O. and Sutherland, B.R., Whole-field density measurements by synthetic schlieren, Exp Fluids, 2000, 28, pp 322335.Google Scholar
27. Ragunath, S., Mee, D.J., Roesgen, T. and Jacobs, P.A., Background oriented Schlieren for visualization in hypersonic impulse facilities, in: Proc 25th Int Symp Shock Waves, 2005, pp 865870, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.Google Scholar
28. Bone, D.J., Bachor, H.A. and Sandeman, R.J., Fringe-pattern analysis using a 2-D Fourier transform. Appl Opt, 1986, 25, (10), pp 16531660.Google Scholar
29. Bone, D.J., Fourier fringe analysis – the two-dimensional phase unwrapping problem. Appl Opt, 1991, 30, (25), pp 36273632.Google Scholar
30. Babinsky, H. and Takayama, K., Quantitative holographic interferometry of shock-wave flows using Fourier transform fringe analysis. In: Proc 20th Int Symp Shock Waves, Pasadena, USA, July 1995, World Scientific Press, pp 15991604.Google Scholar
31. Bishop, A.I., Spectrally Selective Holographic Interferometry Techniques for Flow Diagnostics, PhD Dissertation, 2001, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.Google Scholar
32. Vest, C.M., Holographic Interferometry, 1979, John Wiley and Sons Inc, 1979.Google Scholar
33. Takayama, K., Application of holographic interferometry to shock wave research. Proc SPIE, 1983, 398, pp 174180.Google Scholar
34. Houwing, A.F.P., Takayama, K., Jiang, Z., Sun, M., Yada, K. and Mitobe, H., Interferometric measurement of density in nonstationary shock wave reflection flow and comparison with CFD, Shock Waves, 2005, 14, (1-2), pp 1119.Google Scholar
35. Sanderson, S., Shock Wave Interaction in Hypersonic Flow, PhD Dissertation, California Institute of Technology, 1995.Google Scholar
36. Nonaka, S., Takayama, K., Density measurement over a sphere in ballistic range, AIAA Paper 2000-0837, Reno, 2000.Google Scholar
37. Guo, L.D., Zhou, Z.F., Yang, H. and Zhang, L., Holographic interference measurement of the hypersonic flow field, Optical Engineering, 2005, 44, (1), Art. No 015603.Google Scholar
38. McIntyre, T.J., Eichmann, T.N., Hajek, K. and Kovachevich, A., Visualisation and measurement of flow on the inlet of an upstream injected supersonic-combustion ramjet, In: Proc Fourth Australian Conference on Laser Diagnostics in Fluid Mechanics and Combustion, 2005, McLaren Vale, SA, Australia, The University of Adelaide.Google Scholar
39. McIntyre, T.J., Hajek, K.M., Eichmann, T.N. and Kovachevich, A.L., Interferometric visualization of fuel concentrations on the intake of a supersonic combustion ramjet engine. In: Proc 12th Int Symp Flow Visualization, Göttingen, Germany.Google Scholar
40. Kastell, D., Carl, M. and Eitelberg, G., Phase step holographic interfer-ometry applied to hypervelocity non-equilibrium cylinder flow, Exp Fluids, 1996, 22, pp 5766.Google Scholar
41. Surget, J. and Dunet, G., Multipass holographic interferometer for the high enthalpy hypersonic wind tunnel F4, in: Proc. of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop New Trends in Instrumentation for Hypersonic Research, pp 135151, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1993.Google Scholar
42. Houwing, A.F.P., Takayama, K., Jiang, Z., Hashimoto, T., Koremoto, K., Mitobe, H. and Gaston, M.J., Abel inversion of axially-symmetric shock wave flows, Shock Waves, 2005, 14, (1-2), pp 2128.Google Scholar
43. Morton, J., Tomographic Imaging of Supersonic Flows, PhD Thesis, 1995, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.Google Scholar
44. Faletic, R., Tomographic Reconstruction of Shock Layer Flows, PhD Thesis, 2005, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.Google Scholar
45. Thorne, A.P., Spectrophysics, Chapman and Hall, London, 1988.Google Scholar
46. McIntyre, T.J., Wegener, M.J., Bishop, A.I. and Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H., Simultaneous two-wavelength holographic interferometry in a superorbital expansion tube facility, Appl Opt, 1997, 36, (31), pp 81288134.Google Scholar
47. McIntyre, T.J., Bishop, A.I., Thomas, A.M., Sasoh, A. and Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H., Ionizing Nitrogen and Air Flows in a Superorbital Expansion Tube, AIAA J, 2000, 38, (9), pp 16851691.Google Scholar
48. McIntyre, T.J., Bishop, A.I., Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H. and Gnoffo, P.A., Experimental and numerical studies of ionizing flow in a super-orbital expansion tube, AIAA J, 2003, 41, (11), pp 21572161.Google Scholar
49. McIntyre, T.J., Bishop, A.I. and Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H., Two-wavelength holographic interferometry as a diagnostic tool for ionising flows, In: Proc 9th Int Symp Flow Visualization, August, 2000, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.Google Scholar
50. Measures, R.M., Spectral line interferometry: a proposed means of selectively measuring the change in the density of a specific atomic population, Appl Opt, 1970, 9, (3), pp 737741.Google Scholar
51. Bishop, A.I., Littleton, B.N., McIntyre, T.J. and Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H., Near-resonant holographic interferometry of hypersonic flow. Shock Waves, 2001, 11, (1), pp 2329.Google Scholar
52. McIntyre, T.J., Bishop, A.I., Eichmann, T.N. and Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H., Enhanced flow visualisation using near-resonant holographic interferometry, Appl Opt, 2003, 42, (22), pp 44454451.Google Scholar
53. McIntyre, T.J., Lourel, I., Eichmann, T.N., Morgan, R.G., Jacobs, P.A. and Bishop, A.I., An experimental expansion tube study of the flow over a toroidal ballute, J Spacecraft and Rockets, 2004, 41, (5), pp 716725.Google Scholar
54. Eichmann, T.N., An Experimental Investigation of Shock Shapes and Shock Stand-offs in a Super-Orbital Facility, Masters Thesis, 2004, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.Google Scholar
55. Desse, J.-M., Able, F. and Tribillon, J.-L., Real-time color holographic interferometry, Appl Opt, 2002, 41, (25), pp 53265333.Google Scholar
56. Barnhart, D.H., Koek, W.D., Juchem, T., Hampp, N., Coupland, J.M. and Halliwell, N.A., Bacteriorhodopsin as a high-resolution, high-capacity buffer for digital holographic measurements, Meas Science and Tech., 2004, 15, (4), pp 639646.Google Scholar
57. Demoli, N., Vukicevic, D. and Torzynski, M., Dynamic digital holographic interferometry with three wavelengths, Optics Express, 2003, 11, (7), pp 767774.Google Scholar
58. Hruschka, R. and Kleine, H., Visualization of three-dimensional flows, In: Proc 25th Int Symp Shock Waves; Bangalore, India, pp 173178, 2005 Google Scholar
59. Eckbreth, A.C., Laser Diagnostics for Combustion Temperature and Species, 2nd ed, Gordon and Breach, 1996.Google Scholar
60. Palma, P.C., Danehy, P.M. and Houwing, A.F.P., Fluorescence imaging of rotational and vibrational temperature in a shock tunnel nozzle flow, AIAA J, 2003, 41, (9), pp 17221732.Google Scholar
61. Hanson, R.K. and Seitzman, J.M., Planar fluorescence imaging in gases, In: Handbook of Flow Visualization, 1989, Hemisphere Pub Corp, pp 219232.Google Scholar
62. Hanson, R.K., Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging, J Quant Spectrosc and Radiat Trans, 1988, 40, pp 343362.Google Scholar
63. Seitzman, J.M. and Hanson, R.K., Fluorescence Imaging in Gases, Instrumentation for Flows with Combustion, 1993, pp 445446.Google Scholar
64. Doherty, P.M. and Crosley, D.R., Polarisation of laser-induced fluorescence of OH in an atmospheric pressure flame, Appl Opt, 1982, 23, pp 713721.Google Scholar
65. Ebata, T., Anezaki, Y., Fujii, M., Mikami, N. and Ito, M., Rotational energy transfer in NO (A 2+, v = 0 and 1) studied by two-color double-resonance spectroscopy, J Chem Phys, 1984, 84, pp 151157.Google Scholar
66. Berg, J.O. and Shackleford, W.L., Rotational redistribution effect on saturated laser-induced fluorescence, Appl Opt, 1979, 18, (13), pp 20932094.Google Scholar
67. Stephenson, J.C., Vibrational-relaxation of NO X 2Π(v = 1) in the temperature range 100-300K, J Chem Phys, 1974, 60, pp 42894294.Google Scholar
68. Palma, P.C., McIntyre, T.J. and Houwing, A.F.P., Thermometry in shock tunnel flows using a Raman-shifted tunable excimer laser, Shock Waves, 1998, 8, (5), pp 275284.Google Scholar
69. Greenstein, H. and Bates, J., C.W. Line-width and tuning effects in resonant excitation, J Opt Soc Am, 1975, 65, (1), pp 3340.Google Scholar
70. Daily, J.W., Use of rate equations to describe laser excitation in flames. Appl Opt, 1977, 16, (8), pp 23222327.Google Scholar
71. Yariv, A., Quantum Electronics, 3rd ed, Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988.Google Scholar
72. Piepmeier, E.H., Theory of laser saturated atomic resonance fluorescence, Spectrochimica Acta Part B, 1972, 27, (10), pp 431443.Google Scholar
73. Altkorn, R. and Zare, R.N., Effects of saturation on laser-induced fluorescence measurements of population and polarisation, Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 1984, 35, pp 265289.Google Scholar
74. Daily, J.W., Saturation effects in laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy, Appl Opt, 1977, 16, (3), pp 568571.Google Scholar
75. Paul, P.H., Gray, J.A., Durant, J.L. Jr and Thoman, J.W. Jr, Collisional quenching corrections for laser-induced fluorescence measurements of NO A 2+ , AIAA J, 1994, 32, pp 16701675.Google Scholar
76. Fox, J.S., O’Byrne, S., Houwing, A.F.P., Papinniemi, A., Danehy, P.M. and Mudford, N.R., Fluorescence Visualization of Hypersonic Flow Establishment over a Blunt Fin, AIAA J, 2001, 39, (7), pp 13291337.Google Scholar
77. Palmer, J.L., Houwing, A.F.P., Thurber, M.C., Wehe, S.D. and Hanson, R.K., PLIF imaging of transient shock phenomena in hypersonic flows, In: 18th Aerospace Ground Testing Conference, June, 1994, AIAA-1994-2642.Google Scholar
78. O’Byrne, S.B., Houwing, A.F.P. and Danehy, P.M., Establishment of the near-wake flow of a cone and wedge in a transient hypersonic freestream, In: Proc 22nd Int Symp Shock Waves, July 1999, pp 15831588.Google Scholar
79. Clemens, N.T., An experimental investigation of scalar mixing in supersonic turbulent shear layers, PhD Dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 1991.Google Scholar
80. Mcmillin, B.K., Instantaneous Two-Line PLIF Temperature Imaging of Nitric Oxide in Supersonic Mixing and Combustion Flow Fields, PhDGoogle Scholar
81. Fox, J.S., Houwing, A.F.P., Danehy, P.M., Gaston, M.J., Mudford, N.R. and Gai, S.L., Mole-Fraction-Sensitive Imaging of Hypermixing Shear Layers, J Propulsion and Power, 2001, 7, (2), pp 284292.Google Scholar
82. Gaston, M.J., Houwing, A.F.P., Mudford, N.R., Danehy, P.M. and Fox, J.S., Fluorescence imaging of mixing flowfields and comparisons with computational fluid dynamic simulations, Shock Waves, 2002, 12, (2), pp 99110.Google Scholar
83. Houwing, A.F.P., Bishop, A., Gaston, M.J., Fox, J.S., Danehy, P.M. and Mudford, N.R., Simulated-fuel-jet/shock-wave interaction, In: Proc 23rd Int Symp Shock Waves, July 2001, pp 10741080.Google Scholar
84. Rossmann, T., Mungal, M.G. and Hanson, R.K., Nitric-oxide planar laser-induced fluorescence applied to low-pressure hypersonic flow fields for the imaging of mixture fraction, Appl Optics, 2003, 42, (33), pp 66826695.Google Scholar
85. McIntyre, T.J., Houwing, A.F.P., Palma, P., Rabbath, P. and Fox, J.S., Imaging of combustion in a supersonic-combustion ramjet, J Propulsion and Power, 1996, 13, (3), pp 388394.Google Scholar
86. O’Byrne, S., Stotz, I., Neely, A., Boyce, R. and Mudford, N., Oh, Plif, Imaging of Supersonic Combustion Using Cavity Injection, Paper AIAA-2005-3357, AIAA/CIRA 13th International Space Planes and Hypersonics Systems and Technologies Conference, Capua, Italy, 16-20 May 2005.Google Scholar
87. Mcmillin, B.K., Palmer, J.L. and Hanson, R.K., Temporally-resolved two-line fluorescence imaging of NO temperature in a transverse jet in a supersonic crossflow, Appl Opt, 1993, 32, pp 75327545.Google Scholar
88. Palmer, J.L. and Hanson, R.K., Temperature imaging in a reacting, supersonic free jet using two-line OH fluorescence, Appl Opt, 1996, 35, (3), pp 485499.Google Scholar
89. Palmer, J.L., Mcmillin, B.K. and Hanson, R.K., Multi-line fluorescence imaging of the rotational temperature field in a shock tunnel, Appl Phys B, 1996, 63, (167), pp 167178.Google Scholar
90. Ruyten, W.M., Comparison of calculated and measured temperature fields in the AEDC Impulse Facility, AIAA-1996-2237, 1996.Google Scholar
91. Beck, W.H., Eitelberg, G., Trinks, O. and Wollenhaupt, M., Testing methodologies in the DLR High Enthalpy Shock Tunnel HEG, AIAA-1998-2770, 1998.Google Scholar
92. Roberts, W.L., Allen, M.G., Howard, R.P., Wilson, G.J. and Trucco, R., Measurement and prediction of nitric oxide concentration in the HYPULSE Expansion Tube Facility, AIAA 94-2644, 1994.Google Scholar
93. Sutton, D.S., Houwing, A.F.P., Palma, P.C. and Sandeman, R.J., Vibrational temperature measurements in a shock layer using laser induced predissociation fluorescence, Shock Waves, 1993, 3, (2), pp 141148.Google Scholar
94. Palma, P.C., Houwing, A.F.P. and Sandeman, R.J., Absolute intensity measurements of impurity emissions in a shock tunnel and their consequences for laser induced fluorescence experiments, Shock Waves, 1993, 3, (1), pp 4953.Google Scholar
95. McDaniel, J.C., Hiller, B. and Hanson, R.K., Simultaneous multiple-point velocity measurements using laser induced iodine fluorescence, Opt Lett, 1983, 8, (1), pp 5153.Google Scholar
96. Danehy, P.M., Mere, P., Gaston, M.J., O’Byrne, S., Palma, P.C. and Houwing, A.F.P., Fluorescence velocimetry of the hypersonic, separated flow over a cone, AIAA J, 2001, 39, (7), pp 13201328.Google Scholar
97. Miles, R.B., Lempert, W. and Zhang, B., Turbulent structure measurements by RELIEF flow tagging, Fluid Dynamics Research 1991, 8, pp 917.Google Scholar
98. Miles, R.B., Grinstead, J., Kohl, R.H. and Diskin, G., The RELIEF flow tagging technique and its application in engine testing facilities and for helium–air mixing studies, Meas Sci Techno, 2000, 11, pp 110.Google Scholar
99. Danehy, P.M., O’Byrne, S., Houwing, A.F.P., Fox, J. and Smith, D.R., Flow-Tagging Velocimetry for Hypersonic Flows Using Fluorescence of Nitric Oxide. AIAA J, 2003, 41, (2), pp 263271.Google Scholar
100. O’Byrne, S., Danehy, P.M., Houwing, A.F.P., Mallinson, S.G. and Palma, P.C., Temperature and velocity measurements in a hypersonic boundary layer. In: Proc 23rd Int Symp Shock Waves, 2001 Fort Worth, Texas, USA.Google Scholar
101. Barker, P., Bishop, A. and Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H., Supersonic velocimetry in a shock tube using laser enhanced ionisation and planar laser induced fluorescence, Appl Phys B, 1997, 64, pp 369376.Google Scholar
102. John, C.T. and Turk, G.C., Laser-Enhanced Ionization Spectroscopy, John Wiley, New York, 1996.Google Scholar
103. Littleton, B.N., Bishop, A.I., McIntyre, T.J., Barker, P.F. and Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H., Flow tagging velocimetry in a superorbital expansion tube. In: Proc 21st Int Symp Shock Waves, 1997, Great Keppel Island, Australia, pp 511515.Google Scholar