Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T01:49:04.140Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Simple Grazing Incidence X-Ray Lens

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2019

Lauri Kaihola  and
James F. McGee
Lauri Kaihola
Affiliation:
Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63103
James F. McGee
Affiliation:
Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63103
Get access

Abstract

Currently, making use of the phenomenon of total external reflection of x-rays by matter, lenses are being designed and constructed for use in x-ray telescopes, x-ray microscopes and small angle x-ray scattering cameras. One of the lenses under consideration for a biomedical application is a right-circular cylinder of nominal wall thickness coated with gold. Since the particular biomedical application is not demanding with respect to resolution and image quality in comparison with an x-ray telescope or an x-ray microscope, the imaging properties of the simple right-circular cylinder are satisfactory and the device economical to produce. A detailed study of its properties was undertaken. One of the most stringent requirements on the internal grinding and polishing of such a lens is the roundness of the cylinder. An interferometric method using a laser source enabled the diameter to be determined to one part in 106. Several tests of optical quality vere performed at 6328A in the visible and 8.34A in the X-ray region. A centered stop prevented the direct beam from reaching the screen. A point source of highly coherent 6328A radiation was located on the axis of the cylinder. The divergent beam of light striking the inside walls of the cylinder gives rise to a non-localized Airy-type diffraction pattern. If the surface finish is rough the diffraction pattern will show a star-like pattern at its center. Lack of roundness is indicated by poorly shaped diffraction fringes of low quality. Other optical tests at 6328A in the near and far field regions as well as in the “focal' plane also yield information concerning the roundness and smoothness of the optical element. The previous optical tests when repeated with 8.34A x-rays should give essentially the same general diffraction and interference effects noted with the 6328A radiation. However, most effects are not observable because of the poor resolution of x-ray film, Image forming tests clearly show the presence of barrel and pincushion type distortion.

Type
Research Article
Information
Advances in X-Ray Analysis , Volume 16: 'Twenty-First Annual Conference on Applications of X-ray Analysis, August 2-4, 1972 , 1972 , pp. 150 - 164
Copyright
Copyright © International Centre for Diffraction Data 1972

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Kirkpatrick, P and Baez, A. V., “Formation of Optical Images by X-Rays,” J. Opt. Boc. Am. 38, 766 (1948).Google Scholar
2. Wolter, H., “Spiegelsysteme streifenden Einfalls als abbildende Optiken für Röntgenstrahlen,” Ann. Physik Folge Band 10, 94 (1952).Google Scholar
3. Giacconi, R., Reidy, W. P., Vaiana, G. S., Van Speybroeck, L. P., and Zehnpfennig, T. F., “Grazing Incidence Telescopes for X-Ray Astronomy,” Space Sei. Rev. 9, 3 (1969).Google Scholar
4. Jentzsch, F., “Optische Versuche mit Röntgenstrahlen,” Physik, Zeitschr. XXX, 268 (1929).Google Scholar
5. Cosslett, V. E. and Nixon, W. C., “X-Ray Microscopy,” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1960).Google Scholar
6. Dyson, J., “Optics of the Focusing X-Ray Microscope,” Proc. Phys. Soc. (London), N65, 580 (1952).Google Scholar
7. McGee, J. F., “A Long-Wavelength X-Ray Reflection Microscope,” in Cosslett, V., Engström, A., and Patee, H., Editors, X-Ray Microscopy and Microradiography, p. 164, Academic Press, New York (1957).Google Scholar
8. McGee, J. F. and Milton, J. W., “The Obliquity Aberration of Reflection X-Ray Microscopy,” in Engström, A., Cosslett, V., and Patee, H., Editors, X-Ray Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, p. 118, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam (1960).Google Scholar
9. Patee, H. H., “The Compound, Four-Miror, Reflection X-Ray Microscope,” in Cosslett, V., Engström, A., and Patee, H., Editors, X-Ray Microscopy and Microradiography, p. 135, Academic Press, New York (1957).Google Scholar
10. Dietz, R. W. and Bennett, J. M., “Bowl Feed Technique for Producing Supersmooth Optical Surfaces,” Appl. Optics 5, 881 (1966).Google Scholar
11. Born, M and Wolf, E., “Principles of Optics,” Pergamon Press, London (1970).Google Scholar
12. Czarnecki, R. F., “The Production and Detection of Soft X-Rays,” Thesis, M. S., Saint Louis University (1970).Google Scholar
13. Henke, B. L., “Monochromatic Sources of Ultrasoft X-Radiation for Quantitative Mcroradiographic Analysis,” in Cosslett, V., Engström, V., and Pattee, H., Editors, X-Bay Microscopy and Microradiography, p. 72, Academic Press, New York (1957).Google Scholar