Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T02:09:12.865Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

X-Ray Diffraction of Radioactive Materials*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2019

D. Schiferl  and
R. B. Roof
D. Schiferl
Affiliation:
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
R. B. Roof
Affiliation:
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
Get access

Abstract

X-ray diffraction studies on radioactive materials are reviewed. Considerable emphasis is placed on the safe handling and loading of not-too-exotic samples. Special considerations such as the problems of film blackening by the gamma rays and changes induced by the self-irradiation of the sample are covered. Some modifications of common diffraction techniques are presented. Finally, diffraction studies on radioactive samples under extreme conditions are discussed, with primary emphasis on high-pressure studies involving diamond-anvil cells.

Type
Research Article
Information
Advances in X-Ray Analysis , Volume 22: Twenty-Seventh Annual Conference on Applications of X-ray Analysis, August 1-4, 1978 , 1978 , pp. 31 - 42
Copyright
Copyright © International Centre for Diffraction Data 1978

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Work performed under the auspices of the Department of Energy.

References

1. Peterson, J. R., “Chemical Identification and Phase Analysis of Transplutonium Elements and Compounds via X-Ray Powder Diffraction,” in McMurdie, H. F., Barrett, C. S., Newkirk, J. B., Ruud, C. O., Editors, Advances in X-Ray Analysis, Vol. 20, 75–83 (1976).Google Scholar
2. Benedict, U., private communication.Google Scholar
3. Mantler, M. and Parrish, W., “Energy Dispersive X-Ray Diffractometry,” in McMurdie, H. F., Barrett, C. S., Newkirk, J. B. and Ruud, C. O., Editors, Advances in X-Ray Analysis, Vol. 20, 171–186 (1976).Google Scholar
4. Schiferl, D., Schwalbe, L., Smith, J. L., Hagen, R., unpublished.Google Scholar
5. Roof, R. B. Jr., “The Effects of Self-Irradiation on the Lattice of 238 (80%)PuO2,” in It. Heinrich, F. J., Barrett, C. S., Newkirk, J. B. and Ruud, C. O., Editors, Advances in X-Ray Analysis, Vol. 15, 307–318, Plenum Press (1971).Google Scholar
6. R. B. Roof, Jr., “The Effects of Self-Irradiation on the Lattice of 238(80%)PuO2. II,” Birks, L. S., Barrett, C. S., Newkirk, J. B., Ruud, C. O., Editors, Advances in X-Ray Analysis, Vol. 16, 396–400, Plenum Press (1972).Google Scholar
7. Roof, R. B. Jr., “The Effects of Self-Irradiation on the Lattice of 238(80%)PuO2. III,” In Grant, C. L., Barrett, C. S., Newkirk, J. B. and Ruud, C. O., Editors, Advances in X-Ray Analysis, Vol. 17, 348–353, Plenum Press (1973).Google Scholar
8. Turcotte, R. P., “Alpha Radiation Damage in the Actinide Solids in Blank, H. and Lindner, R., Editors, Plutonium and Other Actinides, pp. 851-859 (1976).Google Scholar
9. Kapshkov, I. I., Sudakov, L. V., Shimbarev, E. V., Baranov, A. Yu. and Yakovlev, G. N., “Structural Changes in Actinide Dioxides Under Self- and Reactor-Irradiation,” in Blank, H. and Lidner, R., Editors, Plutonium and Other Actinides, pp. 861-872 (1976).Google Scholar
10. Witteman, W. G., Giorgi, A. L. and Vier, D. T., “The Preparation and Identification of Some Intermetallic Compounds of Polonium J. Phys. Chem. 64, 434–440 (1960).Google Scholar
11. Baybarz, R. D., Bohet, J., Buijs, K., Colson, L., Müller, W., Reul, J., Spirlet, J. C., Toussaint, J. C., “Preparation and Structure Studies of Less-Common Actinide Metals,” in Müller, W. and Lindner, R., Editors, Transplutonium Elements, pp. 69–77, North-Holland Publishing Co. (1976).Google Scholar
12. McWhan, D. B., Cunningham, B. B. and Wallmann, J. C., “Crystal Structure, Thermal Expansion and Melting Point of Americium Metal,” J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 24, 1025–1038 (1962).Google Scholar
13. Cunningham, B. B. and Wallmann, J. C., “Crystal Structure and Melting Point of Curium Metal,” J. Inorg, Nucl. Chem. 26, 271–275 (1964).Google Scholar
14. Noé, M. and Peterson, J. R., “Preparation and Study of Elemental Californium-249,“ in Müller, W. and Lindner, R., Editors, Transplutonium Elements, pp. 69–77, North-Holland Publishing Co. (1976).Google Scholar
15. Weigel, F. and Trinkl, A., “Zur Kristallchemie des Radiums, I. Die Halogenide des Radiums,” Radiochimica Acta 9, 36–41 (1968).Google Scholar
16. Weigel, F. and Trinkl, A., “Zur Kristallchemie des Radiums, II. Radiumsalz vom Type RaXO4, X = S, Se, Cr, Mo, W,” Radiochimica Acta 9, 140–144 (1968).Google Scholar
17. Weigel, E. and Trinkl, A., “Zur Kristallchemie des Radiums, III. Darstellung, Kristallstruktur und Atomradius des Metallischen Radiums,” Radiochimica Acta 10, 78–82 (1968).Google Scholar
18. Roof, R. B. Jr., unpublished.Google Scholar
19. Burns, J. H., Peterson, J. R. and Stevenson, J. H., “Crystallographic Studies on Some Transuranic Trihalides: 239PuCl3, 244CmBr3, 249BkBr3 and 249CfBr3,” J. Inorg, Nucl. Chem. 37, 743–749 (1975).Google Scholar
20. Bassett, W. A., Takahashi, T. and Stook, P. W., “X-Ray Diffraction and Optical Observations on. Crystalline Solids up to 300 kbar,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 38 37–42 (1967).Google Scholar
21. Burns, J. H. and Peterson, J. R., “Studies on Californium Metal at High Pressures by X-Ray Diffraction,” for publication in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Rare Earths and Actinides, University of Durham, Durham, England (4–6 July|1977).Google Scholar
22. Mao, H. K. and Bell, P. M., “High-Pressure Physics: The 1- Megabar Mark on the Ruby R1 Static Pressure Scale,” Science 191, 851–852 (1976).Google Scholar
23. Mao, H. K. and Bell, P. M., “High-Pressure Physics: Sustained Static Generation of 1.36 to 1.72 Megabars,” Science 200, 1145–1147 (1978).Google Scholar
24. Forman, R. A., Piermarini, G. J., Barnett, J. D., Block, S., “Pressure Measurement Made by the Utilization of Ruby Sharp- Line Luminescence,” Science 176, 284–285 (1972).Google Scholar
25. Barnett, J. D., Block, S. and Piermarini, G. J., “An Optical Fluorescence System for Quantitative Pressure Measurement in a Diamond-Anvil Cell,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 44, 1–9 (1973).Google Scholar
26. Piermarini, G. J., Block, S., Barnett, J. D., Forman, R. A., “Calibration of the Pressure Dependence of the R1, Ruby Fluorescence Line to 195 kbar,” J. Appl. Phys. 46, 2774–2780 (1975).Google Scholar
27. Syassen, K. and Holzapfel, W. B., “Energy Dispersive X-Ray Diffractometry in High Pressure Research,” Europhysics Conference Abstracts, Vol. I: Conference on Electronic Properties of Solids Under Pressure, Leuven, Belgium (1–5 September|1975).Google Scholar
28. Skelton, E. F., Spain, I. L., Yu, S. C., Liu, C. Y. and Carpenter, E. R. Jr., “Variable Temperature Pressure Cell for Polycrystalline X-ray Studies Down to 2°K— Application to Bi,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 48, 879–883 (1977).Google Scholar