Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T11:51:29.874Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Use of Photographic and X-Ray Films for X-Ray Measurements

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2019

R. A. Armistead
R. A. Armistead*
Affiliation:
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California 94025
Get access

Abstract

Experiments were conducted on two underground nuclear tests with the primary objective of determining if high-intensity x-ray exposures can cause a failure of the photographic reciprocity law. The results of the experiments, which included exposures at intensities up to 1020 photons/cm2-sec, were in good agreement with standard diagnostic experiments. Thus, these results show that films receiving x-ray exposures do not experience high-intensity reciprocity failure, and, in so doing confirm photographic theory on this point.

Measured latent-image regression curves and x-ray spectral sensitivity curves for commercially available films, obtained under laboratory-ambient condition and under a vacuum of 10−4 torr are presented. Anomalies in the film response are described, and the dependence of the response characteristics on the exposure environment and the emulsion characteristics is discussed. Suggestions are made for the use of films for x-ray measurements.

Type
Research Article
Information
Advances in X-Ray Analysis , Volume 18: Twenty-Third Annual Conference on Applications of X-ray Analysis, August 7-9, 1974 , 1974 , pp. 222 - 240
Copyright
Copyright © International Centre for Diffraction Data 1974

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Dozier, C. M., Gilfrich, J. V., and Birks, L. S., “Quantitative Calibration of X-ray Film Response in the 5-keV to 1.3-MeV Region,” Appl. Optics 6, 2136 (1967).Google Scholar
2. Seeman, Herman E., “spectral Sensitivity of Two Commercial X-ray Films Between 0,3 and 2.5 Angstroms” Rev. Sc. Instr, 21, 314 (1950).Google Scholar
3. Hercher, M. and Ruff, B., “High-Intensity Reciprocity Failure in Kodak 649-F Plates at 6943 Å”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57 103 (1967).Google Scholar
4. Chandler, C., “Reciprocity Failure in a Photographic Emulsion,” Z. Wiss. Phot, 57, 199 (1963).Google Scholar
5. Spencer, H, E. and Atwell, R. E., “Sulfur Sensitization and High- Intensity Reciprocity Failure of Silver Bromide Grains,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 54, 498 (1964).Google Scholar
6. Spencer, H. E. and Atwell, R. E., “Development Centers and High- Intensity Reciprocity Failure,” ibid, 56, 1095 (1966).Google Scholar
7. Mees, C. E. K., The Theory of the Photographic Process, 3rd ed., p. 188 (The Macmillan Co., New York 1966).Google Scholar
8. Birks, L. S., et al., “Reciprocity of X-Ray Film Response for Nanosecond Exposures”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, 469 (1970)Google Scholar
9. Mees, C. E. K., The Theory of the Photographic Process, 3rd. ed ., p 194 (The Macmillan Co., New York, 1966).Google Scholar
10. Brodsky, A. and Kathren, R. L., “Accuracy and Sensitivity of Film Measurements of Gamma Radiation - Park I: Comparison of Multiple-Film and Single-Quarterly-Film Measurements of Gamma Dose at Several Environmental Conditions”, Health Phys. 9, No. 5, 453 (1963).Google Scholar
11. Ehrlich, M., “influence of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Photographic Response to Co Gamma Radiation”, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 65C, 203 (1961).Google Scholar
12. McLaughlin, W. L. and Ehrlich, M., “Film Badge Dosimetry: How Much Fading Occurs?”, Nucleonics 12, 34 (1954).Google Scholar
13. Armistead, R. A. and Galimba, F. B., “Latent-Image Fading of Three Commercially Available Fine Grained Emulsions”, Phot. Sci. Eng. 17, 42 (1973).Google Scholar
14. Armistead, R. A., “Calibration of Kodak Fine Grain Positive and No-Screen Film in the 4 to 52 kev X-Ray Range”, Rev. Sci. Instr. 45, 996 (1974)Google Scholar
15. Mees, C. E. K., The Theory of the Photographic Process, 3rd ed. 185–195 (Macmillan, New York 1966).Google Scholar
16. Lewis, W. C. and James, T. H., “Effects of Evacuation on Low-Intensity Reciprocity Failure and on Desensitization by Dyes”, Phot. Sci, Eng. 13, 54 (1969)Google Scholar
17. Lewis, W. C., Babcock, T. A., and James, T. H., “Effects of Evacuation and Chemical Sensitization on Sensitivity to X-Rays and γ-Rays” ibid., 15, 209 (1971)Google Scholar
18. Birks, L. S., GiIfrich, J. V. and Nagel, D. J., Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. (Private communications)Google Scholar
19. Boster, T. A., Lawrence Livermore Laboratories, Livermore, California (Private communications)Google Scholar
20. Koppel, Louis N., “Sub-kilovolt X-Ray Calibration of Photographic Film, presented at Applications of X-Ray Analysis, Twenty-Third Annual Denver X-Ray Conference, Denver, Colorado (August 7, 8, 9, 1974)Google Scholar