Present knowledge of the effect of alloying on the oxidation characteristics of niobium is limited almost entirely to oxidation rate and oxygen diffusion rate data. In an effort to determine the mechanism by which alloying elements increase or decrease the oxidation rate of niobium, an x-ray study of niobium alloys was performed. Both x-ray diffraction and fluorescent studies were conducted on the base metal before and after oxidation, on the scale formed, and on the interface between the metal and the scale. From the data obtained, a definite description of the mechanism was not possible, but it appears that the Nb0 film between the metal and the Nb203 scale is the rate controlling factor. The elements Ti, Mo, Cr, W, and V which produce a substantial improvement in oxidation resistance effect the formation of a second oxide structure within the Nb0 film. All the elements which provide a measurable increase in oxidation have either a similar ionic size or a +3 valence state and in most cases have both. Elements not having a +3 valence state or similar ionic size, i.e., Cu, Mn, Si, and Zr, do not improve oxidation resistance, in fact Si and Zr act to eliminate the Nb0 film and the oxidation rate of these alloys is greater than pure niobium.