Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T19:58:43.478Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Specific laboratory investigations for assessments and management of drug problems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Kim Wolff ,
Sarah Welch  and
John Strang
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Much of the drug testing available today is able to determine the presence or absence of a variety of psychoactive substances in a range of body fluids and tissues. For the results of such tests to be confidently interpreted, additional information is required, including general assessment and history-taking. In a wide range of large psychiatric surveys, substance dependence emerges as one of the most common mental health-related disorders, and it is also the one that is least likely to be treated. The range of available tests can be best considered as acting to support and complement a broader assessment and diagnostic procedure.

Type
Research Article
Information
Advances in Psychiatric Treatment , Volume 5 , Issue 3 , May 1999 , pp. 180 - 191
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 1999 

References

Allison, M. & Hubbard, R. I. (1985) Drug abuse treatment process: a review of the literature. International Journal of Addiction, 20, 1321–1345.Google Scholar
Ambre, J. (1985) The urinary excretion of cocaine and metabolites in humans: a kinetic analysis of published data. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 9, 241–245.Google Scholar
Armbruster, D. A. & Krolak, J. M. (1992) Screening for drugs of abuse with the Roche On TRAK assays. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 18, 172–5.Google Scholar
Astley, S. J. & Little, R. E. (1990) Maternal marijuana use during lactation and infant development at one year. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 12, 161–163.Google Scholar
Atkinson, H. C. & Begg, E. J. (1990) Prediction of drug distribution into human milk from physicochemical characteristics. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 18, 151–167.Google Scholar
Batey, R. G., Patterson, T. & Sanders, F. (1990) Practical issues in the methadone management of pregnant heroin users. Drug and Alcohol Review, 9, 303–310.Google Scholar
Blank, D. L. & Kidwell, D. A. (1995) Decontamination procedures for drugs of abuse in hair: are they sufficient? Forensic Science International, 5, 13–38.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, R. A., Jarvie, D. R., Minty, P. S. B. et al (1995) Screening for drugs of abuse. I: Opiates, amphetamines and cocaine. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 32, 123–53.Google Scholar
Brunk, S. D. (1988) False negative GC/MS assay for carboxy THC due to ibuprofen interference. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 12, 290–295.Google Scholar
Burns, M. & Baselt, R. C. (1995) Monitoring drug use with a sweat patch: an experiment with cocaine. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 19, 41–48.Google Scholar
Cone, E. J. (1993) Saliva testing for drugs of abuse. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 20, 91–127.Google Scholar
Cone, E. J. (1996) Mechanisms of drug incorporation into hair. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 18, 438–443.Google Scholar
Cone, E. J., Welch, P., Paul, B. D. et al (1991) Forensic drug testing for opiates. III. Urinary excretion rates of morphine and codeine following codeine administration. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 15, 161–166.Google Scholar
Cone, E. J., Dickerson, S., Paul, B. D. et al (1992) Forensic drug testing for opiates. IV. Analytical sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of commercial urine opiate immunoassays. Journal Analytical Toxicology, 16, 72–78.Google Scholar
Coombs, R. H. & West, L. J. (eds) (1991) Drug Testing: Issues and Options. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cowan, J. M. Jr., Weathermon, A., McCutcheon, J. R. et al (1996) Determination of volume of distribution for ethanol in male and female subjects. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20, 287–290.Google Scholar
Curvall, M., Elwin, C. E., Kazemi-Vala, E. et al (1990) The pharmacokinetics of cotinine in plasma and saliva from non-smoking healthy volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 38, 281–284 Google Scholar
Dackis, C. A., Pottash, A. L. C., Annitto, W. et al (1982) Persistence of urinary marijuana levels after supervised abstinence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1196–1198.Google Scholar
Dickson, P. H., Lind, A., Studts, P. et al (1994) The routine analysis of breast milk for drugs abuse in a clinical toxicology laboratory. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 39, 207–214.Google Scholar
Dupont, R. L. & Baumgartner, W. A. (1995) Drug testing by urine and hair analysis: complementary features and scientific issues. Forensic Science International, 70, 63–76.Google Scholar
Eliopoulos, C., Klein, J., Chitayat, D. et al (1996) Nicotine and cotinine in maternal and neonatal hair as markers of gestational smoking. Clinical Investigations in Medicine, 19, 231–242.Google Scholar
Fay, J., Fogerson, R. Schoendorfer, D. et al (1996) Detection of methamphetamine in sweat by EIA and GC–MS. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20, 398–403.Google Scholar
Flanagan, R. J. (1995) The poisoned patient: the role of the laboratory. British Journal of Biomedical Science, 52, 202–213.Google Scholar
Fogersom, R., Schoendorfer, D., Fay, J. et al (1997) Qualitative detection of opiates in sweat by EIA and GC–MS. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 21, 451–458.Google Scholar
George, S. (1998) The poppy-seed defence, Syva Drug Monitor, 3, 1–3 Google Scholar
George, S. & Braithwaite, R. A. (1995) A preliminary evaluation of five rapid detection kits for on-site drugs of abuse screening. Addiction, 90, 227–232.Google Scholar
Gorodischer, R., Burtin, P., Hwang, P. et al (1994) Saliva versus blood sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring in children: patient and parental preferences and an economic analysis. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 16, 437–443.Google Scholar
Grote, C. & Pawliszyn, J. (1997) Solid-phase microextraction for the analysis of human breath. Annals of Chemistry, 69, 589–596.Google Scholar
Haeckel, R. & Hanecke, P. (1996) Application of saliva for drug monitoring. An in-vivo model for transmembrane transport. European Journal of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, 34, 171–191.Google Scholar
Hanks, G. W. (1987) The clinical usefulness of agonist–antagonist opioid analgesics in chronic pain. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 20, 339–347.Google Scholar
Huestis, M. A. (1996) Judicial acceptance of hair tests for substances of abuse in the United States courts: scientific, forensic, and ethical aspects. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 18, 456–459.Google Scholar
Huestis, M. A. & Cone, E. J. (1998) Alternative testing matrices. In Drug Abuse Handbook (ed. Karch, S.) pp. 799–857. London: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Hunt, C. A. & Jones, R. T. (1980) Tolerance and deposition of tetrahydrocannabinol in man. Journal Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, 215, 35–44.Google Scholar
Jenkins, A. J., Darwin, W. D., Huestis, M. A. et al (1995) Validity testing of the accuPINCH THC test. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 19, 5–12.Google Scholar
Jenkins, A. J., Mills, L. C., Darwin, W. D. et al (1993) Validity testing of the EZ-SCREEN cannabinoid test. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 17, 292–298.Google Scholar
Joseph, R. E. Jr., Su, T. P. & Cone, E. J. (1996) In vitro binding studies of drugs to hair: influence of melanin and lipids on cocaine binding to Caucasoid and Africoid hair. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20, 338–344.Google Scholar
Karlsson, L. & Strom, M. (1988) Laboratory evaluation of the TDX assay for detection of cannabinoids in urine from prison inmates. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 12, 319–321.Google Scholar
Kim, H. J. & Cerceo, E. (1976) Interference by NaCl with the EMIT method of analysis for drugs of abuse. Clinical Chemistry, 22, 1935–1936.Google Scholar
Kintz, P. (1996) Drug testing in addicts: a comparison between urine, sweat, and hair. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 18, 450–455.Google Scholar
Kintz, P., Tracqui, A. & Mangin, P. (1992) Detection of drugs in human hair for clinical and forensic applications. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 105, 1–4.Google Scholar
Kintz, P., Cirimele, V. & Mangin, P. (1995) Testing human hair for cannabis. II. Identification of THC–COOH by GC–MS–NCI as a unique proof. Journal of Forensic Science, 40, 619–622.Google Scholar
Kintz, P., Tracqui, A., Mangim, P., Edel, Y. (1996a) Sweat testing in opioid users with a sweat patch. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20, 393–397.Google Scholar
Kintz, P., Tracqui, A., Jamey, C. et al (1996b). Detection of codeine and phenobarbital in sweat collected with a sweat patch. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20, 197–201.Google Scholar
Kintz, P., Tracqui, A., Marzullo, C. et al (1998) Enantioselective analysis of methadone in sweat as monitored by liquid chromatography spray-mass spectrometry. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 20, 35–40.Google Scholar
Klein, J., Forman, R., Eliopoulos, C. et al (1994) A method for simultaneous measurement of cocaine and nicotine in neonatal hair. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 16, 67–70.Google Scholar
Law, B., Mason, P. A., Moffat, A. C. et al (1984) Forensic aspects of the metabolism and excretion of cannabinoids following oral ingestion of cannabis resin. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 36, 289–294.Google Scholar
Lemberger, L., Tamarkin, N. R. & Alexrod, J. (1971) D9–Tetrahydrocannabinol: Metabolism and disposition in long term marijuana smokers. Science, 178, 72–74.Google Scholar
Lewis, D., Moore, C., Morrissey, P. et al (1997) Determination of drug exposure using hair: application to child protective cases. Forensic Science International, 17, 123–128.Google Scholar
Linder, M. W. & Valdes, R. Jr (1994) Mechanism and elimination of aspirin induced interference in Emit II d.a.u. assays. Clinical Chemistry, 40, 1512–1515 Google Scholar
Long, K. L. (1989) The discovery process in drug use testing litigation. Journal of Forensic Science, 34, 1454–1470.Google Scholar
Macdonald, D.I. (1990) The Medical Review Officer. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 22, 429–434.Google Scholar
Mack, G., Thomas, D., Giles, W. et al (1991) Methadone levels and neonatal withdrawal. Journal of Paediatrics & Child Health, 27, 96–100.Google Scholar
Manolis, A., McBurney, L. J. & Bobbie, B. A. (1983) The detection of delta-9-tetrahydro-cannabinol in the breath of human subjects. Clinical Biochemistry, 16, 229–232.Google Scholar
Marsh, A. (1997) Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. Syva Drug Monitor, 2, 1–4.Google Scholar
Martin, J. C., Barr, H. M., Martin, D. C. et al (1996) Neonatal neurobehavioral outcome following prenatal exposure to cocaine. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 18, 617–25.Google Scholar
Moeller, M. R. (1996) Hair analysis as evidence in forensic cases. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 18, 444–449.Google Scholar
Moffat, A. C., Jackson, J. V., Moss, M. S. et al (1986) Clarks Isolation and Identification of Drugs. London: Pharmaceutical Press.Google Scholar
Moore, C., Lewis, D., Becker, J. et al (1996) The determination of 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH) in meconium. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20, 50–51.Google Scholar
Nakahara, Y., Takahashi, K. & Kikura, R. (1995) Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. X. Effect of physicochemical properties of drugs on the incorporation rates into hair. Biological Pharmacology Bulletin, 18, 1223–1227.Google Scholar
Osterloh, J. D. & Becker, C.E. (1990) Chemical dependency and drug testing in the workplace. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 22, 407–417.Google Scholar
Sachs, H. (1995) Theoretical limits of the evaluation of drug concentrations in hair due to irregular hair growth. Forensic Science International, 70, 53–61.Google Scholar
Selavka, C. M. (1991) Poppy seed ingestion as a contributing factor to opiate-positive urinalysis results: the Pacific perspective. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 36, 685–696.Google Scholar
Simpson, D., Braithwaite, R. A., Jarvie, D. R. et al (1997) Screening for drugs of abuse. II: Cannabinoids, lysergic acid diethylamide, buprenorphine, methadone, barbiturates, benzodiazepines and other drugs. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 34, 460–510.Google Scholar
Skopp, G., Potsch, L., Eser, H. P. et al (1996) Preliminary practical findings on drug monitoring by a transcutaneous collection device. Journal of Forensic Science, 41, 933–937.Google Scholar
Steiner, E., Villen, T., Hallberg, M. et al (1984) Amphetamine secretion in breast milk. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 27, 123–125.Google Scholar
Skolk, L. M., Coenradie, S. M., Smit, B. J. et al L. (1997) Analysis of methadone and its primary metabolite in meconium. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 21, 154–159.Google Scholar
Strang, J., Black, J., Marsh, A. et al (1993) Hair analysis for drugs: technological breakthrough or ethical quagmire. Addiction, 88, 163–166.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. R., Watson, I. D., Tames, F. J. et al (1998) Detection of drug use in a methadone maintenance clinic: sweat patches versus urine testing. Addiction, 93, 847–853.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widdop, B. & Caldwell, R. (1991) The operation of a hospital laboratory service for the detection of drugs of abuse. In The Analysis of Drugs of Abuse (ed. Gough, T. A.) pp. 429–452. England: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. F., Smith, B. L., Toseland, P. A. et al (1994) External quality assessment of techniques for the detection of drugs of abuse in urine. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 31, 335–342.Google Scholar
Wolff, K. & Hay, A. W. M. (1994) Plasma methadone monitoring with methadone maintenance treatment. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 36, 69–71.Google Scholar
Wolff, K., Sanderson, M., Hay, A. W. M. et al (1991a) Methadone concentrations in plasma and their relationship to drug dosage. Clinical Chemistry, 37, 205–209.Google Scholar
Wolff, K., Hay, A. & Raistrick, D. (1991b) Methadone in saliva. Clinical Chemistry, 37, 1297–1298.Google ScholarPubMed
Wolff, K., Hay, A., Raistrick, D. et al (1992) Measuring compliance in methadone maintenance patients: use of a pharmacologic indicator to ‘estimate’ methadone plasma levels. Clinical Pharmacological Therapeutics, 50, 199–207.Google Scholar
Wolff, K., Rostami-Hodjegan, A., Shires, S. et al (1997) The pharmacokinetics of methadone in healthy subjects and opiate users. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 44, 325–334.Google Scholar
Wolff, K., Farrell, M., Marsden, J. et al (1999) A review of biological indicators of illicit drug use, practical considerations and clinical usefulness. Addiction, in press.Google Scholar
Wu, A., Schmalz, J. & Bennett, W. (1994) Identification of UrinAid-adulterated urine specimens by fluorometric analysis. Clinical Chemistry, 40, 845–846.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.