Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-21T23:45:45.145Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Integrating Quantitative Lidar Analysis and Settlement Survey in the Belize River Valley

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 January 2017

Claire E. Ebert ,
Julie A. Hoggarth  and
Jaime J. Awe
Claire E. Ebert
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA, USA
Julie A. Hoggarth
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology & Institute of Archaeology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97173 Waco, TX, USA
Jaime J. Awe
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, 5 E McConnell Dr., Flagstaff, AZ, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Accurate and high-resolution airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) data have become increasingly important for the discovery and visualization of complete archaeological settlement systems in the Maya Lowlands. We present the results of systematic quantitative analysis of lidar data and ground verification for the major centers of Cahal Pech, Baking Pot, and Lower Dover in the Belize Valley. The Belize Valley is characterized by high density populations living in growing modern towns and villages, and by large-scale agricultural production. This urban environment presents a challenge to reconnaissance efforts since modern construction and agricultural activities have destroyed ancient ruins and created new vegetation patterns. Lidar data was analyzed within a GIS using the Topographic Position Index (TPI) to identify the location of possible archaeological remains. Small-scale, site-level TPI analysis helped identify more detailed archaeological features including small house mounds, terraces, and ditches. Results indicate that lidar data recorded for areas with dense vegetation (e.g., low brush and secondary regrowth) may be less reliable for identification of archaeological remains. The quantitative and qualitative differences between spatial analyses and pedestrian survey results among land cover types indicate that traditional settlement pattern study methods, including pedestrian survey, remain vital to ground-truthing all types of spatial data.

La información precisa y de alta información obtenida a través de la tecnología de detección y localización por láser aerotransportado (lidar por sus siglas en inglés) ha llegado a ser cada vez más importante para el descubrimiento y visualización de sistemas de asentamiento arqueológicos completos en las tierras bajas mayas. En este trabajo, presentamos los resultados del análisis cuantitativo y sistemático de datos obtenidos mediante lidar y su verificación terrestre en los sitios de Cahal Pech, Baking Pot y Lower Dower, localizados en el Valle del Río Belice. En comparación con otras regiones documentadas mediante la prospección aerotransportada lidar, el Valle de Belice se caracteriza por tener una alta densidad de población viviendo en los cada vez más grandes pueblos y aldeas modernos, así como por una producción agrícola de gran escala. Este ambiente urbano ha presentado un reto para los esfuerzos de reconocimiento ya que las construcciones modernas y las actividades agrícolas han destruido las ruinas antiguas y han creado nuevos patrones de vegetación (por ejemplo, campos agrícolas, rebrote denso). Los datos lidar fueron analizados en un Sistema de Información Geográfica (GIS por sus siglas en inglés) usando el Índice de Posición Topográfico (TPI por sus siglas en inglés) para identificar la ubicación de posibles vestigios arqueológicos. El análisis TPI de pequeña escala y a nivel de sitio permite la identificación de rasgos arqueológicos más detallados incluyendo pequeños montículos domésticos, terrazas y zanjas. Posibles vestigios arqueológicos identificados mediante los análisis TPI fueron comparados con prospección arqueológica terrestre. Los resultados indican que la información lidar registrada en áreas con vegetación densa puede ser menos confiable para la identificación de vestigios arqueológicos en comparación con la registrada en espacios más abiertos. Las diferencias cuantitativas y cualitativas entre los resultados de las prospecciones arqueológicas terrestre y TPI y entre los tipos de cobertura del suelo indica que los métodos tradicionales para estudiar los patrones de asentamiento, tales como la prospección terrestre, permanecen siendo vitales para verificar todos los tipos de datos espaciales.

Type
Research Article
Information
Advances in Archaeological Practice , Volume 4 , Issue 3: Special Issue: Progression and Issues in the Mesoamerican Geospatial Revolution , August 2016 , pp. 284 - 300
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Ashmore, Wendy 1981 Some Issues of Method and Theory in Lowland Maya Settlement Archaeology. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns, edited by Ashmore, Wendy, pp. 37–69. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Awe, Jaime J. 1992 Dawn in the Land between the Rivers: Formative Occupation at Cahal Pech, Belize and Its Implications for Formative Occupation in the Maya Lowlands. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of London, London.Google Scholar
Awe, Jaime, and Brisbin, Sean M. 1993 Now You See It, Now You Don’t: The Trials and Tribulations of Settlement Survey at Cahal Pech. In Belize Valley Formative Maya Project: Report on the 1992 Field Season, edited by Awe, Jaime J., pp. 1–9. Department of Anthropology, Trent Univeristy, Peterborough, Ontario.Google Scholar
Awe, Jaime J., Ebert, Claire E., and Hoggarth, Julie A 2015 Three K’atuns of Pioneering Settlement Research: Preliminary Results of Lidar Survey in the Belize Valley. In Breaking Barriers: Proceedings of the 47th Annual Chacmool Archaeological Conference, pp. 57–75. University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.Google Scholar
Awe, Jaime J., and Helmke, Christophe 2005 Alive and Kicking in the 3rd to 6th Centuries A.D.: Defining the Early Classic in the Belize River Valley. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 2:39–52.Google Scholar
Awe, Jaime J., Hoggarth, Julie A., and Helmke, Christophe 2014 Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Upper Belize River Valley and Their Implications for Models of Low-Density Urbanism. In A Celebration of the Life and Work of Pierre Robert Colas, edited by Helmke, Christophe and Sachse, Frauke, pp. 263–285. Acta Mesoamericana, Vol. 27. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Munich.Google Scholar
Ball, Joseph W., and Taschek, Jennifer 1991 Late Classic Lowland Maya Political Organization and Central-Place Analysis. Ancient Mesoamerica 2:149–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berking, Jonas, Beckers, Brian, and Schütt, Brigitta 2010 Runoff in Two Semi-Arid Watersheds in Geoarcheological Context: A Case Study of Naga, Sudan, and Resafa, Syria. Geoarchaeology 25:815–836.Google Scholar
Bunn, Andrew G, Hughes, Malcolm K., and Salzer, Matthew W. 2011 Topographically Modified Tree-Ring Chronologies as a Potential Means to Improve Paleoclimate Inference. Climatic Change 105:627–634.Google Scholar
Challis, Keith, Forlin, Paolo, and Kincey, Mark 2011 A Generic Toolkit for the Visualization of Archaeological Features on Airborne LiDAR Elevation Data. Archaeological Prospection 18:279–289.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., Chase, Diane Z., Fisher, Christopher T., Leisz, Stephen L., and Weishampel, John F. 2012 Geospatial Revolution and Remote Sensing LiDAR in Mesoamerican Archaeology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 109:12916–12921.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., Chase, Diane Z., Weishampel, John F., Drake, Jason B., Shrestha, Ramesh L., Slatton, K. Clint, Awe, Jaime J., and Carter, William E. 2011 Airborne LiDAR, Archaeology, and the Ancient Maya Landscape at Caracol, Belize. Journal of Archaeological Science 38:387–398.Google Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., Chase, Diane Z.. Awe, Jaime J., Weishampel, John F., Iannone, Gyles, Moyes, Holley, Yaeger, Jason, Brown, M. Kathryn, Shrestha, Ramesh L., Carter, William E., and Fernandez-Diaz, Juan C. 2014 Ancient Maya Regional Settlement and Inter-Site Analysis: The 2013 West-Central Belize LiDAR Survey. Remote Sensing 6:8671–8695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheetham, David T., Vinuales, Julián, Bisquet, Milena, and Holgate, Catherine 1993 A Report of the Second Season of Investigations at the Cas Pek Group, Cahal Pech, in Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project: Progress Report of the 1992 Field Season, edited by Awe, Jaime J., pp. 139–151. Trent Univeristy, Peterborough, Ontario.Google Scholar
Chowdhury, R. Roy, and Schneider, L. C. 2004 Land-Cover/Use in the Southern Yucatán Peninsular Region, Mexico: Classification and Change Analysis. In Integrated Land-Change Science and Tropical Deforestation in the Southern Yucatán: Final Frontiers, edited by Turner, L. II, Geoghegan, J., and Foster, D., pp. 105–141. Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Clark, Joshua T., Fei, Songlin, Liang, Liang, and Rieske, Lynne K. 2012 Mapping Eastern Hemlock: Comparing Classification Techniques to Evaluate Susceptibility of a Fragmented and Valued Resource to an Exotic Invader, the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid. Forest Ecology and Management 266:216–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conlon, James M. 1993 Corporate Group Structure at the Bedran Group, Baking Pot, Belize: Preliminary Comments on Excavation Results from the 1992 Season of Investigations. In Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project: Progress Report of the 1992 Field Season, edited by Awe, Jaime J., pp. 178–211. Department of Anthropology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario.Google Scholar
Conlon, James M. 1995 The Final Frontier: Settlement Survey at the Ancient Maya Site of Baking Pot. In Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project: Progress Report of the 1994 Field Season, Volume 2, edited by Conlon, James M. and Awe, Jaime J., pp. 81–102. Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London.Google Scholar
Conlon, James M., and Awe, Jaime J. 1995 Estimates of Population and Agrarian Potential for the Ditched Field Irrigation System at Baking Pot, Belize. In The Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project: Progress Report of the 1994 Field Season, Volume 2, edited by Conlon, James M. and Awe, Jaime J., pp. 63–79. Institute of Archaeology, London.Google Scholar
Conlon, James M., and Ehret, Jennifer J. 2000 Ancient Maya Settlement at Baking Pot, Belize: Results of the Continually Expanding Survey Program in the Search for the End of the Final Frontier. In The Western Belize Regional Cave Project: A Report of the 1999 Field Season, edited by Griffith, Cameron S., Ishihara, Reiko, and Awe, Jaime J., pp. 43–54. Department of Anthropology, Occasional Paper No. 3, University of New Hampshire, Durham.Google Scholar
Conlon, James M., and Ehret, Jennifer J. 2001 Ancient Maya Settlement at Baking Pot, Belize: Final Results of the North Caracol Farm Survey Program. In The Western Belize Regional Cave Project: A Report of the 2000 Field Season, edited by Ishihara, Reiko, Griffith, Cameron S., and Awe, Jaime J., pp. 301–308. Department of Anthropology, Occasional Paper No. 4, University of New Hampshire, Durham.Google Scholar
Connell, Samuel V. 2000 Were They Well-Connected? An Exploration of Ancient Maya Regional Integration from the Middle-Level Perspective of Chaa Creek, Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Coulon, Aurélie, Morellet, Nicolas, Goulard, Michel, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Angibault, Jean-Marc, and Hewison, A. J. Mark 2008 Inferring the Effects of Landscape Structure on Roe Deer (Capreolus Capreolus) Movements Using a Step Selection Function. Landscape Ecology 23:603–614.Google Scholar
Crow, P., Benham, S., Devereux, B. J., and Amable, G. S. 2007 Woodland Vegetation and Its Implications for Archaeological Survey Using LiDAR. Forestry 80:241–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crutchley, S., and Crow, P. 2010 The Light Fantastic: Using Airborne LiDAR in Archaeological Survey. English Heritage, Swindon, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
de la Giroday, Honey-Marie, Carroll, Allan L., Lindgren, B. Staffan, and Aukema, Brian H. 2011 Incoming! Association of Landscape Features with Dispersing Mountain Pine Beetle Populations during a Range Expansion Event in Western Canada. Landscape Ecology 26:1097–1110.Google Scholar
De Reu, Jeroen, Bourgeois, Jean, Bats, Machteld, Zwertvaegher, Ann, Gelorini, Vanessa, Smedt, Philippe De, Chu, Wei, Antrop, Marc, De Maeyer, Philippe, Finke, Peter, Van Meirvenne, Marc, Verniers, Jacques, and Crombé, Philippe 2013 Application of the Topographic Position Index to Heterogeneous Landscapes. Geomorphology 186:39–49.Google Scholar
Devereux, B.J., Amable, G.S., Crow, P., and Cliff, A.D. 2005 The Potential of Airborne LiDAR for Detection of Archaeological Features under Woodland Canopies. Antiquity 79:648–660.Google Scholar
Dickson, B.G., and Beier, P. 2007 Quantifying the Influence of Topographic Position on Cougar (Puma concolor) Movement in Southern California, USA. Journal of Zoology 271:270–277.Google Scholar
Doneus, Michael, Briese, Christian, Fera, Martin, and Janner, Martin 2008 Archaeological Prospection of Forested Areas Using Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning. Journal of Archaeological Science 35:882–893.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorenbush, Wendy R. 2013 Western and Northern Settlement Survey of Cahal Pech. In The Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project: A Report of the 2012 Field Season, edited by in Hoggarth, Julie A., Ishihara-Brito, Reiko, and Awe, Jaime J., pp. 168–184. Belize Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Ebert, Claire E. 2015 Airborne LiDAR Mapping and Settlement Survey at Cahal Pech, Belize. In The Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project: A Report of the 2014 Field Season, edited by Hoggarth, Julie A. and Awe, Jaime J., pp. 138–167. Belize Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Ebert, Claire E., and Awe, Jaime J. 2014 Integrating Airborne Lidar and Settlement Survey at Cahal Pech, Belize. Paper presented at the 5th Annual South-Central Conference on Mesoamerica. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Ebert, Claire E., Culleton, Brendan J., Awe, Jaime J., and Kennett, Douglas J. 2016a AMS 14C Dating of Preclassic to Classic Period Household Construction in the Ancient Maya Community of Cahal Pech, Belize. Radiocarbon DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2015.7.Google Scholar
Ebert, Claire E., Hoggarth, Julie A., and Awe, Jaime J. 2015 Prehistoric Water Management in the Belize River Valley: Lidar Mapping and Survey of the Ditched Field System at Baking Pot, Belize. Paper presented at the 13th Annual Meeting of the Belize Archaeology and Anthropology Symposium. San Ignacio, Cayo, Belize.Google Scholar
Ebert, Claire E., Hoggarth, Julie A., and Awe, Jaime J. 2016b Classic Period Maya Water Management and Ecological Adaptation in the Belize River Valley. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 13: 109–119.Google Scholar
Ebert, Claire E., Kennett, Douglas J., and Awe, Jaime J. 2014 Excavations at Tzutziiy K’in: Preclassic Settlement and Classic Development at an Ancient Maya Household Group. Poster presented at the 79th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Austin, Texas.Google Scholar
Ehret, Jennifer J. 1995 Xunantunich Settlement Survey Test- Pitting Program. In Xunantunich Archaeological Project: 1995 Field Season, edited by Leventhal, Richard M. and Ashmore, Wendy, pp. 164–192. Report on file at the Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Etienne, Christophe, Lehmann, Anthony, Goyette, Stéphane, Lopez-Moreno, Juan-Ignacio, and Beniston, Martin 2010 Spatial Predictions of Extreme Wind Speeds over Switzerland Using Generalized Additive Models. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49: 1956–1970.Google Scholar
Evans, Damian H., Fletcher, Roland J., Pottier, Christophe, Chevance, Jean-Baptiste, Soutif, Dominique, Tan, Boun Suy, Im, Sokrithy, Ea, Darith, Tin, Tina, Kim, Samnang, Cromarty, Christopher, De Greef, Stéphane, Hanus, Kasper, Bâty, Pierre, Kuszinger, Robert, Shimoda, Ichita, and Boornazian, Glenn 2013 Uncovering Archaeological Landscapes at Angkor Using LiDAR. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110:12595–12600.Google Scholar
Fedick, Scott L. 1994 Ancient Maya Agricultural Terracing in the Upper Belize River Area. Ancient Mesoamerica 5: 107–127.Google Scholar
Fei, Songlin, Schibig, Joe, and Vance, Mark 2007 Spatial Habitat Modeling Of American Chestnut at Mammoth Cave National Park. Forest Ecology and Management 252:201–207.Google Scholar
Fisher, Christopher T., Leisz, Stephen J., and Outlaw, Gary 2011 LiDAR—A Valuable Tool Uncovers An Ancient City in Mexico. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 77: 962–967.Google Scholar
Ford, Anabel 1990 Settlement and Environment in the Upper Belize River Area and Variability in Household Organization in the Central Maya Lowlands. In Prehistoric Population History in the Maya Lowlands, edited by Culbert, T. Patrick and Rice, Don S., pp. 167–182. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Ford, Anabel 2014 Using Cutting-Edge LiDAR Technology at El Pilar, Belize-Guatemala, in Discovering Ancient Maya Sites: There Is Still a Need for Archaeologists. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 11:271–280.Google Scholar
Gifford, James C. 1976 Prehistoric Pottery Analysis and the Ceramics of Barton Ramie in the Belize Valley. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 18. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Graham, Elizabeth, Pendergast, David M., and Jones, Grant D. 1989 On the Fringes of Conquest: Maya-Spanish Contact in Colonial Belize. Science 246:1254–1259.Google Scholar
Griffin, Robert 2012 The Carrying Capacity of Ancient Maya Swidden Maize Cultivation: A Case Study in the Region around San Bartolo, Peten, Guatemala. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Guerra, Rafael A. 2011 Preliminary Survey of the Lower Dover Maya Site, Unitedville Village, Cayo District, Belize, Central America. In The Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project: A Report of the 2010 Field Season, Volume 16, edited by Hoggarth, Julia A. and Awe, Jaime J., pp. 1–6. Belize Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Guerra, Rafael A., Ebert, Claire E., and Awe, Jaime J. 2015 Situating Lower Dover in the Belize River Valley. Paper presented at the 6th annual South-Central Conference on Mesoamerica, San Antonio, Texas.Google Scholar
Hare, Timothy, Masson, Marilyn, and Russell, Bradley 2014 High-Density LiDAR Mapping of the Ancient City of Mayapán. Remote Sensing 6:9064–9085.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, and Awe, Jaime J. 2008 Organización Territorial de los Antiguos Mayas de Belice Central: Confluencia de datos arqueológicos y epigráficos. Mayab, 20:65–91.Google Scholar
Helmke, Christophe, and Awe, Jaime J. 2012 Ancient Maya Territorial Organization of Central Belize: Confluence of Archaeological and Epigraphic Data. Contributions in New World Archaeology 4:57–88.Google Scholar
Höfle, Bernard, and Pfeifer, Norbert 2007 Correction of Laser Scanning Intensity Data: Data and Model-Driven Approaches. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 62:415–433.Google Scholar
Hoggarth, Julie A. 2012 Social Reorganization and Household Adaptation in the Aftermath of Collapse at Baking Pot, Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Hoggarth, Julie A., Jobbová, Eva, Helmke, Christophe, and Bevan, Andrew 2008 Settlement Survey at Baking Pot, Belize: Results of the 2007 Season. The Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project: A Report of the 2007 Field Season, Vol. 13, edited by Helmke, Christophe and Awe, Jaime J., pp. 157–187. Belize Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Hoggarth, Julie A., Awe, Jaime J., Jobbová, Eva, and Sims, Christopher 2010 Beyond the Baking Pot Polity: Continuing Settlement Research in the Upper Belize River Valley. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 7:171–182.Google Scholar
Hoggarth, Julie A., Culleton, Brendan J., Awe, Jaime J., and Kennett, Douglas J. 2014 Questioning Postclassic Continuity at Baking Pot, Belize, Using Direct AMS 14C Dating of Human Burials. Radiocarbon 56:1057–1075.Google Scholar
Hutson, Scott R. 2015 Adapting LiDAR Data for Regional Variation in the Tropics: A Case Study from the Northern Maya Lowlands. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 4:252–263.Google Scholar
Iannone, Gyles 1996 Problems in the Study of Ancient Maya Settlement and Social Organization: Insights from the “Minor Center” of Zubin, Cayo District, Belize. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Archaeology, University of London, London.Google Scholar
Jenness, Jeff 2006 Topographic Position Index (tpi_jen.avx) extension for ArcView 3.x, v. 1.2. Jenness Enterprises. Electronic document, http://www.jennessent.com/arcview/tpi.htm, accessed November 1, 2015.Google Scholar
Jobbová, Eva 2009 Comparative Settlement in the Central Belize Valley: GIS Analysis of Baking Pot, Spanish Lookout and Barton Ramie. In The Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project: A Report of the 2008 Field Season, edited by Hoggarth, Julie A. and Awe, Jaime J., pp. 89–121. Belize Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Jones, K. Bruce, Heggem, Daniel T., Wade, Timothy G., Neale, Anne C., Ebert, Donald W., Nash, Maliha S., Mehaffey, Megan H., Hermann, Karl A., Selle, Anthony R., Augustine, Scott, Goodman, Iris A., Pedersen, Joel, Bolgrien, David, Viger, J. Max, Chiang, Dean, Lin, Cindy J., Zhong, Yehong, Baker, Joan, and Van Remortel, Rick D. 2000 Assessing Landscape Conditions Relative to Water Resources in the Western United States: A Strategic Approach. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 64:227–245.Google Scholar
Lacki, Michael J., Cox, Daniel R., Dodd, Luke E., and Dickinson, Matthew B. 2009 Response of Northern Bats (Myotis septentrionalis) to Prescribed Fires in Eastern Kentucky Forests. Journal of Mammalogy 90:1165–1175.Google Scholar
Ladefoged, Thegn N., McCoy, Mark D., Asner, Gregory P., Kirch, Patrcik V., Puleston, Cedric O., Chadwick, Oliver A., and Vitousek, Peter M. 2011 Agricultural Potential and Actualized Development in Hawai’i: An Airborne Lidar Survey of the Leeward Kohala Field System (Hawai’i Island). Journal of Archaeological Science 38:3605–3619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeCount, Lisa J., Yaeger, Jason, Leventhal, Richard M., and Ashmore, Wendy 2002 Dating the Rise and Fall of Xunantunich, Belize: A Late and Terminal Classic Lowland Maya Regional Center. Ancient Mesoamerica 13:41–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Hongjuan, Bu, Rencang, Liu, Jintong, Leng, Wenfang, Hu, Yuanman, and Yang, Libing 2011 Predicting the Wetland Distributions under Climate Warming in the Great Xing’an Mountains, Northeastern China. Ecological Research 26:605–613.Google Scholar
Lohse, John C., Awe, Jaime, Griffith, Cameron, Rosenswig, Robert M., and Valdez, Fred Jr. 2006 Preceramic Occupations in Belize: Updating the Paleoindian and Archaic Record. Latin American Antiquity 17:209–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCoy, Mark, Asner, Gregory P., and Graves, Michael W. 2011 Airborne LiDAR Survey of Irrigated Agricultural Landscapes: An Application of the Slope Contrast Method. Journal of Archaeological Science 38:2141–2154.Google Scholar
Macrae, Scott, and Iannone, Gyles 2015 LiDAR and the Study of Ancient Maya Anthropogenic Landscapes. In Breaking Barriers: Proceedings of the 47th Annual Chacmool Conference. University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.Google Scholar
McGarigal, Kevin, Tagil, Sermin, and Cushman, Samuel A. 2009 Surface Metrics: An Alternative to Patch Metrics for the Quantification of Landscape Structure. Landscape Ecology 24:433–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyes, Holley, and Montgomery, Shane 2015 Finding Caves Using LiDAR Imagery: Yes and No. Paper presented at the 13th Annual Meeting of the Belize Archaeology and Anthropology Symposium. San Ignacio, Cayo, Belize.Google Scholar
Mulder, V. L., de Bruin, S., Schaepman, M. D., and Mayr, T. R. 2011 The Use of Remote Sensing in Soil and Terrain Mapping—A Review. Geoderma 162:1–19.Google Scholar
Neff, L. Theodore, Robin, Cynthia, Schwarz, Kevin, and Morrison, Mary K. 1995 The Xunantunich Settlement Survey. In Xunantunich Archaeological Project: 1995 Field Season, edited by Leventhal, Richard M. and Ashmore, Wendy. pp. 139–166. Report on file at the Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Patterson, Jody J. 2008 Late Holocene Land Use in the Nutzotin Mountains: Lithic Scatters, Viewsheds, and Resource Distribution. Arctic Anthropology 45:114–127.Google Scholar
Petrozza, Michael L. 2015 Archaeological Investigations of the Lower Dover Periphery, Cayo District, Belize, Central America. Unpublished Master's Thesis. Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas.Google Scholar
Petrozza, Michael L., and Awe, Jaime J. 2014 Lower Dover: Extending Boundaries. Paper presented at the 5th Annual South-Central Conference on Mesoamerica. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Petrozza, Michael L., and Biggie, Michael 2014 Lower Dover Settlement Survey 2014 Field Season. In The Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance Project: A Report of the 2014 Field Season, Volume 20, edited by Hoggarth, Julie A. and Awe, Jaime J., pp. 25–37. Belize Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Peuramaki-Brown, Meaghan M. 2012 The Integration and Disintegration of Ancient Maya Urban Centres: Charting Households and Community at Buenavista del Cayo, Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary, Calgary.Google Scholar
Pinard, Véronique, Dussault, Christian, Ouellet, Jean-Pierre, Fortin, Daniel, and Courtois, Réhaume 2012 Calving Rate, Calf Survival Rate, and Habitat Selection of Forest- Dwelling Caribou in a Highly Managed Landscape. Journal of Wildlife Management 76:189–199.Google Scholar
Pingel, Thomas J., Clarke, Keith, and Ford, Anabel 2015 Bonemapping: A LiDAR Processing and Visualization Technique in Support of Archaeology under the Canopy. Cartography and Geographic Information Sciences 42 (Supplement 1):S18-S26.Google Scholar
Podchong, Suchart, Schmidt-Vogt, Dietrich, and Honda, Kiyoshi 2009 An Improved Approach for Identifying Suitable Habitat of Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor Kerr) Using Ecological Niche Analysis and Environmental Categorization: Case Study at Phu-Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Ecological Modelling 220:2103–2114.Google Scholar
Powis, Terry 1996 Excavations of Middle Formative Round Structures at the Tolok Group, Cahal Pech, Belize. M.A. thesis. Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario.Google Scholar
Prufer, Keith M., Thompson, Amy T., and Kennett, Douglas J.. 2015 Evaluating Airborne LiDAR for Detecting Settlements and Modified Landscapes in Disturbed Tropical Environments at Uxbenká, Belize. Journal of Archaeological Science 57:1–13.Google Scholar
Reese-Taylor, K., Peuramaki-Brown, M., Hernandez, A., Armando, S., Ramesh, L., and Fernandez-Diaz, J.C. 2014 Identifying Dispersed Urbanism in the Central Karstic Uplands Using LiDAR. Paper presented at the 47th Annual Chacmool Archaeology Conference, University of Calgary, Calgary.Google Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M., López-Torrijos, Ricardo, and Antonelli, Caroline E. 2014 Lidar Data and the Izapa Polity: New Results and Methodological Issues from Tropical Mesoamerica. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 7(4):487–504.Google Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M., López-Torrijos, Ricardo, Antonelli, Caroline E., and Mendelsohn, Rebecca R. 2013 LiDAR Mapping and Surface Survey of the Izapa State on the Tropical Piedmont of Chiapas, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 40:1493–1507.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Jochen, and Hewit, Allan 2004 Fuzzy Land Element Classification from DTMs Based on Geometry and Terrain Position. Geoderma 121:243–256.Google Scholar
Squires, John R., Decesare, Nicholas J., Kolbe, Jay A., and Ruggiero, Leonard F. 2008 Hierarchical Den Selection of Canada Lynx in Western Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 72:1497–1506.Google Scholar
Tagil, Sermin, and Jenness, Jeff 2008 GIS-Based Automated Landform Classification and Topographic, Landcover and Geologic Attributes of Landforms around the Yazoren Polje, Turkey. Journal of Applied Sciences 8:910–921.Google Scholar
Weiss, Andrew 2001 Topographic Position and Landforms Analysis. Poster presentation, ESRI User Conference, San Diego, California.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R., and Bullard, William R. Jr. 1956 The Melhado Site, a House Mound Group in British Honduras. American Antiquity 22(1):29–44.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R., Bullard, William R. Jr., Glass, John B., and Gifford, James C. 1965 Prehistoric Maya Settlements in the Belize Valley. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, No. 54. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Wyatt, Andrew, and Kalosky, Ethan 2003 Chan Survey. In The Chan Project: 2003 Season, edited by Robin, Cynthia, pp. 14–29. Manuscript on file with the Belize Institute of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Yaeger, Jason 2000 Changing Patterns of Social Organization: The Late and Terminal Classic Communities at San Lorenzo, Cayo District, Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Yaeger, Jason 2003 Untangling the Ties That Bind: The City, the Countryside, and the Nature of Maya Urbanism at Xunantunich, Belize. In The Social Construction of Ancient Cities, edited by Smith, Michael L., pp. 121–155. Smithsonian Books, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Yaeger, Jason, Peuramaki-Brown, Meaghan, Dykstra, Christina, Kurnick, Sarah, and Salgado-Flores, Sebastián 2011 Political Dynamics in the Mopan River Valley: Recent Research in the Buenavista del Cayo Hinterlands. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 8:31–44.Google Scholar
Yoon, Jong-Suk, Shin, Jung-Il, and Lee, Kyu-Sung 2008 Land Cover Characteristics of Airborne Lidar Intensity Data: A Case Study. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 5:801–805.Google Scholar