Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T04:43:30.975Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Diet formulation as an effective tool for mitigating nitrogen excretion in dairy systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 September 2013

A. N. Hristov
A. N. Hristov*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
*
†E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) losses and ammonia emissions from livestock operations represent a significant water and air pollutant. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that reduction in dietary protein input results in improved N utilization efficiency and reduced N losses with manure in dairy cows. Reducing dietary protein can also benefit the producer by reducing feed cost. These interventions, however, have to be balanced with the risk of decreased productivity. If animal requirements for metabolizable protein (MP) are not met, productivity cannot be sustained. Supplementation with rumen-protected (RP) amino acids (AA) limiting milk production and milk protein synthesis may compensate for the lack of MP in dairy cow diets. Long-term experiments at Penn State University demonstrated reduced urinary N losses, blood urea, milk urea N, and ammonia emissions from manure with MP-deficient v. MP-adequate diets. In some trials, however, milk production and milk protein yield were decreased with the MP-deficient diets. Supplementation of these diets with RPAA (Lys, Met and His) increased dry matter intake and milk yield of the cows to levels comparable with MP-adequate diets and can be a successful strategy for reducing N losses and maintaining productivity in lactating dairy cows fed low-protein diets.

Keywords

NitrogenAmino AcidDairy Cow
Type
Full Paper
Information
Advances in Animal Biosciences , Volume 4 , Special Issue s1: Proceedings of the Dairy Solutions Symposium, 20th – 21st June 2012, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland , September 2013 , pp. 15 - 18
Copyright
Copyright © The Animal Consortium 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aschemann, M, Lebzien, P, Hüther, L, Döll, S, Südekum, KH, Dänicke, S 2012. Effect of niacin supplementation on digestibility, nitrogen utilisation and milk and blood variables in lactating dairy cows fed a diet with a negative rumen nitrogen balance. Archives of Animal Nutrition 66, 200–214.Google Scholar
Benefield, BC, Patton, RA, Stevenson, MJ, Overton, TR 2009. Evaluation of rumen-protected methionine sources and period length on performance of lactating dairy cows within Latin squares. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 4448–4455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berthiaume, R, Thivierge, MC, Patton, RA, Dubreuil, P, Stevenson, M, McBride, BW, Lapierre, H 2006. Effect of ruminally protected methionine on splanchnic metabolism of amino acids in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 1621–1634.Google Scholar
Broderick, GA, Stevenson, MJ, Patton, RA, Lobos, NE, Olmos Colmenero, JJ 2008. Effect of supplementing rumen-protected methionine on production and nitrogen excretion in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 1092–1102.Google Scholar
Davidson, S, Hopkins, BA, Odle, J, Brownie, C, Fellner, V, Whitlow, LW 2008. Supplementing limited methionine diets with rumen-protected methionine, betaine, and choline in early lactation Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 1552–1559.Google Scholar
Doepel, L, Pacheco, D, Kennelly, JJ, Hanigan, MD, López, IF, Lapierre, H 2004. Milk protein synthesis as a function of amino acid supply. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 1279–1297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimm, JW, Lynch, JA 2005. Improved daily precipitation nitrate and ammonium concentration models for the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Environmental Pollution 135, 445–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hristov, AN 2011. Contribution of ammonia emitted from livestock to atmospheric PM2.5 in the United States. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 3130–3136.Google Scholar
Hristov, AN, Hanigan, M, Cole, A, Todd, R, McAllister, TA, Ndegwa, PM, Rotz, A 2011. Ammonia emissions from dairy farms and beef feedlots: a review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 91, 1–35.Google Scholar
Huhtanen, P, Hristov, AN 2009. A meta-analysis of the effects of protein concentration and degradability on milk protein yield and milk N efficiency in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 3222–3232.Google Scholar
Kim, C-H, Choung, J-J, Chamberlain, DG 1999. Determination of the first-limiting amino acid for milk production in dairy cows consuming a diet of grass silage and a cereal-based supplement containing feather meal. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 79, 1703–1708.Google Scholar
Lee, C, Hristov, AN, Cassidy, T, Heyler, K 2011a. Nitrogen isotope fractionation and origin of ammonia nitrogen volatilized from cattle manure in simulated storage. Atmosphere 2, 256–270, doi:10.3390/atmos2030256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, C, Hristov, AN, Hyler, KS, Cassidy, TW, Long, M, Corl, BA, Karnati, SKR 2011b. Effects of dietary protein concentration and coconut oil supplementation on nitrogen utilization and production in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 5544–5557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, C, Hristov, AN, Cassidy, TW, Heyler, KS, Lapierre, H, Varga, GA, de Veth, MJ, Patton, RA, Parys, C 2012a. Rumen-protected lysine, methionine, and histidine increase milk protein yield in dairy cows fed metabolizable protein-deficient diet. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 6042–6060.Google Scholar
Lee, C, Hristov, AN, Heyler, KS, Cassidy, TW, Lapierre, H, Varga, GA, Parys, C 2012b. Effects of metabolizable protein supply and amino acids supplementation on nitrogen utilization, production and ammonia emissions from manure in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 5253–5268.Google Scholar
Leonardi, C, Stevenson, M, Armentano, LE 2003. Effect of two levels of crude protein and methionine supplementation on performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 4033–4042.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, KA, Siscovick, DS, Sheppard, L, Shepherd, K, Sullivan, JH, Anderson, GL, Kaufman, JD 2007. Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. The New England Journal of Medicine 356, 447–458.Google Scholar
National Research Council 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle, 7th revised edition. Natl Acad Sci, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Oberdorster, G 2000. Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 74, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Picard, ML, Uzu, G, Dunnington, EA, Siegel, PB 1993. Food intake adjustments of chicks: short term reactions to deficiencies in lysine, methionine and tryptophan. British Poultry Science 34, 737–746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pye, HOT, Liao, H, Wu, S, Mickley, LJ, Jacob, DJ, Henze, DK, Seinfeld, JH 2009. Effect of changes in climate and emissions on future sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosol levels in the United States. Journal of Geophysical Research 114, D01205, doi:10.1029/2008JD010701.Google Scholar
Schwab, CG, Huhtanen, P, Hunt, CW, Hvelplund, T 2005. Nitrogen requirements of cattle. In Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of cattle and environment (ed. E. Pfeffer and A. N. Hristov), pp. 13–70. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Socha, MT, Putnam, DE, Garthwaite, BD, Whitehouse, NL, Kierstead, NA, Schwab, CG, Ducharme, GA, Robert, JC 2005. Improving intestinal amino acid supply of pre- and postpartum dairy cows with rumen-protected methionine and lysine. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 1113–1126.Google Scholar
USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 2004a. National Emission Inventory – Ammonia Emissions from Animal Husbandry Operations. Washington, DC: USEPA.Google Scholar
USEPA 2004b. Air quality criteria for particulate matter. Volume I. Washington, DC: USEPA.Google Scholar
USEPA 2009. National Water Quality Inventory: 2004 Report to Congress. Washington, DC: USEPA.Google Scholar
Vanhatalo, A, Huhtanen, P, Toivonen, V, Varvikko, T 1999. Response of dairy cows fed grass silage diets to abomasal infusions of histidine alone or in combinations with methionine and lysine. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 2674–2685.Google Scholar
Viets, FG 1974. Fate of nitrogen under intensive animal feeding. Federation Proceedings 33, 1178–1182.Google ScholarPubMed
WHO (World Health Organization) 2005. Air quality and health. Retrieved September 19, 2012 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/index.html.Google Scholar