Element contents
Walls, Cages, and Family Separation
Race and Immigration Policy in the Trump Era
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 September 2020
Summary
US immigration policy has deeply racist roots. From his rhetoric to his policies, President Donald Trump has continued this tradition, most notoriously through his border wall, migrant family separation, and child detention measures. But who exactly supports these practices and what factors drive their opinions? Our research reveals that racial attitudes are fundamental to understanding who backs the president's most punitive immigration policies. We find that whites who feel culturally threatened by Latinos, who harbor racially resentful sentiments, and who fear a future in which the United States will be a majority–minority country, are among the most likely to support Trump's actions on immigration. We argue that while the President's policies are unpopular with the majority of Americans, Trump has grounded his political agenda and 2020 reelection bid on his ability to politically mobilize the most racially conservative segment of whites who back his draconian immigration enforcement measures.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108894920Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 22 October 2020
References
Abrajano, M., & Hajnal, Z. L. (2015). White Backlash: Immigration, Race, and American Politics, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Acevedo, N. (2019). Why are migrant children dying in U.S. custody? NBCNews, May 29, www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/why-are.Google Scholar
Ackerman, A., & Furman, R. (2013). The criminalization of immigration and the privatization of the immigration detention: Implications for justice. Contemporary Justice Review, 16(2),251–263.Google Scholar
Agamben, G. (1998). Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Alba, R., & Nee, V. (2003). Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigrants, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2018). AAP Statement Opposing the Border Security and Immigration Reform Act. American Academy of Pediatrics, www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-pressroom/Pages/AAPStatementOpposingBorderSecurityandImmigrationReformAct.aspx.Google Scholar
American Immigration Council. (2016). Aggravated felonies: An overview, 16 December, www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/aggravated-felonies-overview.Google Scholar
American Immigration Council. (n.d.) Challenging unconstitutional conditions in CBP detention facilities, www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/litigation/challenging-unconstitutional-conditions-cbp-detention-facilities.Google Scholar
American National Election Studies, University of Michigan, and Stanford University. (2017). ANES 2016 Time Series Study. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2017–09-19. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36824.v2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American National Election Studies, University of Michigan, and Stanford University. (2018).ANES 2018 Pilot Study. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], https://electionstudies.org/data-center/2018-pilot-study/.Google Scholar
Andersson, R. (2014). Illegality, Inc.: Clandestine Migration and the Business of Bordering Europe, Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Andreas, P. (2000a). Border Games: Policing the U.S.–Mexico Divide, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Andreas, P. (2000b). Introduction: The Wall after the Wall. In Andreas, P. & Snyder, T., eds., The Wall around the West: State Borders and Immigration Controls in North American and Europe, New York: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Applied Research Center. (2011). Shattered families: The perilous intersection of immigration enforcement and the child welfare system, November, www.raceforward.org/research/reports/shattered-families.Google Scholar
Argueta, C. (2016). Border Security: Immigration Enforcement Between Ports of Entry, Congressional Research Service.Google Scholar
Associated Press. (2019). More than 5,400 children split at border, according to new count. NBC News, www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/more-5–400-children-split-border-according-new-count-n1071791.Google Scholar
Berinsky, A. J. (2009). In Time of War: Understanding American Public Opinion from World War II to Iraq, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogado, A. Doctor giving migrant children psychotropic drugs lost certification years ago. Reveal, www.revealnews.org/blog/exclusive-shiloh-doctor-lost-board-certification-to-treat-children-years-ago/.Google Scholar
Boswell, C. (2009). The Political Uses of Expert Knowledge: Immigration Policy and Social Research, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosworth, M., & Kaufman, E. (2011). Foreigners in a carceral age: Immigration and imprisonment in the United States. Law & Policy Review, 22(2),429–454.Google Scholar
Brader, T., Valentino, N. A., & Suhay, E. (2008) What triggers public opposition to immigration? Anxiety, group cues, and immigration threat. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4),959–978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branton, R. P., et al. (2007). Anglo voting on nativist ballot initiatives: The partisan impact of spatial proximity to the US‐Mexico border. Social Science Quarterly, 88(3),882–897.Google Scholar
Byman, D. (2019). Right-wingers are America’s deadliest terrorists. Slate, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/08/right-wing-terrorist-killings-government-focus-jihadis-islamic-radicalism.html.Google Scholar
Campbell, D., & Stanley, J. (1966) Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.Google Scholar
Calavita, K. (1996). The new politics of immigration: “Balanced-budget conservativism” and the Symbolism of Proposition 187. Social Problems, 43(3),284–305.Google Scholar
Calder, B. J., Phillips, L. W., & Tybout, A. M. (1982). The concept of external validity. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(3),240–244.Google Scholar
Cantor, G. (2015). Hieleras (iceboxes) in the Rio Grande Valley sector. American Immigration Council, www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/hieleras-iceboxes-rio-grande-valley-sector.Google Scholar
Carter, D. B., & Poast, P. (2017). Why do states build walls? Political economy, security, and border stability. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(2):239–270.Google Scholar
Carter, N. (2019). American while Black: African Americans, Immigration, and the Limits of Citizenship, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Casellas, J. P., & Wallace, S. J. (2019). Sanctuary cities: Public attitudes towards enforcement collaboration. Urban Affairs Review, https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1078087418776115,Google Scholar
CBS News. (2019). “I was separated from him. I was taken”: A 7-year-old torn from her father at the U.S. border. CBS News, www.cbsnews.com/news/faces-of-family-separation-cbsn-originals-documentary/.Google Scholar
Chacon, J. (2013). The security myth: Punishing immigrants in the name of national security. In Dowling, J. & Inda, J. X., eds., Governing Immigration through Crime: A Reader, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Chacon, J. (2014). Immigration detention: No turning back? South Atlantic Review, 113(3),621–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapin, A. (2019). Four severely ill migrant toddlers hospitalized after lawyers visit border patrol facility. Huffpost, www.huffpost.com/entry/four-severely-ill-migrant-babies-hospitalized-after-lawyers-visited-border-patrol-facility_n_5d0d3bbce4b07ae90d9cfe4f.Google Scholar
Chavez, L. (2001). Covering Immigration: Popular Images and the Politics of the Nation, Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chavez, L. (2008). The Latino Threat: Constructing Immigrants, Citizens, and the Nation, Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Chen, A., & Gill, J. (2015). Unaccompanied children and the U.S. immigration system: Challenges and reforms. Journal of International Affairs, 68(2),115–133.Google Scholar
Chen, M. K., & Shapiro, J. M. (2007) Do harsher prison conditions reduce recidivism? A discontinuity-based approach. American Law and Economics Review, 9(1):1–29.Google Scholar
Chiacu, D., & Lynch, S.N. (2018). Trump says illegal immigrants should be deported with “No judges or court cases.” Reuters, www.reuters.com/article/us-usa.Google Scholar
Chishti, M., & Hipsman, F. (2015). The child and family migration surge of summer 2014: A short-lived crisis with lasting impacts. Journal of International Affairs, 68(2),95–114.Google Scholar
Chotiner, I. (2019). How the stress of separation and detention changes the lives of children. New Yorker, www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/how-the-stress-of-separation-and-detention-changes-the-lives-of-children.Google Scholar
Cillizza, C. (2018). Donald Trump just said something truly terrifying. CNN, 25 July 2018, www.cnn.com/2018/07/25/politics/donald-trump-vfw-unreality/index.html.Google Scholar
Citrin, J., & Sides, J. (2008). Immigration and the imagined community in Europe and the United States. Political Studies, 56(1),33–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Citrin, J., et al. (1997). Public opinion toward immigration reform: The role of economic motivations. The Journal of Politics, 59(3),858–881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, A. B. (2017). Juvenile solitary confinement as a form of child abuse. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 45(3),350–357.Google Scholar
Cochrane, E. (2019). The House and Senate have separate plans for border aid. Here’s what’s different. The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2019/06/24/us/politics/house-senate.Google Scholar
Cohn, J. (2007). The environmental impacts of a border fence. BioScience, 57(1), 96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, M. (2012). The ‘local’ migration state: The site-specific devolution of immigration enforcement in the U.S. south. Law & Policy, 34(2),159–190.Google Scholar
Coleman, M. & Kocher, A. (2011). Detention, deportation, devolution and immigrant incapacitation in the US, post 9/11, The Geographical Journal, 177(3),228–237.Google Scholar
Collingwood, L., Morin, J., & El-Khatib, S. O. (2018). Expanding carceral markets: Detention facilities, ICE contracts, and the financial interests of punitive immigration policy, Race and Social Problems, DOI:10.1007/s1255201892415.Google Scholar
Conlon, D., & Hiemstra, N.. (2014). Examining the everyday micro-economies of migrant detention in the United States, Geographic Helvetica, 69, 335–344.Google Scholar
Cornelisse, G. (2010). Immigration detention and the territoriality of universal rights. In De Genova, N. & Peutz, N., eds., The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement, Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Cornelius, W. A. (2005). Controlling “unwanted” immigration: Lessons from the United States, 1993–2004. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(4),775–794.Google Scholar
Cortina, J. (2019). From a distance: Geographic proximity, partisanship, and public attitudes toward the U.S.–Mexico border wall. Political Research Quarterly, DOI:10.1177/1065912919854135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coutin, S. B. (2010). Confined within: National territories as zones of confinement, Political Geography, 29, 200–2008.Google Scholar
Cox, A., & Goodman, R. (2018). Detention of migrant families as “deterrence”: Ethical flaws and empirical doubts. https://perma.cc/Q5S6-WELR.Google Scholar
da Silva, C. (2019). Trump has built nearly 100 miles of border wall by end of 2019, with 350 miles to go in 2020. Newsweek, www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-border-wall-u-s-mexico-2020-goal-1479821.Google Scholar
da Silva, C. (2020). ICE accused of using coronavirus crisis to launch “Family Separation 2.0.” Newsweek, www.newsweek.com/ice-accused-using-coronavirus-crisis-launch-family-separation-2–0-1505156.Google Scholar
Davila-Ruhaak, S., Schwinn, S., & Chan, J. (2014). Concerning the United States mistreatment of immigrant detainees in violation of the convention against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of punishment. Joint Submission to the U.N. Committee Against Torture, John Marshall Law School.Google Scholar
De Genova, N. (2007). The production of culprits: From deportability to detainability in the aftermath of “homeland security.” Citizenship Studies, 11(5),421–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Genova, N. (2017). The economy of detainability: Theorizing migrant detention. In Flynn, M. & Flynn, M., eds., Challenging Immigrant Detention: Academics, Activists, and Policy-makers, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
De Leon, J. (2015). The Land of Open Graves: Living and Dying on the Migrant Trail, Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
DEA. (2018). 2018 National Drug Threat Assessment, U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration.Google Scholar
Delli Carpini, M., & Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans Know about Politics and Why it Matters. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Department of Justice. (2020). The Department of Justice creates section dedicated to denaturalization of cases. Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs, 26 February, www.justice.gov/opa/pr/department-justice-creates-section-dedicated-denaturalization-cases.Google Scholar
Dickerson, C. (2019). “There is a stench”: Soiled clothes and no baths for migrant children at a Texas center. New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2019/06/21/us/migrant-children-border-soap.html.Google Scholar
Dickerson, C. (2019). The youngest child separated from his family at the border was 4 months old. New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2019/06/16/us/baby-constantine-romania-migrants.html.Google Scholar
Dickerson, C. (2019). No more hieleras: Doe v. Kelly’s fight for constitutional rights at the border. The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2019/06/21/us/migrant-children.Google Scholar
Dimcock, M. (2019). An update on our research into trusts, facts, and democracy. Pew Research Center, www.pewresearch.org/2019/06/05/an-update.Google Scholar
Doe v. Johnson. United States District Court, (2015).Google Scholar
Doe v. Kelly. Uniter States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, (2017).Google Scholar
Doe v. Nielsen. United States District Court, (2019).Google Scholar
Doe vs. Wolf. United States District Court, (2015).Google Scholar
Domonoske, C., & Gonzalez, R. (2018). What we know: Family separation and “zero tolerance” at the border. NPR, www.npr.org/2018/06/19/621065383/what-we-know-family-separation-and-zero-tolerance-at-the-border.Google Scholar
Doty, R. L., & Wheatley, E. S. (2013). Private detention and the immigration industrial complex. International Political Sociology, 7, 426–443.Google Scholar
Dow, M. (2005). American Gulag: Inside U.S. Immigration Prisons, Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Druckman, J. N., et al. (2011). Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunaway, J., Branton, R. P., & Abrajano, M. (2010). Agenda setting, public opinion, and the issue of immigration reform. Social Science Quarterly, 91(2),359–378.Google Scholar
Dunn, T. (1996). The Militarization of the U.S.–Mexico Border, 1978–1992, Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Echavarri, F. (2019). Border patrol’s toxic culture goes way beyond Facebook groups: It’s actually for sale on a t-shirt. Mother Jones, www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/07/border-patrol-racist-texts-bowen-t-shirt/.Google Scholar
Economist/YouGov. (2018). Economist/YouGov poll, 3–5 June, https://d25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net/cumulus_uploads/document/dtt00zl5up/econTabReport.pdf.Google Scholar
Enchautegui, M., & Menjivar, C. (2015). Paradoxes of family immigration policy: Separation, reorganization, and reunification of families under current immigration laws. Law & Policy, 37(1–2), 32–60.Google Scholar
Eriksson, L., & Taylor, M. (2008). The environmental impacts of the border wall between Texas and Mexico. University of Texas School of Law Working Group on Human Rights and the Border Wall Report to the Organization of American States.Google Scholar
Escobar, M. (2016). Captivity beyond Prisons: Criminalization Experiences of Latina (Im)Migrants, Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Espenshade, T. J., Baraka, J. L., & Huber, G. A. (1997) Implications of the 1996 Welfare and Immigration Reform Acts for US immigration. Population and Development Review, 23(4),769–801.Google Scholar
Felbab-Brown, V. (2017). The Wall: The real costs of a barrier between the United States and Mexico. Brookings, www.brookings.edu/essay/the-wall-the-real-costs-of-a-barrier-between-the-united-states-and-mexico/.Google Scholar
Fernandes, D. (2007). Targeted: Homeland Security and the Business of Immigration, New York: Seven Stories Press.Google Scholar
Fernandez, M. (2019). Lawyer draws outrage for defending lack of toothbrushes in border detention. The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2019/06/25/us/sarah-fabian.Google Scholar
Filipovic, J. (2019). Adoption of separated migrant kids shows “pro-life” groups’ disrespect for maternity. Guardian, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/oct/30/adoption-separated-migrant-children-pro-lifers-deep-disrespect-for-maternity.Google Scholar
Fix, M., & Zimmerman, W. (1997). Welfare reform: A new immigrant policy for the United States. http://webarchive.urban.org/publications/407532.htmlGoogle Scholar
Flagg, A. (2019). Is there a connection between undocumented immigrants and crime? The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2019/05/13/upshot/illegal-immigration.Google Scholar
Flores v. Reno. 507 U.S. 292, (1993).Google Scholar
Flynn, D. J., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2017). The nature and origins of misperceptions: understanding false and unsupported beliefs about politics. Political Psychology, 38(1),127–150.Google Scholar
Flynn, M. (2017). Capitalism and immigration control: What political economy reveals about the global spread of detention. In Flynn, M. & Flynn, M., eds., Challenging Immigrant Detention: Academics, Activists, and Policy-makers, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Flynn, M., & Flynn, M. (2017). Critiquing zones of exception: Actor-orientated approaches explaining the rise of immigration detention. In Brotherton, D. & Kretsedemas, P., eds., Immigration Policy in the Age of Punishment: Detention, Deportation, and Border Control, New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Fraga, L. R., et al. (2011) Latinos in the New Millennium: An Almanac of Opinion, Behavior, and Policy Preferences, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frazee, G., & Barajas, J. (2019). Trump says walls work. It’s much more complicated. PBS Newshour, www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/trump-says.Google Scholar
Freking, K., & Spagat, E. (2019). Trump calls the new border wall a “world-class security system.” Time Magazine, https://time.com/5680944/trump-border.Google Scholar
Funk, C., Heffron, M., Kennedy, B., & Johnson, C. (2019). Trust and Mistrust in Americans’ Views of Scientific Experts. Pew Research Center, https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2019/08/02/trust-and-mistrust-in-americans-views-of-scientific-experts/Google Scholar
Gadarian, S. K., & Albertson, B. (2014). Anxiety, immigration, and the search for information. Political Psychology, 35(2),133–164.Google Scholar
GAO. (2006). Border-crossing deaths have doubled since 1995; Border Patrol’s efforts to prevent deaths have not been fully evaluated. United States Government Accountability Office.Google Scholar
Garcia Hernandez, C.C. (2014). Immigration Detention as Punishment. UCLA Law Review, 61 (5), 1346–1415.Google Scholar
Garcia Hernandez, C. C. (2019). Migrating to Prison: America’s Obsession with Locking Up Immigrants, New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
Garret, T. (2009). The border fence, immigration policy, and the Obama administration: A cautionary note. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 32(1),129–133.Google Scholar
Gerstein, J., & Hesson, T. (2018). Federal judge orders Trump administration to reunite migrant families. Politico, www.politico.com/story/2018/06/26/judge-orders-trump-reunite-migrant-families-678809.Google Scholar
Gilens, M. (2001). Political ignorance and collective policy preferences. American Political Science Review, 95(2),379–396.Google Scholar
Gilman, D. (2011). Seeking breaches in the wall: An international human rights law challenge to the Texas–Mexico border wall, Texas International Law Journal, 46, 257–293.Google Scholar
Golash-Boza, T. (2009). The immigration industrial complex: Why we enforce immigration policies destined to fail, Sociological Compass, 3)2), 295–309.Google Scholar
Golash-Boza, T. (2015). Deported: Immigrant Policing, Disposable Labor and Global Capitalism, New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Gonzales, R. (2019). Sexual assault of detained migrant children reported in the thousands since 2015. NPR, www.npr.org/2019/02/26/698397631/sexual-assault-of-detained-migrant-children-reported-in-the-thousands-since-2015.Google Scholar
Gonzales, R. (2019). ACLU: Administration is still separating migrant families despite court order to stop. NPR, www.npr.org/2019/07/30/746746147/aclu-administration-is-still-separating-migrant-families-despite-court-order-to-/.Google Scholar
Golunov, S. (2014). Border fences in the globalizing world: Beyond traditional geopolitics and post-positivist approaches. In Vallet, E., ed., Borders, Fences and Walls, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Graham, D. A., et al. (2019) An oral history of Trump’s bigotry. The Atlantic, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/06/trump-racism.Google Scholar
Grandin, G. (2019). How the U.S. weaponized the border wall. The Intercept, https://theintercept.com/2019/02/10/us-mexico-border-fence-history/.Google Scholar
Gravelle, T. (2016) Party identification, contact, contexts, and public attitudes toward illegal immigration. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(1),1–25.Google Scholar
Gravelle, T. (2018). Politics, time, space, and attitudes toward US–Mexico border security. Political Geography, 65(July), 107–116.Google Scholar
Guenther, L. (2013). Solitary Confinement: Social Death and Its Afterlives, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Haddal, C., Kim, Y., & Garcia, M. J. (2009). Border security: Barriers along the U.S. international border. Congressional Research Service.Google Scholar
Hainmueller, J., & Hiscox, M. J. (2007). Educated preferences: Explaining attitudes toward immigration in Europe. International Organization, 61(2),399–442.Google Scholar
Hainmueller, J., & Hiscox, M. J. (2010). Attitudes toward highly skilled and low-skilled immigration: Evidence from a survey experiment. American Political Science Review, 104(1),61–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hainmueller, J., & Hopkins, D. J. (2014). Public attitudes toward immigration. Annual Review of Political Science, 17, 225–249.Google Scholar
Hajnal, Z., & Rivera, M. U. (2014) Immigration, Latinos, and white partisan politics: The new Democratic defection. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4),773–789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, G., Scheve, K., & Slaughter, M. (2009). Individual Preferences over High-Skilled Immigration in the United States. In Bhagwati, J. & Hanson, G., eds., Skilled Immigration Today: Problems, Prospects, and Policies, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harvey, D. (2007). A Brief History of Neoliberalism, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hasan, M. (2019). After El Paso, we can no longer ignore Trump’s Role in inspiring mass shootings. The Intercept, https://theintercept.com/2019/08/04/el-paso-dayton-mass-shootings-donald-trump/.Google Scholar
Hassner, R., & Wittenberg, J. (2015). Barriers to entry: Who builds fortified boundaries and why?. International Security, 40(1),157–190.Google Scholar
Hayden, M. E. (2019). Stephen Miller’s affinity for white nationalism revealed in leaked emails. Hatewatch, www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2019/11/12/stephen-millers-affinity-white-nationalism-revealed-leaked-emails.Google Scholar
Haynes, C., Merolla, J., & Ramakrishnan, S. K. (2016). Framing Immigrants: News Coverage, Public Opinion, and Policy, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Hernandez, D. (2019). Carceral shadows: Entangled Lineages and Technologies of Migrant Detention. In Chase, R., ed., Caging Borders and Carceral States: Incarcerations, Immigration Detentions, and Resistance, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Herweck, S., & Nicol, S. (2018). Death, damage, and failure: Past, present, and future impacts of walls on the U.S.–Mexico border. ACLU Border Rights Center.Google Scholar
Hesson, T., & Rosenberg, M. (2020). U.S. deports 400 migrant children under new coronavirus rules. Reuters, www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-deportations-idUSKBN21P354?fbclid=IwAR1EF-OAPOHU1fWSVm02B-0iVI8dqUaU9hT5XVrtiQeJ8TNJXUd2-prgOmE.Google Scholar
Heyman, J. M. (2008) Constructing a virtual wall: Race and citizenship in US–Mexico border policing. Journal of the Southwest, 50(3),305–333.Google Scholar
Hiemstra, N. (2014). Performing homeland security within the US immigration detention system. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 32, 571–588.Google Scholar
Hiemstra, N. (2019). Detain and Deport: The Chaotic U.S. Immigration Enforcement Regime, Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Hing, B. O. (2019). American Presidents, Deportations, and Human Rights Violations: From Carter to Trump, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld Davis, J., & Shear, M. D. (2019). Border Wars: Inside Trump’s Assault on Immigration, New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Hiskey, C., Malone, M., & Orces, D. (2018). Leaving the devil you know: Crime victimization, U.S. deterrence policy, and the emigration decisions in Central America. Latin American Research Review, 53, 429–47.Google Scholar
Holpuch, A. (2019). Thousands more migrant children separated under Trump than previously known. Guardian, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/17/trump-family-separations-report-latest-news-zero-tolerance-policy-immigrant-children.Google Scholar
Hooghe, M., & Dassonneville, R. (2018). Explaining the Trump vote: The effect of racist resentment and anti-immigrant sentiments. PS, 51(3),528–534.Google Scholar
Hopkins, D. J. (2010) Politicized places: Explaining where and when immigrants provoke local opposition. American Political Science Review, 104(1),40–60.Google Scholar
Hopkins, D. J., Sides, J., & Citrin, J. (2019) The muted consequences of correct information about immigration. Journal of Politics, 81(1),315–320.Google Scholar
Human Rights First. (2018). The Flores settlement and family incarceration: A brief history and next steps. 30 October. www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/flores-settlement-and-family-incarceration-brief-history-and-next-steps.Google Scholar
Inda, J. X. (2013). Subject to deportation: IRCA, ‘criminal aliens,’ and the policing of immigration. Migration Studies, 1(3),292–310.Google Scholar
Ipsos. (2018). Americans’ views on immigration policy. 15 June, www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/americans-views-on-immigration-policy.Google Scholar
International Organization for Migration. (2020). Total of deaths recorded in U.S.–Mexico border in 2020. Missing Migrant Project. Accessed March 10, https://missingmigrants.iom.int/region/americas?region=1422.Google Scholar
Jacobson, G. (2017). The triumph of polarized partisanship in 2016: Donald Trump’s improbable victory. Political Science Quarterly, 132(1), DOI:10.1002/polq.12572.Google Scholar
Jacobson, M. F. (1998). Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Jardina, A. (2019). White Identity Politics, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jerit, J., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Political misinformation. Annual Review of Political Science, 23, 77–94.Google Scholar
Johnson, K. R. (2004). The “Huddled Masses” Myth: Immigration and Civil Rights, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, K. R. (2007). Opening the Floodgates: Why America Needs to Rethink Its Borders and Immigration Laws, New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Jones-Correa, M., & de Graauw, E. (2013). The illegality trap: The politics of immigration & the lens of Illegality. Daedalus, 142(3),185–198.Google Scholar
Jones, R. (2012). Border Walls: Security and the War on Terror in the United States, India, and Israel, New York: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Jones, R. (2017). Violent Borders: Refugees and the Right to Move, New York: Verso Press.Google Scholar
Jones, R., & Johnson, C. (2016). Border militarisation and the re-articulation of sovereignty. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 41(2),187–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joyce, K. (2018). The threat of international adoption for migrant children separated from their families. The Intercept, theintercept.com/2018/07/01/separated-children-adoption-immigration/.Google Scholar
Juarez, M., Gomez-Aguinaga, B., & Betteez, S. (2018). Twenty years after IRCA: The rise of immigrant detention and its effects on Latinx communities across the nation. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 6(1),74–96.Google Scholar
Junn, J. (2017). The Trump majority: White womanhood and the making of female voters in the US. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 5(2),343–352.Google Scholar
Kahn, R. (1996). Other People’s Blood: U.S. Immigration Prisons in the Reagan Decade, Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Kandel, W. (2017). Unaccompanied Alien Children: An Overview, Congressional Research Service.Google Scholar
Kanno-Youngs, Z. (2019). Poor conditions persist for migrant children detained at the border, Democrats say. The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2019/08/29/us/politics/homeland-security.Google Scholar
Kanstroom, D. (2007). Deportation Nation: Outsiders in American History, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Katz, J. (2019). Op-ed: Call immigrant detention centers what they really are: Concentration camps. Los Angeles Times, www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la. June 9.Google Scholar
Katz, L., Levitt, S. D., & Shustorovich, E. (2003). Prison conditions, capital punishment, and deterrence. American Law and Economics Review, 5(2),318–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendi, I. X. (2019). The day shithole entered the presidential lexicon. Atlantic, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/01/shithole-countries/580054/.Google Scholar
Kilani, H. (2019). The walls fall: Prototypes for Trump’s southern border barrier come down. Guardian, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/feb/28/trump-border-wall-mexico-prototypes-demolition.Google Scholar
Kinder, D. R., & Kam, C. D. (2010) Us against them: Ethnocentric Foundations of American Opinion, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kinder, D. R., & Sanders, L. M. (1996). Divided by Color, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
King, D. S., & Smith, R. M. (2005). Racial orders in American political development. American Political Science Review, 99(1),75–92.Google Scholar
Kirby, J. (2018). President Trump wants fewer immigrants from ‘shithole countries’ and more from places like Norway. Vox, www.vox.com/platform/amp/2018/1/11/16880750/trump-immigrants-shithole-countries-norway.Google Scholar
Koerner, C. (2019). Kids describe in their own words the dire conditions inside a border detention center. BuzzFeed News, 27 July, www.buzzfeednews.com/article/claudiakoerner/children-border-detention-conditions-immigrants-hungry.Google Scholar
Korte, G., & Gomez, A. (2018). Trump ramps up rhetoric on undocumented immigrants: “These aren’t people. These are animals.” USA Today, https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/05/16/trump-immigrants-animals-mexico-democrats-sanctuary-cities/617252002/.Google Scholar
Krysan, M. (2000) Prejudice, politics, and public opinion: Understanding the sources of racial policy attitudes. Annual review of sociology, 26(1),135–168.Google Scholar
Kuklinski, J. H., et al. (1997) Racial prejudice and attitudes toward affirmative action. American Journal of Political Science, 41(2),402–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuklinski, J. H., et al. (2000). Misinformation and the currency of democratic citizenship. Journal of Politics, 62(3),790–816.Google Scholar
Kumar, A. (2020) After delays, Trump on track to build more than 450 miles of border wall. Politico, February 14, www.politico.com/news/2020/02/14/trump-450.Google Scholar
Layman, G. C., Carsey, T. M., & Horowitz, J. M. (2006). Party polarization in American politics: Characteristics, causes, and consequences. Annual Review of Political Science, 9, 83–110.Google Scholar
Lazer, D. M. J., et al. (2018) The science of fake news. Science, 359 (638),1094–1096.Google Scholar
Lee, E. (2019). America for Americans: A History of Xenophobia in the United States, New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Lee, J. (2016). Lonely too long: Redefining and reforming juvenile solitary confinement. Fordham Law Review, 85(2),845–876.Google Scholar
Lee, M. Y. H. (2015) Donald Trump’s false comments connecting Mexican immigrants and crime. Washington Post. July 8. www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/07/08/donald-trumps-false-comments-connecting-mexican-immigrants-and-crime/.Google Scholar
Lee, S. (2019). Family separation as slow death, Columbia Law Review, 119(8),2320–2384.Google Scholar
Leiken, R., & Brooke, S. (2006). The quantitative analysis of terrorism and immigration: An initial exploration. Terrorism and Political Violence, 18(4),503–521.Google Scholar
Leonhardt, D., et al. (2018). Donald Trump’s racism: The definitive list, updated. The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/01/15/opinion/leonhardt-trump-racist.html.Google Scholar
Levine, M., & Arkin, J. (2019) Republicans support Trump’s wall even after he grabs military funds from their states. Politico, September 11, www.politico.com/story/2019/09/11/republicans-border.Google Scholar
Light, M. T., & Miller, T. (2018). Does undocumented immigration increase violent crime? Criminology, 56(2),370–401.Google Scholar
Lind, D., & Scott, D. (2018). Flores agreement: Trump’s executive order to end family separation might run afoul of a 1997 court ruling. Vox, www.vox.com/2018/6/20/17484546/executive-order.Google Scholar
Linton, J. M., Griffin, M., & Shapiro, A. J. (2017). Detention of immigrant children. Pediatrics, 139, e20170483.Google Scholar
Liptak, K. (2019). Trump warns of “crisis of the heart” in immigration address. CNN, www.cnn.com/2019/01/08/politics/donald-trump.Google Scholar
Long, C. (2019). Written testimony submitted to the U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Reform Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties for hearing on: “Kids in Cages: Inhumane Treatment at the Border.” Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Long, C., & Mukherjee, E. (2019). The whole child separation travesty is pointless. CNN, www.cnn.com/2019/08/07/opinions/the-child.Google Scholar
Longo, M. (2018). The Politics of Borders: Sovereignty Security, and the Citizen after 9/11, Cambridge: Cambridge University press.Google Scholar
Lopez, G. (2019). Donald Trump’s long history of racism, from the 1970s to 2019. Vox, www.vox.com/2016/7/25/12270880/donald-trump.Google Scholar
Lopez Bunyasi, T. (2015). Color-cognizance and color-blindness in White America: Perceptions of whiteness and their potential to predict racial policy attitudes at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 1(2),209–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lovato, R. (2019). Julián Castro and the Democrats’ catastrophic accent (and immigration) problem. Latino Rebels, www.latinorebels.com/2019/01/14/castroproblems/.Google Scholar
Loyd, J., & Mountz, A. (2018). Boats, Borders, and Bases: Race, the Cold War, and the Rise of Migration Detention in the United States, Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Loyd, J., Mitchelson, M., & Burridge, A., eds. (2012). Beyond Walls and Cages: Prisons, Borders, and Global Crisis, Athens: University of Georgia Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luibheid, E. (2002). Entry Denied: Controlling Sexuality at the Border, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Lytle Hernandez, K. (2010). Migra! A history of the U.S. Border Patrol, Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Macias-Rojas, P. (2016). From Deportation to Prison: The Politics of Immigration Enforcement in Post-Civil Rights America, New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
MacLean, S.A. l. (2019). Mental health of children held at a United States immigration detention center. Social Science & Medicine, 230(2),303–308.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, C. & Silverman, S. (2017). Detention-as-spectacle. International Political Sociology, 11, 21–38.Google Scholar
Malhotra, N., Margalit, Y. & Mo, C. H. (2013). Economic explanations for opposition to immigration: Distinguishing between prevalence and conditional Impact. American Journal of Political Science, 57(2),391–410.Google Scholar
Marquez-Avila, M. (2019). No more hieleras: Doe v. Kelly’s fight for constitutional rights at the border. UCLA L. Rev., 66, 818.Google Scholar
Martin, D. D. (2020). Trump has built just 1 mile of new border wall since taking office. American Independent, https://americanindependent.com/donald-trump-border-wall-1-mile-mexico-immigration-customs-and-border-protection-cbp/.Google Scholar
Martin, J. (2020). 60 percent of ICE detainees tested have corona virus. Newsweek, www.newsweek.com/60-percent-ice-detainees-tested-have-coronavirus-1500817.Google Scholar
Martin, L. (2012a). “Catch and remove”: Detention, deterrence, and discipline in US noncitizen family detention practice. Geopolitics, 17, 312–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, L. (2012b). Governing through the family: Struggles over US noncitizen family detention policy. Environment and Planning A, 44, 886–888.Google Scholar
Martin, L. (2017a). Discretion, contracting, and commodification: Privatisation of US immigration detention as a technology of government. In Conlon, D. & Hiemstra, N. eds., Intimate Economies of Immigration Detention: Critical Perspectives, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Martin, L. (2017b). Family detention, law, and geopolitics in US immigration enforcement policy. In Harker, C., Horschelmann, K., & Skelton, T., eds., Geographies of Children and Young People: Conflict, Violence and Peace, Vol. 11. Singapore: Springer.Google Scholar
Masuoka, N., & Junn, J. (2013). The Politics of Belonging: Race, Public Opinion, and Immigration, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Matthews, D. (2018) Polls: Trump’s family separation policy is very unpopular – except among Republicans. Vox, www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/6/18/17475740/family-separation-poll-polling-border-trump-children-immigrant-families-parents.Google Scholar
McDermott, R. (2011). Internal and external validity. In Druckman, Jamie et al., eds., Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science, New York: Oxford University Press. 27–40.Google Scholar
Menjivar, C., & Kanstroom, D. (2013). Constructing Immigrant ‘Illegality’: Critiques, Experiences, and Responses, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, A., et al. (2019). Many Americans say made-up news is a critical problem that needs to be fixed. Pew Research Center, June, 5.Google Scholar
Mark, M. (2018). Trump just referred to one of his infamous campaign comments: Calling Mexicans “Rapists.” Business Insider, www.businessinsider.com/trump-mexicans-rapists-remark-reference-2018-4.Google Scholar
Miroff, N. (2019). Smugglers are sawing through new sections of Trump’s border wall. Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com/national/smugglers-are-sawing-through-new-sections-of-trumps-border-wall/2019/11/01/25bf8ce0-fa72-11e9-ac8c-8eced29ca6ef_story.html?arc404=true.Google Scholar
Molina, N. (2014). How Race Is Made in America: Immigration, Citizenship, and the Historical Power of Racial Scripts, Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Montoya-Galvez, C. (2020). Chicago coronavirus outbreak infects dozens of migrant children in U.S. custody. CBS News, www.cbsnews.com/news/chicago-coronavirus-outbreak-infects-dozens-of-migrant-children-in-us custody/?fbclid=IwAR1Gi45kyHcCkSQIK7ywE_Fai1KNLEoAcxtdZjoUvfZUMbL37k2YAViO-jA.Google Scholar
Moreno, C. (2016). Nine outrageous things Donald Trump has said about Latinos. Huffington Post, www.huffpost.com/entry/9-outrageous-things-donald-trump-has-said-about-latinos_n_55e483a1e4b0c818f618904b.Google Scholar
Moreno, E. (2020). More than three dozen migrant children in Chicago shelters infected with coronavirus. The Hill, https://thehill.com/homenews/news/492718-more-than-three-dozen-migrant-children-in-chicago-shelters-infected-with.Google Scholar
Montini, E. J. (2019). Feds don’t know locations of “thousands” more migrant kids, separated from families. USA Today, www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/02/09/separation-immigrant-families-trump-thousands-column/2805714002/.Google Scholar
Nakamura, D. (2016). Flow of Central Americans to U.S. surging, expected to exceed 2014 numbers. Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/flow-of-central-americans-to-us-surging-expected-to-exceed-2014-numbers/2016/09/22/ee127578-80da-11e6-8327-f141a7beb626_story.html.Google Scholar
Neeley, S. (2008). Immigration detention: The inaction of the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Admin. L. Rev., 60, 729.Google Scholar
Nevins, J. (2010). Operation Gatekeeper and Beyond: The War on “Illegals” and the Remaking of the U.S.–Mexico Boundary, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Newman, B. J. (2013). Acculturating contexts and Anglo opposition to immigration in the United States. American Journal of Political Science, 57(2),374–390.Google Scholar
Newman, D. (2006). The lines that continue to separate us: borders in our ‘borderless’ word. Progress in Human Geography, 30(2),143–161.Google Scholar
Newman, D., & Paasi, A. (1998). Fences and neighbours in the postmodern world: boundary narratives in political geography. Progress in Human Geography, 22(2),186–207.Google Scholar
Newman, L. K., & Steel, Z. (2008). The child asylum seeker: Psychological and developmental impact of immigration detention. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(3),665–683.Google Scholar
Nicholas, P. (2010). Democrats point the finger at obama’s chief of staff for immigration reform’s poor progress. Los Angeles Times, www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-may-21-la-na-immigration-20100521-story.html.Google Scholar
Nowrasteh, A. (2019). The cost of the border wall keeps climbing and it’s becoming less of a wall. Cato Institute, www.cato.org/blog/cost-border-wall-keeps-climbing-its-becoming-less-wall.Google Scholar
Ngai, M. (2004). Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Nguyen, T. (2018). The far-right rejoices as Trump says immigrants are destroying European “culture.: Vanity Fair, www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/donald-trump-culture-wars-britain.Google Scholar
Nieto-Gomez, R. (2014). Walls, sensors and drones: Technology and surveillance on the US–Mexico Border. In Vallet, E., ed., Borders, Fences and Walls, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Noel, H. (2014). Political Ideologies and Political Parties in America, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Norman, J. (2019). Solid majority still opposes new construction on border wall. Gallup, https://news.gallup.com/poll/246455/solid-majority-opposes-new-construction-border-wall.aspx.Google Scholar
Norwaseth, A., & Orr, R. (2018). Immigration and the welfare state: Immigrant and native use rates and benefit levels for means‐tested welfare and entitlement programs. Cato Institute, www.cato.org/publications/immigration-research.Google Scholar
Nowrasteh, A. (2019). Illegal immigrants and crime: Assessing the evidence. Cato Institute, www.cato.org/blog/illegal-immigrants-crime-assessing-evidence.Google Scholar
NPR. (2019). “Torture facilities”: Eyewitnesses describe poor conditions at Texas detention centers for migrant children. On Point, NPR, June 25, www.wbur.org/onpoint/2019/06/25/texas-border-control-facilities-migrant-children.Google Scholar
Lind, D. (2019). The horrifying conditions facing kids in border detention, explained. Vox, www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/6/25/18715725/children-border-detention-kids-cages-immigration.Google Scholar
Nyhan, B. (2010). Why the “death panel” myth wouldn’t die: Misinformation in the health care reform debate. The Forum, 8(1).Google Scholar
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2),303–330.Google Scholar
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2015). Does correcting myths about the flu vaccine work? An experimental evaluation of the effects of corrective information. Vaccine, 33(3),459–464.Google Scholar
Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., & Ubel, P. A. (2013). The hazards of correcting myths about health care reform. Medical care, 51(2),127–132.Google Scholar
O’Dell, R. González, D., & Castellano, J. (2017). “Mass disaster” grows at the U.S.–Mexico border, but Washington doesn’t seem to care. AZCentral, www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/border-issues/2017/12/14/investigation-border-patrol-undercounts-deaths-border-crossing-migrants/933689001/.Google Scholar
O’Neil, E. (2018). Immigration issues: Public opinion on family separation, DACA, and a border wall. AEI Blog, www.aei.org/politics-and.Google Scholar
O’Toole, M., & Carcamo, C. (2020). Citing coronavirus, Trump officials refuse to release migrant kids to sponsors – and deport them instead. Los Angeles Times, www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020–05-12/trump-officials-coronavirus-refuse-releasing-migrant-kids.Google Scholar
Ohmae, K. (1999). The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy, New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
OIG. (2019). Management alert: DHS needs to address dangerous overcrowding and prolonged detention of children and adults in the Rio Grande Valley. Office of Inspector General, Department of Homeland Security.Google Scholar
Ortega, B. (2018). Border patrol failed to count hundreds of migrant deaths on US soil. CNN, www.cnn.com/2018/05/14/us/border-patrol-migrant-death-count-invs/index.html.Google Scholar
Page, B., & Shapiro, R. (1983). Effects of public opinion on policy. American Political Science Review, 77(1),175–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parent, D., et al. (1994). Conditions of Confinement: Juvenile detention and Corrections Facilities [Research Report]. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.Google Scholar
Pérez, E. O. (2010). Explicit evidence on the import of implicit attitudes: The IAT and immigration policy judgments. Political Behavior, 32(4),517–545.Google Scholar
Perez, E. O. (2015). Xenophobic rhetoric and Its political effects on immigrants and their Co-Ethnics. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3),549–564.Google Scholar
Peters, R., Moskwik, M., & Miller, J. R. B. (2018). Nature divided, scientists united: US–Mexico border wall threatens biodiversity and binational conservation, BioScience, 68(2),740–743.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2019). Unauthorized immigrant population trends for states, birth countries and regions. 12 June, www.pewhispanic.org/interactives/unauthorized-trends/.Google Scholar
Phillips, S., Hagan, J. M., & Rodriguez, N. (2006). Brutal borders? Examining the treatment of deportees during arrest and detention. Social Forces, 85(1),93–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quinnipac University. (2018). Stop taking the kids, 66 percent of US voters say, Quinnipac University national poll finds: Support for Dreamers is 79 percent. Press release, 18 June, https://poll.qu.edu/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2550.Google Scholar
Raaijmakers, E. A. C., et al. (2017). Exploring the relationship between subjectively experienced severity of imprisonment and recidivism: A neglected element in testing deterrence theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 54(1),3–28.Google Scholar
Radtke, D. (2017). Study: Fox News covered immigration five times as much as CNN and MSNBC combined. Media Matters, www.mediamatters.org/breitbart-news/study.Google Scholar
Radwan, C. (2019). AMA calls out the conditions of detention facilities. Contemporary Pediatrics, www.contemporarypediatrics.com/pediatrics/ama-calls.Google Scholar
Ramirez, M. D., & Petersen, D. A. M. (2020). Ignored Racism: White Animus Towards Latinos, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rajaram, P. K. (2003). The spectacle of detention: Theatre, poetry and imagery in the contest over identity, security and responsibility in contemporary Australia. Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No. 7.Google Scholar
Redden, M. (2014). Why are immigration detention facilities so cold? Mother Jones, www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/07/why-are. July 16.Google Scholar
Redlawsk, D. P. (2002). Hot cognition or cool consideration? Testing the effects of motivated reasoning on political decision making. The Journal of Politics, 64(4),1021–1044.Google Scholar
Reny, T., & Manzano, S. (2016). The negative effects of mass media stereotypes of Latinos and immigrants. In G. Ruhrmann, Y. Shooman, & P. Widmann, eds., Media and Minorities: Questions on Representation from an International Perspective, 195–212.Google Scholar
Reyes, J. R. (2018). Immigration detention: Recent trends and scholarship, Center for Migration Studies. 26 Mar., https://cmsny.org/publications/virtualbrief-detention/.Google Scholar
Riva, S. (2017). Across the border and into the cold: Hieleras and the punishment of asylum-seeking Central American women in the United States. Citizenship studies, 21(3),309–326.Google Scholar
Rodrigo, C. M. (2018). AP: Migrant children may be adopted after parents are deported. The Hill, October 9, https://thehill.com/policy/international/americas/410653-ap-migrant-children-may-be-adopted-after-parents-are-deported.Google Scholar
Roediger, D. (2018). Working toward Whiteness: How America’s Immigrants Became White: The Strange Journal from Ellis Island to the Suburbs, New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Rosenblum, M. (2012). Border Security: Immigration Enforcement Between Ports of Entry, Congressional Research Service.Google Scholar
Rouse, S .M. (2013) Latinos in the Legislative Process: Interests and Influence, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ryo, E. (2019). Understanding immigration detention: Causes, conditions, and consequences, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 15, 97–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryo, E., & Peacock, I. (2018). A national study of immigration detention in the United States. Center for Law and Social Science Research Paper Series No. CLASS18-19.Google Scholar
Sachetti, M. (2019) “Kids in cages”: House hearing examines immigration detention as democrats push for more information. The Washington Post, July 10, www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/kids-in-cages-house-hearing-to-examine-immigration-detention-as-democrats-push-for-more-information/2019/07/10/3cc53006-a28f-11e9-b732-41a79c2551bf_story.html.Google Scholar
Sanchez, G. R., et al. (2015). Stuck between a rock and a hard place: The relationship between Latino/a’s personal connections to immigrants and issue salience and presidential approval. Politics Groups and Identities, 3(3),454–468.Google Scholar
Santa Ana, O. (2002). Brown Tide Rising: Metaphors of Latinos in Contemporary American Public Discourse, Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Sassen, S. (1988). The Mobility of Labor and Capital: A Study in International Investment and Labor Flow, New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sassen, S. (2014). Expulsion: Brutality and Complexity in the Global Economy, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sawyer, A. (2019). Another needless death in US immigration detention. Human Rights Watch, www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/26/another-needless-death-us-immigration-detention.Google Scholar
Schaffner, B., MacWilliams, M., & Nteta, T. (2018). Understanding white polarization in the 2016 vote for president: The sobering role of racism and sexism. Political Science Quarterly, 133(1), DOI:10.1002/polq.12737.Google Scholar
Shear, M., and Hirschfeld Davis, J. (2019). Shoot migrants’ legs, build alligator moat: Behind Trump’s ideas for border. New York Times, October 2, www.nytimes.com/2019/10/01/us/politics/trump-border-wars.html.Google Scholar
Schildkraut, D. J. (2005). Press One for English: Language Policy, Public Opinion, and American Identity. Princeton: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar
Schrag, P. (2020). Baby Jails: The Fight to End the Incarceration of Refugee Children in America. Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Schriro, D. (2010). Improving conditions of confinement for criminal inmates and immigrant detainees. Am. Crim. L. Rev., 47, 1441.Google Scholar
Schriro, D. (2017a). Women and children first: An inside look at the challenges to reforming family detention in the United States. In Flynn, M. & Flynn, M., eds., Challenging Immigrant Detention: Academics, Activists, and Policy-makers, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Schriro, D. (2017b). Weeping in the playtime of others: The Obama administration’s failed reform of ICE family detention practices. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 5(2),452–480.Google Scholar
Sharma, N. (2007). Global apartheid and nation-statehood: Instituting border regimes. In Goodman, J. and James, P., eds., Nationalism and Global Solidarities: Alternative Projections to Neoliberal Globalisation, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sherman, C., Mendoza, M. & Burke, G. (2019). US held record number of migrant children in custody in 2019. Associated Press, https://apnews.com/015702afdb4d4fbf85cf5070cd2c6824.Google Scholar
Sides, J., Tesler, M., & Vavreck, L. (2017). The 2016 U.S. election: How Trump lost and won. Journal of Democracy, 28(2),34–44.Google Scholar
Silva, D. (2018). ‘Like I am trash’: Migrant children reveal stories of detention, separation. NBC News, www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/i-am-trash-migrant-children-reveal-stories-detention-separation-n895006.Google Scholar
Silva, D. (2019). Judge blocks Trump administration from indefinitely detaining migrant children. NBC News, www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/judge-blocks-trump-administration-indefinitely-detaining-migrant-children-n1059816.Google Scholar
Silverman, S. (2010). Immigration detention in America: A history of its expansion and a study of its significance. Center on Migration, Policy and Society, Working paper No. 80.Google Scholar
Simon, J. (1998). Refugees in a carceral age: The rebirth of immigration prisons in the United States. Public Culture, 10(3),577–607.Google Scholar
Skocpol, T., & Williamson, V. (2016). The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism, New York: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Slack, J., Martinez, D., Whiteford, S., & Peiffer, E. (2015). In harm’s way: Family separation, immigration enforcement programs and security on the US–Mexico border. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 3(20),109–128.Google Scholar
Smith, D., & Phillips, T. (2018). Child separations: Trump faces extreme backlash from public and his own party. The Guardian, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jun/19/child.Google Scholar
Smith, S. (2019). Christians speak out as migrant children are detained without soap, hygiene needs. Christian Post, www.christianpost.com/news/christians-speak-out-as-migrant-children-are-detained-without-soap-hygiene-needs.html.Google Scholar
Sonmez, F., & Parker, A. (2020). As Trump stands by Charlottesville remarks, rise of white-nationalist violence becomes an issue in 2020 presidential race. Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/as-trump-stands-by-charlottesville-remarks-rise-of-white-nationalist-violence-becomes-an-issue-in-2020-presidential-race/2019/04/28/83aaf1ca-69c0-11e9-a66d-a82d3f3d96d5_story.html%3foutputtype=amp.Google Scholar
Sorel, J. (2014). Is the Wall Soluble into International Law? In Vallet, E., ed., Borders, Fences and Walls, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stieb, M. (2019). Everything we know about the inhumane conditions at migrant detention camps. New York Magazine, http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/06/the-inhumane-conditions-at-migrant-detention-camps.html.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, J. (2018). Globalization and Its Discontents: Anti-globalization in the Era of Trump, New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Stolberg, S. G. (2019). Ocasio-Cortez calls migrant detention centers “concentration camps,” backlash. The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2019/06/18/us/politics/ocasio-cortez.Google Scholar
Suárez-Orozco, C., Bang, H. J., & Kim, H. Y. (2011). I felt like my heart was staying behind: Psychological implications of family separations & reunifications for immigrant youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 26(2),222–257.Google Scholar
Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3),755–769.Google Scholar
Takei, G. (2018). “At least during the internment … : Are words I never thought I’d utter. Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/06/19/at-least-during-the-internment-are-words-i-thought-id-never-utter-family-separation-children-border/.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. (2019). State of the Union: “Tonight, I ask you to choose greatness,” Trump says. NPR, www.npr.org/2019/02/05/688043654/watch-live.Google Scholar
Tesler, M. (2016). Post-Racial or Most-Racial?: Race and Politics in the Obama Era, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, A. C. (2019). Inside the secret border patrol Facebook group where agents joke about migrant deaths and post sexist memes. ProPublica, www.propublica.org/article/secret-border-patrol-facebook-group-agents-joke-about-migrant-deaths-post-sexist-memes.Google Scholar
Tichenor, D. (2002). Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Trapasso, C. (2019). The real border wall battle: It’s Texas homeowners who may pay the price. MySA, www.mysanantonio.com/realestate/article/Thousands-of-People-Will-Lose-Their-13612620.php.Google Scholar
Trump, D. J. (2016). Transcript of Donald Trump’s immigration speech. The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2016/09/02/us/politics/transcript-trump.Google Scholar
Trump, D. J. (2019a). President Donald J. Trump’s efforts to combat the crisis at our southern border are delivering results. The White House, www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president.Google Scholar
Trump, D. J. (2019b). President Donald Trump stands by his declaration of a national emergency on the southern border. March 15. The White House, www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-stands-declaration-national-emergency-southern-border/Google Scholar
Tuch, S. A. & Hughes, M. (2011). Whites’ racial policy attitudes in the Twenty-first century: The continuing significance of racial resentment. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 634(1),134–152.Google Scholar
U.S. Border Patrol. (2019). Southwest Border Sectors: Southwest Border Deaths by Fiscal Year. www.cbp.gov/document/stats/us-border-patrol-fiscal-year-southwest-border-sector-deaths-fy-1998-fy-2019.Google Scholar
Valdez, I. (2016). Punishment, race, and the organization of US immigration exclusion. Political Research Quarterly, 69(4),640–654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valentino, N. A., & Brader, T. (2011) The sword’s other edge: Perceptions of discrimination and racial policy opinion after Obama. Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(2),201–226.Google Scholar
Valentino, N. A., Brader, T., & Jardina, A. E. (2013). Immigration opposition among US whites: General ethnocentrism or media priming of attitudes about Latinos. Political Psychology, 34(2),149–166.Google Scholar
Vallet, E. (2019). Border walls and the illusion of deterrence. In Reece, J., ed., Open Borders: In Defense of Free Movement, Borgart: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Vallet, E., & David, C. (2014). Walls of Money: Secrutization of Border Discourses and Militarization of Markets. In Vallet, E., ed., Borders, Fences and Walls, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Vallet, E., & David, C. -P. (2012). Introduction: The (Re)Building of the wall in international relations. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 27(2),111–119.Google Scholar
Wadhia, S. S. (2019). Banned: Immigration Enforcement in the Time of Trump, New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Wallace, G. P. R., & Wallace, S. J. (2020). Who gets to have a DREAM? Examining public support for immigration reform. International Migration Review, 54(2),527–558.Google Scholar
Wallace, S. J. (2012). It’s complicated: Latinos, President Obama, and the 2012 election. Social Science Quarterly, 93(5),1360–1383.Google Scholar
Wallace, S. J. (2014a). Papers please: State‐level anti‐immigrant legislation in the wake of Arizona’s SB 1070. Political Science Quarterly, 129(2),261–291.Google Scholar
Wallace, S. J. (2014b). Representing Latinos: Examining descriptive and substantive representation in Congress. Political Research Quarterly, 67(4),917–929.Google Scholar
Washington Post. (2018). Mother reunited with son: They told me they would put him up for adoption. Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com/video/national/segments/mother-reunited-with-son-they-told-me-they-would-put-him-up-for-adoption/2018/06/22/bbeb9b8e-7646-11e8-bda1-18e53a448a14_video.html.Google Scholar
Weber, L., & Pickering, S. (2011). Globalization and Borders: Death at the Global Frontier, New York, NY: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Welch, M. (1996). The immigration crisis: Detention as an emerging mechanism of social control, Social Justice,23(3), 169–184.Google Scholar
Willis, A. (2019a). U.S. House passes $4.5 billion border aid bill amid mounting concern for detained migrant children. The Texas Tribune, www.texastribune.org/2019/06/25/us-house.Google Scholar
Willis, A. (2019b). Here’s what’s in the $4.6 billion border aid bill passed by Congress. The Texas Tribune, www.texastribune.org/2019/06/27/border-aid.Google Scholar
Wilper, A. P., et al. (2009). The health and health care of US prisoners: Results of a nationwide survey. American Journal of Public Health, 99(4),666–672.Google Scholar
Wilsher, D. (2011). Immigration Detention: Law, History, Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, J. G., Benavides, J., Reisinger, A., Lemen, J., Hurwitz, Z., Spangler, J., & Engle, K. (2008). An analysis of demographic disparities associated with the proposed U.S.–Mexico border fence in Cameron County, Texas. University of Texas School of Law Working Group on Human Rights and the Border Wall.Google Scholar
Wong, C. J. (2010). Boundaries of Obligation in American Politics: Geographic, National, and Racial Communities. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wong, T. K. (2015). Rights, Deportation, and Detention in the Age of Immigration, Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wong, T. K. (2017). The Politics of Immigration: Partisanship, Demographic Change, and American National Identity, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wong, T. K. (2018). Do family separation and detention deter immigration? https://perma.cc/EXR5-7VGL.Google Scholar
Wong, T .K., & Ramakrishnan, S. K. (2010). Partisanship not Spanish: Explaining municipal ordinances affecting undocumented immigrants. In Varsanyi, M., ed., Taking Local Control: Immigration Policy Activism in US Cities and States, Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wu, N. (2019). Trump administration to house migrant children at Fort Sill, which once served as a Japanese internment camp. USA Today, www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/06/12/trump-administration-house-migrant-kids-former-japanese-internment-camp/1430394001/.Google Scholar
Zepeda-Millán, C. (2014). Perceptions of threat, demographic diversity, and the framing of illegality: Explaining (non)participation in New York’s 2006 immigrant protests. Political Research Quarterly, 67(4),880–888.Google Scholar
Zepeda-Millán, C. (2017). Latino Mass Mobilization: Immigration, Racialization, and Activism, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zimmer, B. (2019). What Trump talks about when he talks about infestations. Politico, www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/07/29/trump-baltimore-infest-tweet-cummings-racist-227485.Google Scholar
Zolberg, A. (2006). A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- 19
- Cited by