Contemporary human rights law and advocacy increasingly obligate or call upon states to heighten their criminalization of certain human rights violations. This Element uses prison and police abolitionist lenses to challenge this trend. It focuses on the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), arguing that the Court's reliance on criminalization threatens to undo earlier European approaches to criminal law that resonate with abolitionist thought. It also contends that the criminalization approach provides the Court with an alibi for not recognizing or attending to the deeply structural racialized, colonial, sexual, gendered, and homophobic violence in Europe, particularly but not only against Roma communities and Black and Muslim migrants. Challenging human rights advocates and judges to take seriously abolition, the Element (re)introduces the insights of European penal abolitionists from the 1970s, considering them alongside more recent U.S. abolitionist activism and thought that attends explicitly to racialized and gendered violence.