Element contents
The Psychology of Climate Change Adaptation
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 May 2019
Summary
Why do some people adapt to the risks of climate change, while others do not? This Element provides an in-depth overview of the psychology of climate change adaptation. It begins with an overview of adaptation behaviour and highlights the importance of successful adaptation by individuals and households. Key psychological theories are introduced that can explain adaptation behaviour and the role of a wide variety of motivational variables in adaptation behaviour is discussed, such as risk perception, experiences with climate-related hazards, and perceived responsibility. Next, the authors examine three examples of how this psychological knowledge has been used to develop and test interventions to promote adaptation behaviour in real-world settings. After which, the relationship between climate adaptation behaviour and climate mitigation behaviour are considered and the potential for integrating these bodies of literature is put forward. It concludes with an agenda for future psychological research on climate change adaptation behaviour.
Keywords
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108595438Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 30 May 2019
References
Absher, J. D., & Vaske, J. J. (2011). The role of trust in residents’ fire wise actions. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 20, 318–325. http://doi.org/10.1071/WF09049CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adger, W. N. (2001). Scales of governance and environmental justice for adaptation and mitigation of climate change. Journal of International Development, 13, 921–931. http://doi.org/10.1002/jid.833CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adger, W. N., Arnell, N. W., & Tompkins, E. L. (2005). Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. Global Environmental Change, 15, 77–86. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aerts, J. (2009). Adaptation costs in the Netherlands: Climate change and flood risk management. In Heinen, M. (Ed.), Climate Research Netherlands – Research Highlights (pp. 34–36). Wageningen, the Netherlands: Climate Changes Spatial Planning and Knowledge for Climate. https://bit.ly/2ENIwkWGoogle Scholar
Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 50, 179–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akompab, D. A., Bi, P., Williams, S., Grant, J., Walker, I. A., & Augoustinos, M. (2013). Heat waves and climate change: Applying the health belief model to identify predictors of risk perception and adaptive behaviours in Adelaide, Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(6), 2164–2184. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10062164CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aliagha, U. G., Jin, T. E., Choong, W. W., Nadzri Jaafar, M., & Ali, H. M. (2014). Factors affecting flood insurance purchase in residential properties in Johor, Malaysia. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 14, 3297–3310. http://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14–3297-2014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aliagha, U. G., Mar Iman, A. H., Ali, H. M., Kamaruddin, N., & Ali, K. N. (2015). Discriminant factors of flood insurance demand for flood-hit residential properties: A case for Malaysia. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 8, 39–51. http://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12065CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amundsen, H., Berglund, F., & Westskog, H. (2010). Overcoming barriers to climate change adaptation – a question of multilevel governance? Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 28, 276–289. http://doi.org/10.1068/c0941CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, W., & Kjar, S. A. (2008). Hurricane Katrina and the levees: Taxation, calculation, and the matrix of capital. International Journal of Social Economics, 35(8), 569–578. http://doi.org/10.1108/03068290810889198CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anton, C. E., & Lawrence, C. (2016). Does place attachment predict wildfire mitigation and preparedness? A comparison of wildland–urban interface and rural communities. Environmental Management, 57, 148–162. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015–0597-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arbuckle, J. G., Morton, L. W., & Hobbs, J. (2013). Farmer beliefs and concerns about climate change and attitudes toward adaptation and mitigation: Evidence from Iowa. Climatic Change, 118(3–4), 551–563. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013–0700-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arbuckle, J. G., Morton, L. W., & Hobbs, J. (2015). Understanding farmer perspectives on climate change adaptation and mitigation: The roles of trust in sources of climate information, climate change beliefs, and perceived risk. Environment and Behavior, 47(2), 205–234. http://doi.org/10.1177/0013916513503832CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arbuckle, J. G., Prokopy, L. S., Haigh, T., Hobbs, J., Knoot, T., Knutson, C., … Widhalm, M. (2013). Climate change beliefs, concerns, and attitudes toward adaptation and mitigation among farmers in the Midwestern United States. Climatic Change, 117(4), 943–950. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013–0707-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arimi, K. S. (2014). Determinants of climate change adaptation strategies used by rice farmers in Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, 115(2), 91–99. http://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6452Google Scholar
Arlikatti, S., Lindell, M. K., Prater, C. S., & Zhang, Y. (2006). Risk area accuracy and hurricane evacuation expectations of coastal residents. Environment and Behavior, 38(2), 226–247. http://doi.org/10.1177/0013916505277603CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arunrat, N., Wang, C., Pumijumnong, N., Sereenonchai, S., & Cai, W. (2017). Farmers’ intention and decision to adapt to climate change: A case study in the Yom and Nan basins, Phichit province of Thailand. Journal of Cleaner Production, 143, 672–685. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.058CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baan, P. J. A., & Klijn, F. (2004). Flood risk perception and implications for flood risk management in the Netherlands. International Journal of River Basin Management, 2(2), 113–122. http://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2004.9635226CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bai, Y., Liu, Q., Chen, X., Gao, Y., Gong, H., Tan, X., … Liu, G. (2018). Protection motivation theory in predicting intention to receive cervical cancer screening in rural Chinese women. Psycho-Oncology, 27, 442–449. http://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4510CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ballantyne, M., Paton, D., Johnston, D., Kozuch, M., & Daly, M. (2000). Information on Volcanic and Earthquake Hazards: The Impact on Awareness and Preparation. Lower Hutt, NZ: Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences Limited science report.Google Scholar
Barnett, J., & O’Neill, S. (2010). Maladaptation. Global Environmental Change, 20, 211–213. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.11.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basolo, V., Steinberg, L. J., Burby, R. J., Levine, J., Cruz, A. M., & Huang, C. (2008). The effects of confidence in government and information on perceived and actual preparedness for disasters. Environment and Behavior, 41(3), 338–364. http://doi.org/10.1177/0013916508317222CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bateman, T. S., & O’Connor, K. (2016). Felt responsibility and climate engagement: Distinguishing adaptation from mitigation. Global Environmental Change, 41, 206–215. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.11.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, B. R., Quick, B. L., & Kloss, A. A. (2009). Antecedents of intention to help mitigate wildfire: Implications for campaigns promoting wildfire mitigation to the general public in the wildland-urban interface. Safety Science, 47, 374–381. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2008.06.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, A., & Steurer, R. (2014). Multi-level governance of climate change adaptation through regional partnerships in Canada and England. Geoforum, 51, 121–129. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.10.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumann, D. D., & Sims, J. H. (1978). Flood insurance: Some determinants of adoption. Economic Geography, 54(3), 189–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Begg, C., Ueberham, M., Masson, T., & Kuhlicke, C. (2017). Interactions between citizen responsibilization, flood experience and household resilience: Insights from the 2013 flood in Germany. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(4), 591–608. http://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2016.1200961CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bicchieri, C., & Muldon, R. (2014). Social norms. In Zalta, E. N. (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato-stanford-edu.proxy-ub.rug.nl/entries/social-norms/Google Scholar
Bichard, E., & Kazmierczak, A. (2012). Are homeowners willing to adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change? Climatic Change, 112, 633–654. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011–0257-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bihari, M., & Ryan, R. (2012). Influence of social capital on community preparedness for wildfires. Landscape and Urban Planning, 106, 253–261. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.03.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Billig, M. (2006). Is my home my castle? Place attachment, risk perception, and religious faith. Environment and Behavior, 38(2), 248–265. http://doi.org/10.1177/0013916505277608CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bishop, B. H. (2013). Drought and environmental opinion: A study of attitudes towards water policy. Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(3), 798–810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, R., Bennett, S. R. G., Thomas, S. M., & Beddington, J. R. (2011). Migration as adaptation. Nature, 478, 447–449. http://doi.org/10.1038/478477aCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blennow, K., & Persson, J. (2009). Climate change: Motivation for taking measure to adapt. Global Environmental Change, 19, 100–104. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blennow, K., Persson, J., Tomé, M., & Hanewinkel, M. (2012). Climate change: Believing and seeing implies adapting. PLOS ONE, 7(11), e50182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bliuc, A. M., McGarty, C., Thomas, E. F., Lala, G., Berndsen, M., & Misajon, R. (2015). Public division about climate change rooted in conflicting socio-political identities. Nature Climate Change, 5(3), 226–229. http://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2507CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonaiuto, M., Alves, S., De Dominicis, S., & Petruccelli, I. (2016). Place attachment and natural hazard risk: Research review and agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 48, 33–53. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.07.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botzen, W. J. W., Aerts, J. C. J. H., & van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. (2009). Willingness of homeowners to mitigate climate risk through insurance. Ecological Economics, 68(8–9), 2265–2277. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.02.019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botzen, W. J. W., Aerts, J. C. J. H., & van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. (2013). Individual preferences for reducing flood risk to near zero through elevation. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 18, 229–244. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-012–9359-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botzen, W. J. W., & van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. (2012). Risk attitudes to low-probability climate change risks: WTP for flood insurance. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 82, 151–166. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2012.01.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breakwell, G. M. (2010). Models of risk construction: Some applications to climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1, 857–870. http://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.74Google Scholar
Brenkert–Smith, H., Champ, P. A., & Flores, N. (2006). Insights into wildfire mitigation decisions among wildland–urban interface residents. Society and Natural Resources, 19, 759–768. http://doi.org/10.1080/08941920600801207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenkert-Smith, H., Champ, P. A., & Flores, N. (2012). Trying not to get burned: Understanding homeowners’ wildfire risk-mitigation behaviors. Environmental Management, 50, 1139–1151. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012–9949-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenkert-Smith, H., Meldrum, J. R., & Champ, P. A. (2015). Climate change beliefs and hazard mitigation behaviors: Homeowners and wildfire risk. Environmental Hazards, 14(4), 341–360. http://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2015.1080656CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bright, A. D., & Burtz, R. T. (2006). Creating defensible space in the wildland-urban interface: The influence of values on perceptions and behavior. Environmental Management, 37(2), 170–185. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004–0342-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brody, S. D., Highfield, W. E., Wilson, M., Lindell, M. K., & Blessing, R. (2017). Understanding the motivations of coastal residents to voluntarily purchase federal flood insurance. Journal of Risk Research, 20(6), 760–775. http://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2015.1119179CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brügger, A., Morton, T. A., & Dessai, S. (2015). Hand in hand: Public endorsement of climate change mitigation and adaptation. PLOS ONE, 10(4), e0124843. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124843CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Bruin, W. B., Lefevre, C. E., Taylor, A. L., Dessai, S., Fischhoff, B., & Kovats, S. (2016). Promoting protection against a threat that evokes positive affect: The case of heat waves in the United Kingdom. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 22(3), 261–271. http://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000083Google Scholar
Bubeck, P., & Botzen, W. J. W. (2013). Response to “The necessity for longitudinal studies in risk perception research.” Risk Analysis, 33(5), 760–762. http://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12028CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bubeck, P., Botzen, W. J. W., & Aerts, J. C. J. H. (2012). A review of risk perceptions and other factors that influence flood mitigation behavior. Risk Analysis, 32(9), 1481–1495. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539–6924.2011.01783.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bubeck, P., Botzen, W. J. W., Kreibich, H., & Aerts, J. C. J. H. (2013). Detailed insights into the influence of flood-coping appraisals on mitigation behaviour. Global Environmental Change, 23, 1327–1338. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bubeck, P., Botzen, W. J. W., Laudan, J., Aerts, J. C. J. H., & Thieken, A. H. (2018). Insights into flood-coping appraisals of protection motivation theory: Empirical evidence from Germany and France. Risk Analysis, 38(6), 1239–1257. http://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12938CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bubeck, P., Botzen, W. J. W., Suu, L. T. T., & Aerts, J. C. J. H. (2012). Do flood risk perceptions provide useful insights for flood risk management? Findings from central Vietnam. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 5, 295–302. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-318X.2012.01151.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bui, L., Mullan, B., & McCaffery, K. (2013). Protection motivation theory and physical activity in the general population: A systematic literature review. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 18(5), 522–542. http://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2012.749354CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burkett, M. (2011). In search of refuge: Pacific islands, climate-induced migration, and the legal frontier. Asia Pacific Issues, 98, 1–8.Google Scholar
Burnham, M., & Ma, Z. (2017). Climate change adaptation: Factors influencing Chinese smallholder farmers’ perceived self-efficacy and adaptation intent. Regional Environmental Change, 17, 171–186. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016–0975-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnside, R., Miller, D. S., & Rivera, J. D. (2007). The impact of information and risk perception on the hurricane evacuation decision-making of greater New Orleans residents. Sociological Spectrum, 27, 727–740. http://doi.org/10.1080/02732170701534226CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cahyanto, I., Pennington-Gray, L., Thapa, B., Srinivasan, S., Villegas, J., Matyas, C., & Kiousis, S. (2016). Predicting information seeking regarding hurricane evacuation in the destination. Tourism Management, 52, 264–275. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.06.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caminade, C., Kovats, S., Rocklov, J., Tompkins, A. M., Morse, A. P., Colón-González, F. J., … Lloyd, S. J. (2014). Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(9), 3286–3291. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1302089111CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carrico, A. R., Truelove, H. B., Vandenbergh, M. P., & Dana, D. (2015). Does learning about climate change adaptation change support for mitigation? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 19–29. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.10.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaney, P. L., Weaver, G. S., Youngblood, S. A., & Pitts, K. (2013). Household preparedness for tornado hazards: The 2011 disaster in DeKalb county, Alabama. Weather, Climate, and Society, 5, 345–358. http://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-12–00046.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chanley, V. A., Rudolph, T., & Rahn, W. M. (2000). The origins and consequences of public trust in government: A time series analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(3), 239–256. http://doi.org/10.1086/317987CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chatrchyan, A. M., Erlebacher, R. C., Chaopricha, N. T., Chan, J., Tobin, D., & Allred, S. B. (2017). United States agricultural stakeholder views and decisions on climate change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 8, e469. http://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.469Google Scholar
Chatterjee, C., & Mozumder, P. (2014). Understanding household preferences for hurricane risk mitigation information: Evidence from survey responses. Risk Analysis, 34(6), 984–996. http://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12196CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cialdini, R. B. (2007). Descriptive social norms as under appreciated sources of social control. Psychometrika, 72(2), 263–268. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-005–1495-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cialdini, R. B., Demaine, L. J., Sagarin, B. J., Barrett, D. W., Rhoads, K., & Winter, P. L. (2006). Managing social norms for persuasive impact. Social Influence, 1(1), 3–15. http://doi.org/10.1080/15534510500181459CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1015–1026. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.58.6.1015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, M., Etner, J., & Jeleva, M. (2008). Dynamic decision making when risk perception depends on past experience. Theory and Decision, 64(2–3), 173–192. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11238-007–9061-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, T. (2003). The Impact of Climate Change on Insurance against Catastrophes. Sydney: The Institute of Actuaries of Australia. www.actuaries.asn.au/Library/Events/Conventions/2003/1050 coleman7a.pdfGoogle Scholar
Collins, T. W. (2008). What influences hazard mitigation? Household decision making about wildfire risks in Arizona’s White Mountains. The Professional Geographer, 60(4), 508–526. http://doi.org/10.1080/00330120802211737CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppock, D. L. (2011). Ranching and multiyear drought in Utah: Production impacts, risk perceptions, and changes in preparedness. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 64, 607–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dang, H. L., Li, E., & Bruwer, J. (2012). Understanding climate change adaptive behaviour of farmers: An integrated conceptual framework. The International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses, 3(2), 255–272. http://doi.org/10.18848/1835–7156/CGP/v03i02/37106Google Scholar
Dang, H. L., Li, E., Nuberg, I., & Bruwer, J. (2014). Understanding farmers’ adaptation intention to climate change: A structural equation modelling study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Environmental Science & Policy, 41, 11–22. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.04.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dascher, E. D., Kang, J., & Hustvedt, G. (2014). Water sustainability: Environmental attitude, drought attitude and motivation. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 38, 467–474. http://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Dominicis, S., Fornara, F., Ganucci Cancellieri, U., Twigger-Ross, C., & Bonaiuto, M. (2015). We are at risk, and so what? Place attachment, environmental risk perceptions and preventive coping behaviours. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 43, 66–78. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.05.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Sherbinin, A., Castro, M., Gemenne, F., Cernea, M. M., Adamo, S., Fearnside, P. M., … Shi, G. (2011). Preparing for resettlement associated with climate change. Science, 334(6055), 456–457. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1208821CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DEFRA. (2013). The National Adaptation Programme: Making the country resilient to a changing climate. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/727259/pb13942-nap-20130701.pdfGoogle Scholar
Demski, C., Capstick, S., Pidgeon, N., Sposato, R. G., & Spence, A. (2017). Experience of extreme weather affects climate change mitigation and adaptation responses. Climatic Change, 140, 149–164. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016–1837-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demuth, J. L., Morss, R. E., Lazo, J. K., & Trumbo, C. (2016). The effects of past hurricane experiences on evacuation intentions through risk perception and efficacy beliefs: A mediation analysis. Weather, Climate, and Society, 8, 327–344. http://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-15–0074.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deng, Y., Wang, M., & Yousefpour, R. (2017). How do people’s perceptions and climatic disaster experiences influence their daily behaviors regarding adaptation to climate change? – A case study among young generations. Science of the Total Environment, 581–582, 840–847. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickinson, K., Brenkert-Smith, H., Champ, P., & Flores, N. (2015). Catching fire? Social interactions, beliefs, and wildfire risk mitigation behaviors. Society & Natural Resources, 28, 807–824. http://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2015.1037034CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillon, R. L., Tinsley, C. H., & Cronin, M. (2011). Why near-miss events can decrease an individual’s protective response to hurricanes. Risk Analysis, 31(3), 440–449. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539–6924.2010.01506.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doll, J. E., Petersen, B., & Bode, C. (2017). Skeptical but adapting: What Midwestern farmers say about climate change. Weather, Climate, and Society, 9, 739–751. http://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-16–0110.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Działek, J., Biernacki, W., Fiedeń, Ł., Listwan-Franczak, K., & Franczak, P. (2016). Universal or context-specific social vulnerability drivers – Understanding flood preparedness in southern Poland. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 19, 212–223. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.08.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egli, T. (2002). Non-Structural Flood Plain Management: Measures and their effectiveness. International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine. www.iksr.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Dokumente_en/rz_iksr_engl.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ejeta, L. T., Ardalan, A., Paton, D., & Yaseri, M. (2016). Predictors of community preparedness for flood in Dire-Dawa town, Eastern Ethiopia: Applying adapted version of Health Belief Model. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 19, 341–354. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.09.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ejeta, L. T., Ardalan, A., Paton, D., & Yaseri, M. (2018). Emotional and cognitive factors influencing flood preparedness in Dire Dawa town, Ethiopia. Natural Hazards, 93(2), 715–737. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018–3321-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elrick-Barr, C. E., Smith, T. F., Preston, B. L., Thomsen, D. C., & Baum, S. (2016). How are coastal households responding to climate change? Environmental Science & Policy, 63, 177–186. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.05.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engle, N. L. (2011). Adaptive capacity and its assessment. Global Environmental Change, 21(2), 647–656. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eom, K., Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K., & Ishii, K. (2016). Cultural variability in the link between environmental concern and support for environmental action. Psychological Science, 27(10), 1331–1339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esham, M., & Garforth, C. (2013). Agricultural adaptation to climate change: Insights from a farming community in Sri Lanka. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 18, 535–549. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-012–9374-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estrada, M., Schultz, P. W., Silva-Send, N., & Boudrias, M. A. (2017). The role of social influences on pro-environment behaviors in the San Diego region. Journal of Urban Health, 94, 170–179. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-017–0139-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, L., Milfont, T. L., & Lawrence, J. (2014). Considering local adaptation increases willingness to mitigate. Global Environmental Change, 25, 69–75. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrow, K., Grolleau, G., & Ibanez, L. (2017). Social norms and pro-environmental behavior: A review of the evidence. Ecological Economics, 140, 1–13. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faupel, C. E., & Styles, S. P. (1993). Disaster education, household preparedness, and stress responses following Hurricane Hugo. Environment and Behavior, 25(2), 228–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feng, X., Liu, M., Huo, X., & Ma, W. (2017). What motivates farmers’ adaptation to climate change? The case of apple farmers of Shaanxi in China. Sustainability, 9, 519. http://doi.org/10.3390/su9040519CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrario, F., Beck, M. W., Storlazzi, C. D., Micheli, F., Shepard, C. C., & Airoldi, L. (2014). The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation. Nature Communications, 5, 3794. http://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4794CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fielding, K. S., & Hornsey, M. J. (2016). A social identity analysis of climate change and environmental attitudes and behaviors: Insights and opportunities. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 121. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00121CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, A. P. (2011). Reducing hazardous fuels on nonindustrial private forests: Factors influencing landowner decisions. Journal of Forestry, 109(5), 260–266.Google Scholar
Fischer, A. P., Kline, J. D., Ager, A. A., Charnley, S., & Olsen, K. A. (2014). Objective and perceived wildfire risk and its influence on private forest landowners’ fuel reduction activities in Oregon’s (USA) ponderosa pine ecoregion. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 23(1), 143–153. http://doi.org/10.1071/WF12164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox-Rogers, L., Devitt, C., O’Neill, E., Brereton, F., & Clinch, J. P. (2016). Is there really “nothing you can do”? Pathways to enhanced flood-risk preparedness. Journal of Hydrology, 543, 330–343. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.10.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gan, J., Jarrett, A., & Gaither, C. J. (2014). Wildfire risk adaptation: Propensity of forestland owners to purchase wildfire insurance in the southern United States. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 44, 1376–1382. http://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014–0301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García de Jalón, S., Iglesias, A., Quiroga, S., & Bardají, I. (2013). Exploring public support for climate change adaptation policies in the Mediterranean region: A case study in Southern Spain. Environmental Science & Policy, 29, 1–11. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.01.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ge, Y., Peacock, W. G., & Lindell, M. K. (2011). Florida households’ expected responses to hurricane hazard mitigation incentives. Risk Analysis, 31(10), 1676–1691. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539–6924.2011.01606.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gebrehiwot, T., & van der Veen, A. (2015). Farmers prone to drought risk: Why some farmers undertake farm-level risk-reduction measures while others not? Environmental Management, 55, 588–602. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014–0415-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gifford, R., & Nilsson, A. (2014). Personal and social factors that influence pro-environmental concern and behaviour: A review. International Journal of Psychology, 49(3), 141–157. http://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12034Google ScholarPubMed
Greenhill, M., Leviston, Z., Leonard, R., & Walker, I. (2014). Assessing climate change beliefs: Response effects of question wording and response alternatives. Public Understanding of Science, 23(8), 947–965. http://doi.org/10.1177/0963662513480117CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffin, R. J., Yang, Z., Ellen, H. ter, Boerner, F., Ortiz, S., & Dunwoody, S. (2008). After the flood: Anger, attribution, and the seeking of information. Science Communication, 29(3), 285–315. http://doi.org/10.1177/1075547007312309CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grothmann, T., & Patt, A. (2005). Adaptive capacity and human cognition: The process of individual adaptation to climate change. Global Environmental Change, 15, 199–213. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.01.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grothmann, T., & Reusswig, F. (2006). People at risk of flooding: Why some residents take precautionary action while others do not. Natural Hazards, 38, 101–120. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-005–8604-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guy, S., Kashima, Y., Walker, I., & O’Neill, S. (2014). Investigating the effects of knowledge and ideology on climate change beliefs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 421–429. http://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2039CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haden, V. R., Niles, M. T., Lubell, M., Perlman, J., & Jackson, L. E. (2012). Global and local concerns: What attitudes and beliefs motivate farmers to mitigate and adapt to climate change? PLOS ONE, 7(12), e52882. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052882CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagen, B., Middel, A., & Pijawka, D. (2016). European climate change perceptions: Public support for mitigation and adaptation policies. Environmental Policy and Governance, 26, 170–183. http://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1701CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, T. E., & Slothower, M. (2009). Cognitive factors affecting homeowners’ reactions to defensible space in the Oregon Coast Range. Society and Natural Resources, 22, 95–110. http://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802392187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, C., & Kasser, T. (2009). Psychological adaptation to the threats and stresses of a four-degree world. https://clivehamilton.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Psychological-adaptation-to-a-four-degree-world-FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar
Hamilton-Webb, A., Manning, L., Naylor, R., & Conway, J. (2016). The relationship between risk experience and risk response: A study of farmers and climate change. Journal of Risk Research, 20(11), 1379–1393. http://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2016.1153506CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harries, T. (2012). The anticipated emotional consequences of adaptive behaviour: Impacts on the take-up of household flood-protection measures. Environment and Planning A, 44, 649–668. http://doi.org/10.1068/a43612CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasan, S., Ukkusuri, S., Gladwin, H., & Murray-Tuite, P. (2011). Behavioral model to understand household-level hurricane evacuation decision making. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 137(5), 341–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haselhuhn, M. P., Pope, D. G., Schweitzer, M. E., & Fishman, P. (2012). The impact of personal experience on behavior: Evidence from video-rental fines. Management Science, 58(1), 52–61. http://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heath, Y., & Gifford, R. (2006). Free-market ideology and environmental degradation: The case of belief in global climate change. Environment and Behavior, 38(1), 48–71. http://doi.org/10.1177/0013916505277998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helm, S. V., Pollitt, A., Barnett, M. A., Curran, M. A., & Craig, Z. R. (2018). Differentiating environmental concern in the context of psychological adaption to climate change. Global Environmental Change, 48, 158–167. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.11.012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hidalgo, M. C., & Hernández, B. (2001). Place attachment: Conceptual and empirical questions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 273–281. http://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0221CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hine, D. W., Phillips, W. J., Cooksey, R., Reser, J. P., Nunn, P., Marks, A. D. G., … Watt, S. E. (2016). Preaching to different choirs: How to motivate dismissive, uncommitted, and alarmed audiences to adapt to climate change? Global Environmental Change, 36, 1–11. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.11.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horney, J. A., MacDonald, P. D. M., Van Willigen, M., Berke, P. R., & Kaufman, J. S. (2010). Individual actual or perceived property flood risk: Did it predict evacuation from hurricane Isabel in North Carolina, 2003? Risk Analysis, 30(3), 501–511. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539–6924.2009.01341.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hornsey, M. J., Harris, E. A., Bain, P. G., & Fielding, K. S. (2016). Meta-analyses of the determinants and outcomes of belief in climate change. Nature Climate Change, 6, 622–626. http://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2943CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houser, M. (2016). Who framed climate change? Identifying the how and why of Iowa corn farmers’ framing of climate change. Sociologia Ruralis, 58, 40–62. http://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12136CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, P. D. (2011). Hurricane preparedness as anticipatory adaptation: A case study of community businesses. Global Environmental Change, 21, 711–720. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.02.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, P. D. L., Boldero, J., McNeill, I. M., Vargas-Sáenz, A., & Handmer, J. (2018). Increasing preparedness for wildfires by informing residents of their community’s social norms. Natural Hazards Review, 19(2), 04017029. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527–6996.0000279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howell, R. A., Capstick, S., & Whitmarsh, L. (2016). Impacts of adaptation and responsibility framings on attitudes towards climate change mitigation. Climatic Change, 136(3–4), 445–461. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016–1627-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, S.-K., Lindell, M. K., Prater, C. S., Wu, H.-C., & Siebeneck, L. K. (2012). Household evacuation decision making in response to Hurricane Ike. Natural Hazards Review, 13(4), 283–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hung, H.‐C. (2009). The attitude towards flood insurance purchase when respondents’ preferences are uncertain: A fuzzy approach. Journal of Risk Research, 12(2), 239–258. http://doi.org/10.1080/13669870802497702CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hung, W.-S., Hu, S. C., Hsu, Y.-C., Chen, K.-L., Chen, K.-H., Yu, M.-C., & Chen, K.-T. (2014). Factors affecting the use of anti-malaria preventive measures among Taiwan immigrants returning to malaria-endemic regions. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 12, 370–377. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2013.07.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyland, J. J., Jones, D. L., Parkhill, K. A., Barnes, A. P., & Williams, A. P. (2016). Farmers’ perceptions of climate change: Identifying types. Agriculture and Human Values, 33(2), 323–339. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015–9608-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IPCC. (2014a). Adaptation needs and options. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., … White, L. L. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 833–868). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
IPCC. (2014b). Annex II: Glossary. In Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R. K., & Meyer, L. A. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 117–130). Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC.Google Scholar
IPCC. (2014c). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., … White, L. L. (Eds.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
IPCC. (2014d). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., … White, L. L. (Eds.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
IPCC. (2018). Summary for Policymakers. In Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P. R., … Waterfieds, T. (Eds.), Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change . Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization.Google Scholar
Jacobson, C., Crevello, S., Chea, C., & Jarihani, B. (2019). When is migration a maladaptive response to climate change? Regional Environmental Change, 191(1), 101–112. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018–1387-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamero, M. L., Onuki, M., Esteban, M., Billones-Sensano, X. K., Tan, N., Nellas, A., … Valenzuela, V. P. (2017). Small-island communities in the Philippines prefer local measures to relocation in response to sea-level rise. Nature Climate Change, 7, 581–586. http://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3344CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jans, L., Bouman, T., & Fielding, K. (2018). A part of the energy “in crowd”: Changing people’s energy behavior via group-based approaches. IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, 16(1), 35–41. http://doi.org/10.1109/MPE.2017.2759883CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jianjun, J., Yiwei, G., Xiaomin, W., & Nam, P. K. (2015). Farmers’ risk preferences and their climate change adaptation strategies in the Yongqiao District, China. Land Use Policy, 47, 365–372. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.04.028CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jørgensen, S. L., & Termansen, M. (2016). Linking climate change perceptions to adaptation and mitigation action. Climatic Change, 138, 283–296. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016–1718-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joshi, M. S., & Lalvani, A. (2010). “Home from home”: Risk perceptions, malaria and the use of chemoprophylaxis among UK South Asians. Ethnicity & Health, 15(4), 365–375. http://doi.org/10.1080/13557851003729098CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahlor, L. A., Olson, H. C., Markman, A. B., & Wang, W. (2018). Avoiding trouble: Exploring environmental risk information avoidance intentions. Environment and Behavior, 1–32. http://doi.org/10.1177/0013916518799149CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kakimoto, R., Fujimi, T., Yoshida, M., & Kim, H. (2016). Factors promoting and impeding precautionary evacuation behaviour. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 20(S1), 25–37. http://doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2016.1185958CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalkstein, A. J., & Sheridan, S. C. (2007). The social impacts of the heat-health watch/warning system in Phoenix, Arizona: Assessing the perceived risk and response of the public. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52, 43–55. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-006–0073-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kanakis, K., & McShane, C. J. (2016). Preparing for disaster: Preparedness in a flood and cyclone prone community. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 31(2), 18–24.Google Scholar
Kellens, W., Terpstra, T., & De Maeyer, P. (2013). Perception and communication of flood risks: A systematic review of empirical research. Risk Analysis, 33(1), 24–49. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539–6924.2012.01844.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kellens, W., Zaalberg, R., & De Maeyer, P. (2012). The informed society: An analysis of the public’s information-seeking behavior regarding coastal flood risks. Risk Analysis, 32(8), 1369–1381. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539–6924.2011.01743.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerstholt, J., Duijnhoven, H., & Paton, D. (2017). Flooding in The Netherlands: How people’s interpretation of personal, social and institutional resources influence flooding preparedness. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 24, 52–57. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.05.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kettle, N. P., & Dow, K. (2016). The role of perceived risk, uncertainty, and trust on coastal climate change adaptation planning. Environment and Behavior, 48(4), 579–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khanal, U., Wilson, C., Hoang, V.-N., & Lee, B. (2018). Farmers’ adaptation to climate change, its determinants and impacts on rice yield in Nepal. Ecological Economics, 144, 139–147. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.08.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kievik, M., & Gutteling, J. M. (2011). Yes, we can: Motivate Dutch citizens to engage in self-protective behavior with regard to flood risks. Natural Hazards, 59, 1475–1490. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011–9845-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Y.-C., & Kang, J. (2010). Communication, neighbourhood belonging and household hurricane preparedness. Disasters, 34(2), 470–488. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–7717.2009.01138.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kind, J. M. (2014). Economically efficient flood protection standards for the Netherlands. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 7(2), 103–117. http://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, J., Juhola, S., & Landauer, M. (2017). Local authorities and the engagement of private actors in climate change adaptation. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 35(6), 1055–1074. http://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X16680819Google Scholar
Klein, R. J. T., Huq, S., Denton, F., Downing, T. E., Richels, R. G., Robinson, J. B., & Toth, F. L. (2007). Inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp. 745–777. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015–1395-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knocke, E. T., & Kolivras, K. N. (2007). Flash flood awareness in southwest Virginia. Risk Analysis, 27(1), 155–169. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539–6924.2006.00866.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koerth, J., Jones, N., Vafeidis, A. T., Dimitrakopoulos, P. G., Melliou, A., Chatzidimitriou, E., & Koukoulas, S. (2013). Household adaptation and intention to adapt to coastal flooding in the Axios – Loudias – Aliakmonas National Park, Greece. Ocean and Coastal Management, 82, 43–50. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.05.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koerth, J., Vafeidis, A. T., Hinkel, J., & Sterr, H. (2013). What motivates coastal households to adapt pro-actively to sea-level rise and increasing flood risk? Regional Environmental Change, 13, 897–909. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012–0399-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreibich, H. (2011). Do perceptions of climate change influence precautionary measures? International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 3(2), 189–199. http://doi.org/10.1108/17568691111129011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreibich, H., Thieken, A. H., Petrow, T., Müller, M., & Merz, B. (2005). Flood loss reduction of private households due to building precautionary measures – lessons learned from the Elbe flood in August 2002. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 5, 117–126. http://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5–117-2005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuruppu, N., & Liverman, D. (2011). Mental preparation for climate adaptation: The role of cognition and culture in enhancing adaptive capacity of water management in Kiribati. Global Environmental Change, 21, 657–669. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.12.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kyle, G. T., Theodori, G. L., Absher, J. D., & Jun, J. (2010). The influence of home and community attachment on firewise behavior. Society and Natural Resources, 23, 1075–1092. http://doi.org/10.1080/08941920902724974CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laska, S. B. (1990). Homeowner adaptation to flooding: An application of the general hazards coping theory. Environment and Behavior, 22(3), 320–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lauren, N., Fielding, K. S., Smith, L., & Louis, W. R. (2016). You did, so you can and you will: Self-efficacy as a mediator of spillover from easy to more difficult pro-environmental behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 48, 191–199. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.10.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazo, J. K., Bostrom, A., Morss, R. E., Demuth, J. L., & Lazrus, H. (2015). Factors affecting hurricane evacuation intentions. Risk Analysis, 35(10), 1837–1857. http://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12407CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazo, J. K., Waldman, D. M., Morrow, B. H., & Thacher, J. A. (2010). Household evacuation decision making and the benefits of improved hurricane forecasting: Developing a framework for assessment. Weather and Forecasting, 25, 207–219. http://doi.org/10.1175/2009WAF2222310.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefevre, C. E., de Bruin, W. B., Taylor, A. L., Dessai, S., Kovats, S., & Fischhoff, B. (2015). Heat protection behaviors and positive affect about heat during the 2013 heat wave in the United Kingdom. Social Science & Medicine, 128, 282–289. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.01.029CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, S., Juhász-Horváth, L., Harrison, P. A., Pintér, L., & Rounsevell, M. D. A. (2017). Relating farmer’s perceptions of climate change risk to adaptation behaviour in Hungary. Journal of Environmental Management, 185, 21–30. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.051CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, N., & Emanuel, K. (2016). Grey swan tropical cyclones. Nature Climate Change, 6, 106–111. http://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2777CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, S., Shaw, D., & Ho, M.-C. (2008). Why are flood and landslide victims less willing to take mitigation measures than the public? Natural Hazards, 44, 305–314. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-007–9136-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindell, M. K., & Hwang, S. N. (2008). Households’ perceived personal risk and responses in a multihazard environment. Risk Analysis, 28(2), 539–556. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539–6924.2008.01032.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, T., Xu, Y. J., Zhang, Y. H., Yan, Q. H., Song, X. L., Xie, H. Y., … Ma, W. J. (2013). Associations between risk perception, spontaneous adaptation behavior to heat waves and heatstroke in Guangdong province, China. BMC Public Health, 13, 913. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471–2458-13–913CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lo, A. Y. (2013). The role of social norms in climate adaptation: Mediating risk perception and flood insurance purchase. Global Environmental Change, 23, 1249–1257. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.07.019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lo, A. Y., & Chan, F. (2017). Preparing for flooding in England and Wales: The role of risk perception and the social context in driving individual action. Natural Hazards, 88, 367–387. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017–2870-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lo, A. Y., Xu, B., Chan, F. K. S., & Su, R. (2015). Social capital and community preparation for urban flooding in China. Applied Geography, 64, 1–11. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.08.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loewenstein, G. F., Hsee, C. K., Weber, E. U., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 267–286. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033–2909.127.2.267CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lohm, D., & Davis, M. (2015). Between bushfire risk and love of environment: Preparedness, precariousness and survival in the narratives of urban fringe dwellers in Australia. Health, Risk & Society, 17(5–6), 404–419. http://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2015.1109614CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacCallum, R. C., Zhang, S., Preacher, K. J., & Rucker, D. D. (2002). On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 19–40. http://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.19CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madhuri, , Tewari, H. R., & Bhowmick, P. K. (2015). Ingenuity of skating on marshy land by tying a pot to the belly: Living with flood is a way of life. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 17, 1287–1311. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-014–9605-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maldonado, J. K., Shearer, C., Bronen, R., Peterson, K., & Lazrus, H. (2013). The impact of climate change on tribal communities in the US: Displacement, relocation, and human rights. Climatic Change, 120, 601–614. http://doi.org/10.1007/978–3-319–05266-3_8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mankad, A., Greenhill, M., Tucker, D., & Tapsuwan, S. (2013). Motivational indicators of protective behaviour in response to urban water shortage threat. Journal of Hydrology, 491, 100–107. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.04.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, I. M., Bender, H., & Raish, C. (2007). What motivates individuals to protect themselves from risks: The case of wildland fires. Risk Analysis, 27(4), 887–900. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539–6924.2007.00930.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mase, A. S., Gramig, B. M., & Prokopy, L. S. (2017). Climate change beliefs, risk perceptions, and adaptation behavior among Midwestern U.S. crop farmers. Climate Risk Management, 15, 8–17. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2016.11.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matyas, C., Srinivasan, S., Cahyanto, I., Thapa, B., Pennington-Gray, L., & Villegas, J. (2011). Risk perception and evacuation decisions of Florida tourists under hurricane threats: A stated preference analysis. Natural Hazards, 59, 871–890. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011–9801-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazur, N., Curtis, A., & Rogers, M. (2013). Do you see what I see? Rural landholders’ belief in climate change. Society and Natural Resources, 26, 75–85. http://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2012.686650CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFarlane, B. L., McGee, T. K., & Faulkner, H. (2011). Complexity of homeowner wildfire risk mitigation: An integration of hazard theories. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 20(8), 921–931. http://doi.org/10.1071/WF10096CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGee, T. K. (2005). Completion of recommended WUI fire mitigation measures within urban households in Edmonton, Canada. Environmental Hazards, 6, 147–157. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazards.2006.05.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGee, T. K., McFarlane, B. L., & Varghese, J. (2009). An examination of the influence of hazard experience on wildfire risk perceptions and adoption of mitigation measures. Society and Natural Resources, 22, 308–323. http://doi.org/10.1080/08941920801910765CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGee, T. K., & Russell, S. (2003). “It’s just a natural way of life … ” An investigation of wildfire preparedness in rural Australia. Environmental Hazards, 5, 1–12. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazards.2003.04.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeman, R., & Smit, B. (2006). Migration as an adaptation to climate change. Climatic Change, 76, 31–53. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005–9000-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLennan, J., Paton, D., & Beatson, R. (2015). Psychological differences between south-eastern Australian householders who intend to leave if threatened by a wildfire and those who intend to stay and defend. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 11, 35–46. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.11.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeill, I. M., Dunlop, P. D., Heath, J. B., Skinner, T. C., & Morrison, D. L. (2013). Expecting the unexpected: Predicting physiological and psychological wildfire preparedness from perceived risk, responsibility, and obstacles. Risk Analysis, 33(10), 1829–1843. http://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12037CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNeill, I. M., Dunlop, P. D., Skinner, T. C., & Morrison, D. L. (2016). Predicting risk-mitigating behaviors from indecisiveness and trait anxiety: Two cognitive pathways to task avoidance. Journal of Personality, 84(1), 36–45. http://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12135CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mechler, R., Linnerooth-Bayer, J., & Peppiatt, D. (2006). Microinsurance for Natural Disaster Risks in Developing Countries: Benefits, Limitations And Viability. Geneva and Laxenburg: ProVention and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.Google Scholar
Meinel, U., & Höferl, K.-M. (2017). Non-adaptive behavior in the face of climate change: First insights from a behavioral perspective based on a case study among firm managers in alpine Austria. Sustainability, 9, 1132. http://doi.org/10.3390/su9071132CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miceli, R., Sotgiu, I., & Settanni, M. (2008). Disaster preparedness and perception of flood risk: A study in an alpine valley in Italy. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28, 164–173. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.10.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michie, S., Carey, R. N., Johnston, M., Rothman, A. J., de Bruin, M., Kelly, M. P., & Connell, L. E. (2018). From theory-inspired to theory-based interventions: A protocol for developing and testing a methodology for linking behaviour change techniques to theoretical mechanisms of action. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 52, 501–512. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-016–9816-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, S., Mazumdar, S., & Suar, D. (2010). Place attachment and flood preparedness. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 187–197. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.11.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, S., & Suar, D. (2007). Do lessons people learn determine disaster cognition and preparedness? Psychology and Developing Societies, 19(2), 143–159. http://doi.org/10.1177/097133360701900201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morss, R. E., Demuth, J. L., Lazo, J. K., Dickinson, K., Lazrus, H., & Morrow, B. H. (2016). Understanding public hurricane evacuation decisions and responses to forecast and warning messages. Weather and Forecasting, 31, 395–417. http://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-15–0066.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mortreux, C., & Barnett, J. (2009). Climate change, migration and adaptation in Funafuti, Tuvalu. Global Environmental Change, 19, 105–112. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.09.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, S. C., & Ekstrom, J. A. (2010). A framework to diagnose barriers to climate change adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(51), 22026–22031. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnasCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mozumder, P., Raheem, N., Talberth, J., & Berrens, R. P. (2008). Investigating intended evacuation from wildfires in the wildland-urban interface: Application of a bivariate probit model. Forest Policy and Economics, 10, 415–423. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2008.02.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulilis, J. P., Duval, T. S., & Bovalino, K. (2000). Tornado preparedness of students, nonstudent renters, and nonstudent owners: Issues of PrE theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(6), 1310–1329. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559–1816.2000.tb02522.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nozawa, M., Watanabe, T., Katada, N., Minami, H., & Yamamoto, A. (2008). Residents’ awareness and behaviour regarding typhoon evacuation advice in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. International Nursing Review, 55(1), 20–26. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466–7657.2007.00589.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Hare, P., White, I., & Connelly, A. (2016). Insurance as maladaptation: Resilience and the ‘business as usual’ paradox. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 34(6), 1175–1193. http://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X15602022CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osberghaus, D. (2015). The determinants of private flood mitigation measures in Germany – Evidence from a nationwide survey. Ecological Economics, 110, 36–50. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.12.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paek, H.-J., & Hove, T. (2017). Risk perceptions and risk characteristics. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. http://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.283CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paton, D., Bürgelt, P. T., & Prior, T. (2008). Living with bushfire risk: Social and environmental influences on preparedness. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 23(3), 41–48.Google Scholar
Paton, D., Kelly, G., Burgelt, P. T., & Doherty, M. (2006). Preparing for bushfires: Understanding intentions. Disaster Prevention and Management, 15(4), 566–575. http://doi.org/10.1108/09653560610685893CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paton, D., Okada, N., & Sagala, S. (2013). Understanding preparedness for natural hazards: A cross cultural comparison. Journal of Integrated Disaster Risk Management, 3(1), 18–35. http://doi.org/10.5595/idrim.2013.0051CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul, B. K. (2012). Factors affecting evacuation behavior: The case of 2007 cyclone Sidr, Bangladesh. The Professional Geographer, 64(3), 401–414. http://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2011.609780CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pielke, R. J., Prins, G., Rayner, P., & Sarewitz, D. (2007). Lifting the taboo on adaptation. Nature, 445, 597–598. http://doi.org/10.1038/445597aCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plotnikoff, R. C., & Trinh, L. (2010). Protection motivation theory: Is this a worthwhile theory for physical activity promotion? Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 38(2), 91–98. http://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e3181d49612CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poortinga, W., Spence, A., Whitmarsh, L., Capstick, S., & Pidgeon, N. F. (2011). Uncertain climate: An investigation into public scepticism about anthropogenic climate change. Global Environmental Change, 21, 1015–1024. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.03.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, J. J., Dessai, S., & Tompkins, E. L. (2014). What do we know about UK household adaptation to climate change? A systematic review. Climatic Change, 127, 371–379. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014–1252-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poussin, J. K., Botzen, W. J. W., & Aerts, J. C. J. H. (2014). Factors of influence on flood damage mitigation behaviour by households. Environmental Science & Policy, 40, 69–77. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.01.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, L. J., McFarlane, B., & Lantz, V. (2016). Wildfire risk mitigation and recreational property owners in Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park–Alberta. Forestry Chronicle, 92(1), 66–76. http://doi.org/10.5558/tfc2016-019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prior, T., & Eriksen, C. (2013). Wildfire preparedness, community cohesion and social-ecological systems. Global Environmental Change, 23, 1575–1586. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.09.016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rauf, S., Bakhsh, K., Abbas, A., Hassan, S., Ali, A., & Kächele, H. (2017). How hard they hit? Perception, adaptation and public health implications of heat waves in urban and peri-urban Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 10630–10639. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017–8756-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ray, A., Hughes, L., Konisky, D. M., & Kaylor, C. (2017). Extreme weather exposure and support for climate change adaptation. Global Environmental Change, 46, 104–113. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.07.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynaud, A., Aubert, C., & Nguyen, M. H. (2013). Living with floods: Protective behaviours and risk perception of Vietnamese households. Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance-Issues and Practice, 38, 547–579. http://doi.org/10.1057/gpp.2013.16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riad, J. K., Norris, F. H., & Ruback, R. B. (1999). Predicting evacuation in two major disasters: Risk perception, social influence, and access to resources. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25(5), 918–934. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559–1816.1999.tb00132.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richert, C., Erdlenbruch, K., & Figuières, C. (2017). The determinants of households’ flood mitigation decisions in France – on the possibility of feedback effects from past investments. Ecological Economics, 131, 342–352. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.09.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rincon, E., Linares, M. Y. R., & Greenberg, B. (2001). Effect of previous experience of a hurricane on preparedness for future hurricanes. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 19(4), 276–279. http://doi.org/10.1053/ajem.2001.22668CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roesch-McNally, G. E., Arbuckle, J. G., & Tyndall, J. C. (2017). What would farmers do? Adaptation intentions under a Corn Belt climate change scenario. Agriculture and Human Values, 34, 333–346. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-016–9719-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91, 93–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In Cacioppo, B. L. & Petty, L. L. (Eds.), Social Psychophysiology: A Sourcebook (pp. 153–176). London: Guildford Press.Google Scholar
Ruiter, R. A. C., Abraham, C., & Kok, G. (2001). Scary warnings and rational precautions: A review of the psychology of fear appeals. Psychology & Health, 16(6), 613–630. http://doi.org/10.1080/08870440108405863CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiter, R. A. C., Kessels, L. T. E., Peters, G.-J. Y., & Kok, G. (2014). Sixty years of fear appeal research: Current state of the evidence. International Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 63–70. http://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12042CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sadri, A. M., Ukkusuri, S. V., & Gladwin, H. (2017). The role of social networks and information sources on hurricane evacuation decision making. Natural Hazards Review, 18(3), 04017005. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527–6996.0000244CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samaddar, S., Chatterjee, R., Misra, B., & Tatano, H. (2014). Outcome-expectancy and self-efficacy: Reasons or results of flood preparedness intention? International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 8, 91–99. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.02.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sattler, D. N., Kaiser, C. F., & Hittner, J. B. (2000). Disaster preparedness: Relationships among prior experience, personal characteristics, and distress. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(7), 1396–1420. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559–1816.2000.tb02527.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sauerborn, R., & Ebi, K. (2012). Climate change and natural disasters: Integrating science and practice to protect health. Global Health Action, 5, 19295. http://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v5i0.19295CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulte, S., & Miller, K. A. (2010). Wildfire risk and climate change: The influence on homeowner mitigation behavior in the wildland–urban interface. Society & Natural Resources, 23, 417–435. http://doi.org/10.1080/08941920903431298CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scolobig, A., De Marchi, B., & Borga, M. (2012). The missing link between flood risk awareness and preparedness: Findings from case studies in an Alpine Region. Natural Hazards, 63(2), 499–520. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012–0161-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semenza, J. C., Ploubidis, G. B., & George, L. A. (2011). Climate change and climate variability: Personal motivation for adaptation and mitigation. Environmental Health, 10, 46. http://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-10–46CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shao, W., Xian, S., Lin, N., Kunreuther, H., Jackson, N., & Goidel, K. (2017). Understanding the effects of past flood events and perceived and estimated flood risks on individuals’ voluntary flood insurance purchase behavior. Water Research, 108, 391–400. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.021CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharma, U., & Patt, A. (2012). Disaster warning response: The effects of different types of personal experience. Natural Hazards, 60, 409–423. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011–0023-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegrist, M., & Gutscher, H. (2008). Natural hazards and motivation for mitigation behavior: People cannot predict the affect evoked by a severe flood. Risk Analysis, 28(3), 771–778. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539–6924.2008.01049.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simms, J. R. Z. (2017). “Why would I live anyplace else?”: Resilience, sense of place, and possibilities of migration in coastal Louisiana. Journal of Coastal Research, 33(2), 408–420. http://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-15–00193.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, A. S., Zwickle, A., Bruskotter, J. T., & Wilson, R. (2017). The perceived psychological distance of climate change impacts and its influence on support for adaptation policy. Environmental Science & Policy, 73, 93–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjöberg, L. (1998). Worry and risk perception. Risk Analysis, 18(1), 85–93. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539–6924.1998.tb00918.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smit, B., Burton, I., Klein, R. J. T., & Wandel, J. (2000). An anatomy of adaptation to climate change and variability. Climate Change, 45, 223–251. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005661622966CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soane, E., Schubert, I., Challenor, P., Lunn, R., Narendran, S., & Pollard, S. (2010). Flood perception and mitigation: The role of severity, agency, and experience in the purchase of flood protection, and the communication of flood information. Environment and Planning A, 42, 3023–3038. http://doi.org/10.1068/a43238CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, S., Plattner, G.-K., Knutti, R., & Friedlingstein, P. (2008). Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(6), 1704–1709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steg, L. (2018). Limiting climate change requires research on climate action. Nature Climate Change, 8, 759–761. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018–0269-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steg, L., & Vlek, C. (2009). Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(3), 309–317. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.10.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, R. M., Dueñas-Osorio, L., & Subramanian, D. (2010). Who evacuates when hurricanes approach? The role of risk, information, and location. Social Science Quarterly, 91(3), 816–834. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540–6237.2010.00721.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stojanov, R., Duží, B., Daněk, T., Němec, D., & Procházka, D. (2015). Adaptation to the impacts of climate extremes in central Europe: A case study in a rural area in the Czech Republic. Sustainability, 7, 12758–12786. http://doi.org/10.3390/su70912758CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoutenborough, J. W., & Vedlitz, A. (2014). The effect of perceived and assessed knowledge of climate change on public policy concerns: An empirical comparison. Environmental Science and Policy, 37, 23–33. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.08.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takao, K., Motoyoshi, T., Sato, T., Fukuzondo, T., Seo, K., & Ikeda, S. (2004). Factors determining residents’ preparedness for floods in modern megalopolises: The case of the Tokai flood disaster in Japan. Journal of Risk Research, 7(7–8), 775–787. http://doi.org/10.1080/1366987031000075996CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terpstra, T. (2011). Emotions, trust, and perceived risk: Affective and cognitive routes to flood preparedness behavior. Risk Analysis, 31(10), 1658–1675. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539–6924.2011.01616.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terpstra, T., & Gutteling, J. M. (2008). Households’ perceived responsibilities in flood risk management in the Netherlands. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 24(4), 555–565. http://doi.org/10.1080/07900620801923385CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terpstra, T., & Lindell, M. K. (2012). Citizens’ perceptions of flood hazard adjustments: An application of the protective action decision model. Environment and Behavior, 45(8), 993–1018. http://doi.org/10.1177/0013916512452427CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaker, J., Maibach, E., Leiserowitz, A., Zhao, X., & Howe, P. (2016). The role of collective efficacy in climate change adaptation in India. Weather, Climate, and Society, 8, 21–34. http://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-14–00037.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tibbits, A., & Whittaker, J. (2007). Stay and defend or leave early: Policy problems and experiences during the 2003 Victorian bushfires. Environmental Hazards, 7(4), 283–290. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envhaz.2007.08.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tierney, K. J., Lindell, M. K., & Perry, R. W. (2001). Facing the Unexpected: Disaster Preparedness and Response in the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. http://doi.org/10.17226/9834Google Scholar
Tinsley, C. H., Dillon, R. L., & Cronin, M. A. (2012). How near-miss events amplify or attenuate risky decision making. Management Science, 58(9), 1596–1613. http://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1517CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tol, R. S. J., Klein, R. J. T., & Nicholls, R. J. (2008). Towards successful adaptation to sea-level rise along Europe’s coasts. Journal of Coastal Research, 24(2), 432–442. http://doi.org/10.2112/07A-0016.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Truelove, H. B., Carrico, A. R., & Thabrew, L. (2015). A socio-psychological model for analyzing climate change adaptation: A case study of Sri Lankan paddy farmers. Global Environmental Change, 31, 85–97. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.12.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ung, M., Luginaah, I., Chuenpagdee, R., & Campbell, G. (2016). Perceived self-efficacy and adaptation to climate change in coastal Cambodia. Climate, 4, 1. http://doi.org/10.3390/cli4010001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Duinen, R., Filatova, T., Geurts, P., & van der Veen, A. (2015). Coping with drought risk: Empirical analysis of farmers’ drought adaptation in the south-west Netherlands. Regional Environmental Change, 15, 1081–1093. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014–0692-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Valkengoed, A. M., & Steg, L. (2019). Meta-analyses of factors motivating climate change adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 9, 158–163. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018–0371-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verplanken, B. (2006). Beyond frequency: Habit as mental construct. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 639–656. http://doi.org/10.1348/014466605X49122CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wachinger, G., Renn, O., Begg, C., & Kuhlicke, C. (2013). The risk perception paradox - Implications for governance and communication of natural hazards. Risk Analysis, 33(6), 1049–1065. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539–6924.2012.01942.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagar, B. M., & Dixon, M. J. (2005). Past experience influences object representation in working memory. Brain and Cognition, 57, 248–256. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2004.08.054CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wamsler, C., & Brink, E. (2014). Interfacing citizens’ and institutions’ practice and responsibilities for climate change adaptation. Urban Climate, 7, 64–91. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2013.10.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, E. U. (2010). What shapes perceptions of climate change? Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1, 332–342. http://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.41Google Scholar
Weber, E. U., & Stern, P. C. (2011). Public understanding of climate change in the United States. American Psychologist, 66(4), 315–328. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0023253CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinstein, N. D., Rothman, A. J., & Nicolich, M. (1998). Use of correlational data to examine the effects of risk perceptions on precautionary behavior. Psychology & Health, 13, 479–501. http://doi.org/10.1080/08870449808407305CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, S., Zuo, A., & Bjornlund, H. (2013). Farmers’ climate change beliefs and adaptation strategies for a water scarce future in Australia. Global Environmental Change, 23, 537–547. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.11.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehead, J. C., Edwards, B., Van Willigen, M., Maiolo, J. R., Wilson, K., & Smith, K. T. (2000). Heading for higher ground: Factors affecting real and hypothetical hurricane evacuation behavior. Environmental Hazards, 2, 133–142. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00013–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woods, B. A., Nielsen, H. Ø., Pedersen, A. B., & Kristofersson, D. (2017). Farmers’ perceptions of climate change and their likely responses in Danish agriculture. Land Use Policy, 65, 109–120. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.04.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolfolk, J. (2018, August). As wildfire costs reach new heights, will homeowners get socked on insurance? The Mercury News. www.mercurynews.com/2018/08/20/as-wildfire-costs-reach-new-heights-will-homeowners-get-socked-on-insurance/Google Scholar
Xian, S., Lin, N., & Hatzikyriakou, A. (2015). Storm surge damage to residential areas: A quantitative analysis for Hurricane Sandy in comparison with FEMA flood map. Natural Hazards, 79, 1867–1888. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015–1937-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, Y., Jacques-Tiura, A. J., Chen, X., Xie, N., Chen, J., Yang, N., … Kolmodin MacDonnell, K. (2014). Application of the protection motivation theory in predicting cigarette smoking among adolescents in China. Addictive Behaviors, 39(1), 181–188. http://doi.org/10.1021/nn300902w.ReleaseCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yohe, G., & Tol, R. S. J. (2002). Indicators for social and economic coping capacity – Moving toward a working definition of adaptive capacity. Global Environmental Change, 12(1), 25–40. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VFV-44PKMW2-1/2/3ee8b23c9aa2f471209673d68e60e1c6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yung, L., Phear, N., DuPont, A., Montag, J., & Murphy, D. (2015). Drought adaptation and climate change beliefs among working ranchers in Montana. Weather, Climate, and Society, 7, 281–293. http://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-14–00039.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaalberg, R., Midden, C., Meijnders, A., & McCalley, T. (2009). Prevention, adaptation, and threat denial: Flooding experiences in the Netherlands. Risk Analysis, 29(12), 1759–1778. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539–6924.2009.01316.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, W., Wang, W., Lin, J., Zhang, Y., Shang, X., Wang, X., … Ma, W. (2017). Perception, knowledge and behaviors related to typhoon: A cross sectional study among rural residents in Zhejiang, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, 492. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050492CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
- 36
- Cited by