Element contents
The Production of Entheogenic Communities in the United States
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2024
Summary
The rise of entheogenic religion – that is, religions that involve the use of psychoactive drugs – has captured the attention of scholars and journalists. These studies tend to advance the interests of practitioners who advocate for the legitimacy of entheogens and of entheogenic religion more broadly. This Element breaks with these approaches as it offers a historical and critical analysis of entheogenic communities. It examines the production of entheogenic groups in the United States and considers the historical factors that have contributed to the rise in psychedelics more broadly. It also explores legal considerations and the impact of the law as a curator of entheogenic communities. This Element recognizes that these communities – like all imagined communities – are culturally conditioned, socially constructed, and historically contingent. By exploring these contingencies, we learn more about the broader sociocultural, historical, and economic frameworks that underlie the burgeoning association of psychoactive substances and religion.
Keywords
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009429412Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 27 June 2024
Bibliography
Adams, D. W. (1995). Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875–1928. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar
Alahmari, A. F. (2022). Neuroimaging Documentation of Psychedelic Drugs’ Effect on the Brain: DMT, LSD, Psilocybin, and Ibogaine as Examples: A Mini Review. Journal of Brain and Neurological Disorders, 4(1), 1–9.Google Scholar
Aldred, L. (2000). Plastic Shamans and Astroturf Sun Dances: New Age Commercialization of Native American Spirituality. American Indian Quarterly, 24(3), 329–52.Google Scholar
Alexander, M. (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York, NY: New Press.Google Scholar
Arie, E., Rosen, B., & Namdar, D. (2020). Cannabis and Frankincense at the Judahite Shrine of Arad. Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, 47(1), 5–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnal, W. E., & McCutcheon, R. T. (2013). The Sacred Is the Profane: The Political Nature of “Religion.” New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Arregi, J. I. (2021). Plastic Shamans, Intellectual Colonialism and Intellectual Appropriation in New Age Movements. The International Journal of Ecopsychology, 2(1), article 10.Google Scholar
Badliner, A. H. (2002). Zig Zag Zen: Buddhism and Psychedelics. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.Google Scholar
Barnard, G. W. (2022). Liquid Light: Ayahuasca Spirituality and the Santo Daime Tradition. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, D. (1996). Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure. Boston, MA: Back Bay Books.Google Scholar
Beltrán Peralta, N., Aulet, N., & Vidal-Casellas, D. (2022). Wine and Monasteries: Benedictine Monasteries in Europe. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 25(6), 652–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beyer, S. V. (2009) Singing to the Plants: A Guide to Mestizo Shamanism in the Upper Amazon. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Breen, B. (2019). The Age of Intoxication: Origins of the Global Drug Trade. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Burge, R. P. (2021). The Nones: Where They Came From, Who They Are, and Where They Are Going. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal (2023). Available at: https://udvusa.org/. Accessed August 18, 2023.Google Scholar
Chidester, D. (2014). Empire of Religion Imperialism and Comparative Religion. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1, article 8, 139–67.Google Scholar
Crowley, M. (2019). Secret Drugs of Buddhism: Psychedelic Sacraments and the Origins of the Vajrayana. Santa Fe, NM: Synergetic Press.Google Scholar
Curtis, F. (2016). The Production of American Religious Freedom. New York, NY: New York University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dallas, K. (2023). The Law That Changed Religious Freedom Forever. Deseret News, Nov. 15. www.deseret.com/2023/11/15/23942010/religious-freedom-restoration-act.Google Scholar
Dawson, A. (2018). The Peyote Effect: From the Inquisition to the War on Drugs. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
De la Torre, J. (2022). Oakland’s psychedelic mushroom church makes a cautious return. The Oaklandside, June 10. Accessed online, August 28, 2023. https://oaklandside.org/2022/06/10/zide–door–psycedelic–magic–mushroom–church–oakland/.Google Scholar
Dirks, N. B. (2001). Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dobkin de Rios, M., & Grob, C. S. (2005). Interview with Jeffrey Bronfman, Representative Mestre for the Uniâo do Vegetal Church in the United States. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(2), 189–91.Google Scholar
Duvall, C. S. (2019). The African Roots of Marijuana. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Eisgruber, C. L., & Sager, L. G. (1994). Why the Religious Freedom Restoration Act is Unconstitutional. New York University Law Review, 69(3), 437–76.Google Scholar
Fernandes Antunes, H. (2023). Church of the Holy Light of the Queen v. Mukasey: The Regulation of a Santo Daime Church in the State of Oregon. In Religious Freedom and the Global Regulation of Ayahuasca, Labate, B. C. and Clavar, C. (eds.). New York, NY: Routledge, 38–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzgerald, T. (2007). Discourse on Civility and Barbarity. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fotiou, E. (2010). “From Medicine Men to Day Trippers: Shamanic Tourism in Iquitos, Peru.” Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin–Madison.Google Scholar
Garland, D., ed. (2001). Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences. London: SAGE.Google Scholar
Griffiths, R. R., Richards, W. A., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2006). Psilocybin Can Occasion Mystical-Type Experiences Having Substantial and Sustained Personal Meaning and Spiritual Significance. Psychopharmacology, 187(3), 268–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grob, C. S., McKenna, D. J., Callaway, J. C. Brito, G. S., Neves, E. S., Oberlaender, G., Saide, O. L., Labigalini, E., Tacla, C., Miranda, C. T., Strassman, R. J., & Boone, K. B. (1996). Human Psychopharmacology of Hoasca, a Plant Hallucinogen Used in Ritual Context in Brazil. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184(2), 86–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunther, M. (2020). No, Richard Nixon did not call Timothy Leary “the most dangerous man in America”: At least there’s no evidence that he did. The Psychedelic Renaissance, December 6. Accessed online, August 18, 2023. https://medium.com/the–psychedelic–renaissance/no–richard–nixon–did–not–call–timothy–leary–the–most–dangerous–man–in–america–72d04d6bb611.Google Scholar
Hamill, J., Hallak, J., Dursun, S. M., & Bakera, G. (2019). Ayahuasca: Psychological and Physiologic Effects, Pharmacology and Potential Uses in Addiction and Mental Illness. Current Neuropharmacology, 17(2), 108–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M. (1998). The Religious Freedom Restoration Act is Unconstitutional. Period. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, 1(1), 1–19.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. (2005). God vs. the Gavel: The Perils of Extreme Religious Liberty. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harrison, P. (1990). Religion and the Religions in the English Enlightenment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hartogsohn, I. (2017). Constructing Drug Effects: A History of Set and Setting. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 3 (January–December). Accessed online, August 18, 2023. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/2050324516683325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgs, J. (2006). I Have America Surrounded: A Biography of Timothy Leary. Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade Books.Google Scholar
Hobson, G. (2002). The Rise of the White Shaman: Twenty-Five Years Later. Studies in American Indian Literatures, 14(2/3), 1–11.Google Scholar
Hodges, D. (2022). Spirituality & Beyond #2. Church of Ambrosio YouTube Channel. Accessed online, August 18, 2023. www.youtube.com/watch?v=N–I8XK8h–zI&t=53s.Google Scholar
Hofmann, A. (2009). LSD, My Problem Child: Reflections on Sacred Drugs, Mysticism, and Science. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.Google Scholar
Horii, M. (2020). Problems of “Religion” in Japan: Part 1 and 2. Religion Compass 14(11), 1–10.Google Scholar
Hughes, A. W. (2012). Abrahamic Religions: On the Uses and Abuses of History. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchison, B. L. (2022). Revisiting Employment Division v. Smith. University of Cincinnati Law Review, 91(2), 396–436.Google Scholar
Jakobsen, J. R., & Pelligrini, A. (2003). Love the Sin: Sexual Regulation and the Limits of Religious Tolerance. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Jama-Everett, A. (2021). Understanding Entheogens Podcast #1, June 12. Accessed Dec. 28, 2023. https://www.critical.consulting/post/understanding-entheogens-podcast-4-ayize-jama-everett.Google Scholar
James, W. (1902). The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature. Being the Gifford Lectures on Natural Religion Delivered at Edinburgh in 1901–1902. New York, NY: Longman, Green, and Co.Google Scholar
Jay, M. (2019). Mescaline: A Global History of the First Psychedelic. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Jay, M. (2023). Psychonauts: Drugs and the Making of the Modern Mind. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Jesse Lee, Y. (2023). What to know about the booming psychedelics industry, where companies are racing to turn magic mushrooms and MDMA into approved medicines. Business Insider, March 9. Accessed online, February 23, 2024. https://www.businessinsider.com/psychedelics-industry-growth-pitch-deck-ipo-ceo-interviews.Google Scholar
Jiménez-Garrido, D. F., Gómez-Sousa, M., Ona, G., Dos Santos, R. G., Hallak, J. E. C., Alcázar-Córcoles, M. A., & Bouso, J. C. (2020). Effects of Ayahuasca on Mental Health and Quality of Life in Naïve Users: A Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Study Combination. Scientific Reports, 10, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnstad, P. G. (2023). Racial and Religious Motives for Drug Criminalization. Drug Science, Policy, and Law, 9, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joneborg, I., Lee, Y., Di Vincenzo, J. D., Ceban, F., Meshkat, S., Lui, L. M. W., Fancy, F., Rosenblat, J. D., and McIntyre, R. S. (2022). Active Mechanisms of Ketamine-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review. Journal of Affective Disorders 315(15), 105–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, D. J. (2002). “An Offering of Wine: An Introductory Exploration of the Role of Wine in the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Judaism through the Examination of the Semantics of Some Keywords.” Ph.D. diss., University of Sydney.Google Scholar
Khalifa, A. (1975). Traditional Patterns of Hashish Use in Egypt. In Rubin, V. (ed.), Cannabis and Culture. Paris: Mouton, pp. 195–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krupitsky, E. M., & Grinenko, A. Y. (1997). Ketamine Psychedelic Therapy (KPT): A Review of the Results of Ten Years of Research. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 29(2), 165–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuddus, M., Ginawi, I. A. M., & Al–Hazimi, A. (2013). Cannabis Sativa: An Ancient Wild Edible Plant of India. Emirates Journal of Food & Agriculture, 25(10), 736–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labate, B. C., & Cavnar, C. (2016). Peyote: History, Tradition, Politics, and Conservation. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC–CLIO.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labate, B. C., & Cavnar, C. (2021). Ayahuasca Healing and Science. New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Labate, B. C., Jungaberle, H., eds. (2011). The Internationalization of Ayahuasca. New York, NY: LIT Verlag.Google Scholar
Labate, B. C., MacRae, E., & Goulart, S. L. (2010). Brazilian Ayahuasca Religions in Perspective. In Labate, B. C. & MacRae, E. (eds.), Ayahuasca, Ritual and Religion in Brazil. London: Equinox, 1–20.Google Scholar
Lake, G. G. (2021). The Law of Entheogenic Churches in the United States. Volume 1. Self-published.Google Scholar
Lake, G. G. (2022). The Law of Entheogenic Churches in the United States. Volume 2. Self-published.Google Scholar
Lake, G. G. (2023). Greg Lake: The Church of Psilomethoxin Interview. Plus Three Podcast, May 9.Google Scholar
Lattin, D. (2010). The Harvard Psychedelic Club: How Timothy Leary, Ram Dass, Huston Smith, and Andrew Weil Killed the Fifties and Ushered in a New Age for America. New York, NY: HarperOne.Google Scholar
Lattin, D. (2012). Distilled Spirits Getting High, Then Sober, with a Famous Writer, a Forgotten Philosopher, and a Hopeless Drunk. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lattin, D. (2017). Changing Our Minds: Psychedelic Sacraments and the New Psychotherapy. Santa Fe, NM: Synergetic Press.Google Scholar
Lattin, D. (2023). God on Psychedelics: Tripping Across the Rubble of Old-Time Religion. Hannacroix, NY: Apocryphile Press.Google Scholar
Laycock, D. (1998). Conceptual Gulfs in City of Boerne v. Flores. William & Mary Law Review, 39(3), 743–92.Google Scholar
Laycock, D. (2018). Religious Liberty: Volume Four. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman’s Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Leary, T. (1967). Start Your Own Religion. Millbrook, NY: League for Spiritual Discovery.Google Scholar
Leary, T., Metzner, R., & Alpert, R. (1964). The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. New York, NY: University Books.Google Scholar
Lee, M. A., & Shlain, B. (2007). Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond. New York, NY: Grove Press.Google Scholar
Letcher, A. (2007). Shroom: A Cultural History of the Magic Mushroom. New York, NY: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Lewis, A. (2017). The Rights Turn in Conservative Christian Politics: How Abortion Transformed the Culture Wars. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindquist, G. E. E. (1923). The Red Man in the United States: An Intimate Study of the Social, Economic, and Religious Life of the American Indian. New York, NY: George H. Doran Company.Google Scholar
Lucia, A. J. (2020). White Utopias: The Religious Exoticism of Transformational Festivals. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lupu, I. C. (1993). Employment Division v. Smith and the Decline of Supreme Court – Centrism. BYU Law Review, 1, 259–74.Google Scholar
Lupu, I. C., & Tuttle, R. (2011). The Forms and Limits of Religious Accommodation: The Case of RLUIPA. Cardozo Law Review, 32, 1907–36.Google Scholar
Lutkajtis, A. (2021). Entity Encounters and the Therapeutic Effect of the Psychedelic Mystical Experience. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 4(3), 171–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahmood, S. (2015). Religious Difference in a Secular Age: A Minority Report. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marinacci, M. (2023). Psychedelic Cults and Outlaw Churches: LSD, Cannabis, and Spiritual Sacraments in Underground America. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press.Google Scholar
Maroukis, T. C. (2010). The Peyote Road: Religious Freedom and the Native American Church. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Martin, C. (2014). A Critical Introduction to the Study of Religion. New York, NY: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masuzawa, T. (2005). The Invention of World Religions Or, How European Universalism Was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McNally, M. (2009). Honoring Elders: Aging, Authority, and Ojibwe Religion. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metzner, R., ed. (2005). Sacred Mushroom of Visions: Teonanácatl: A Sourcebook on the Psilocybin Mushroom. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press.Google Scholar
Miller, M. J., Albarracin-Jordan, J., Moore, C., & Capriles, J. M. (2019). Chemical Evidence for the Use of Multiple Psychotropic Plants in a 1,000-Year-Old Ritual Bundle from South America. Anthropology, 116(23), 11207–12.Google Scholar
Moore, R. L. (1987). Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Muhammad, K. G. (2010). The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muraresku, B. C. (2020). The Immortality Key: The Secret History of the Religion with No Name. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Myers, G. E. (2001). William James His Life and Thought. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Nalewicki, J. (2022). Nazca child ingested psychoactive cactus just before ceremonial death in ancient Peru. Live Science, October 31. Accessed online, February 20, 2024. www.livescience.com/psychoactive–plants–peru–trophy–head.Google Scholar
Neuman, G. L. (1997). The Global Dimensions of RFRA. Constitutional Commentary, 14(1), 33–54.Google Scholar
Nongbri, B. (2012). Before Religion: A History of a Modern Concept. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Oroc, J. (2009). Tryptamine Palace: 5-Meo-DMT and the Sonoran Desert Toad. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press.Google Scholar
Osborn, J. M. (2004). RLUIPA’s Land Use Provisions: Congress’s Unconstitutional Response to City of Boerne. Environs: Environmental Law and Policy Journal, 28(1), 156–79.Google Scholar
Osmond, H. (1961). New techniques of investigation. In Proceedings of Two Conferences on Parapsychology and Pharmacology. New York, NY: Parapsychology Foundation, 76–8.Google Scholar
Osto, D. E. (2016). Altered States: Buddhism and Psychedelic Spirituality in America. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pahnke, W. N. (1963). “Drugs and Mysticism: An Analysis of the Relationship between Psychedelic Drugs and the Mystical Consciousness.” MA thesis, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Parenti, C. (1999). Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis. New York, NY: Verso.Google Scholar
Parsell, S. G. (1992). Revitalization of the Free Exercise of Religion under State Constitutions: A Response to Employment Division v. Smith. Notre Dame Law Review, 68(4), 747–74.Google Scholar
Pavlik, S. (1992). The U.S. Supreme Court Decision on Peyote in Employment Division v. Smith: A Case Study in the Suppression of Native American Religious Freedom. Wicazo Sa Review, 8(2), 30–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelps, J., Shah, R. N., & Lieberman, J. A. (2022). The Rapid Rise in Investment in Psychedelics – Cart before the Horse. JAMA Psychiatry, 79(3), 189–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollan, M. (2018a). How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us about Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence. New York, NY: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Pollan, M. (2018b). How to Change Your Mind. Talks at Google. YouTube, June 19. Accessed January 15, 2024. www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuhmZSFvhL0&t=117s.Google Scholar
Pfaff, J. (2017). Locked In The True Causes of Mass Incarceration-and How to Achieve Real Reform. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Richards, W. (2016). Sacred Knowledge: Psychedelics and Religious Experiences. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Richardson, R. D. (2006). William James: In the Maelstrom of American Modernism. Boston, MA: Mariner.Google Scholar
Richardson, J. T., & McGraw, B. (2019). Congressional Efforts to Defend and Extend Religious Freedom and the Law of Unintended Consequences. Journal for the Study of Beliefs and Worldviews 20(1 & 2), 13–29.Google Scholar
Roper, L. (2010). Martin Luther’s Body: The “Stout Doctor” and His Biographers. The American Historical Review, 115(2), 351–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenthal, F. (1971). The Herb: Hashish Versus Medieval Muslim Society. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sacco, M. A., Zibett, A., Bonetta, C. F., Scalise, C., Abenavoli, L., Guarna, F., Gratteri, S., Ricci, P., & Aquila, I. (2022). Kambo: Natural Drug or Potential Toxic Agent? A Literature Review of Acute Poisoning Cases. Toxicology Reports, 9, 905–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheidegger, M. (2021). Comparative Phenomenology and Neurobiology of Meditative and Psychedelic States of Consciousness: Implications for Psychedelic‑Assisted Therapy. In Grob, C. S. & Grigsby, J. (eds.), Handbook of Medical Hallucinogens. New York, NY: The Guilford Press, pp. 395–413.Google Scholar
Schilbrack, K. (2022). The Concept of Religion. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, accessed January 15, 2024. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2022/entries/concept-religion.Google Scholar
Schoenfeld, H. (2018). Building the Prison State Race and the Politics of Mass Incarceration. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shakman Hurd, E., & Sullivan, W. S., eds. (2021). At Home and Abroad: The Politics of American Religion. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shults, L. F. (2022). Studying Close Entity Encounters of the Psychedelic Kind: Insights from the Cognitive Evolutionary Science of Religion. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 33(4), 1–15.Google Scholar
Smith, G. A. (2021). About Three-in-Ten U.S. Adults Are Now Religiously Unaffiliated. Pew Research Center, December 14. Accessed December 13, 2023. www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/12/14/about-three-in-ten-u-s-adults-are-now-religiously-unaffiliated.Google Scholar
Smith, J. Z. (1982). Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Stoddard, B. (2023). Entheogens: Psychedelic Religion in the United States, Part Two, Religion Compass 17(10), 1–12.Google Scholar
Stoddard, B. (2024). Ayahuasca Tourism: Curating Authenticity in Transformative Times. Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, forthcoming.Google Scholar
Strassman, R. (2001). DMT: The Spirit Molecule: A Doctor’s Revolutionary Research into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press.Google Scholar
Sullivan, W. F. (2009). Prison Religion: Faith-Based Reform and the Constitution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, W. F. (2014). A Ministry of Presence: Chaplaincy, Spiritual Care, and the Law. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, W. F., Shakman Hurd, E., Mahmood, S., & Danchin, P. G., eds. (2015). Politics of Religious Freedom. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Touw, M. (1981). The Religious and Medical Use of Cannabis in China, India, and Tibet. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 13(1), 23–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Useem, B., & Piehl, A. M. (2008). Prison State: The Challenge of Mass Incarceration. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, A. M. (2001). Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000: The Land Use Provisions Are Both Unconstitutional and Unnecessary. William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 10(1), 189–215.Google Scholar
Wasson, R. G. (1957). Seeking the magic mushroom. Life Magazine, 49(19), 100–2, 109–20.Google Scholar
Wasson, R. G., Hofmann, A., & Ruck, C. A. P. (1978). The Road to Eleusis: Unveiling the Secret of the Mysteries. New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Wasson, R. G., Kramrisch, S., Ott, J., & Ruck, C. A. P. (1986). Persephone’s Quest: Entheogens and the Origins of Religion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Wenger, T. (2009). We Have a Religion: The 1920s Pueblo Indian Dance Controversy and American Religious Freedom. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, S., & Sherwood, A. (2023). Fungi Fiction: Analytical Investigation into the Church of Psilomethoxin’s Alleged Novel Compound Using UPLC-HRMS. ChemRxiv. Accessed online, August 18, 2023. https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article–details/64358de9736114c96352edf9.Google Scholar