Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T05:02:33.176Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Language Teachers' Social Cognition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 May 2024

Hao Xu
Affiliation:
Beijing Foreign Studies University

Summary

This Element aims to elucidate the theories of social cognition and to delineate their implications for the professional development of language teachers in primary and secondary schools. We first explore the concept of social cognition. The three key dimensions, that is, representation of social reality, social cognitive processing, and social mental abilities, of the social cognition theories are further elaborated with examples closely associated with language teaching and teacher development. We continue with more specific issues such as impression, attitude, emotion, and self-efficacy, which arise and develop as language teachers code, store, and retrieve information from social situations. We then discuss how social cognition influences teacher learning and development as observed and promoted within different social realities, and we end this Element with a call for a social-cognitive perspective on understanding language teachers' learning and development situated in diverse and changing contexts in and out of schools.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009377720
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 20 June 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ambady, N., Bernieri, F. J., & Richeson, J. A. (2000). Toward a histology of social behavior: Judgmental accuracy from thin slices of the behavioral stream. In Zanna, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 32) (pp. 201271). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Amodio, D. M. (2019). Social cognition 2.0: An interactive memory systems account. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 23(1), 2133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.10.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44(9), 11751184. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Stamford, CT: Worth.Google Scholar
Beauregard, M. (2004). Consciousness, emotional self-regulation and the brain. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bluemke, M., Brand, R., Schweizer, G., & Kahlert, D. (2010). Exercise might be good for me, but I don’t feel good about it: Do automatic associations predict exercise behavior? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32(2), 137153. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.2.137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canter, D., Ioannou, M., Youngs, D., & Chungh, G. (2016). Person perception aspects of judgments of truthfulness in public appeals. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 23(4), 547562. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2015.1081315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlston, D. E., & Skowronski, J. J. (2005). Linking versus thinking: Evidence for the different associative and attributional bases of spontaneous trait transference and spontaneous trait inference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 884898. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.884.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CASEL. (2003). Safe and sound: An educational leader’s guide to evidence-based social and emotional learning (SEL) programs. Chicago, IL: CASEL.Google Scholar
CASEL. (2012). Effective social and emotional learning programs: Preschool and elementary school edition. Chicago, IL: CASEL.Google Scholar
Chen, F., & Abdullah, R. (2023). Towards the contributing factors for the inconsistency between English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ equity-oriented cognition and practices. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 16311646. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S409680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coon, D., Mitterer, J. O., & Martini, T. S. (2021). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior (16th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage.Google Scholar
Cooper, J., Blackman, S., & Keller, K. (2015). The science of attitudes. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creese, A., & Blackledge, A. (2015). Translanguaging and identity in educational settings. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 35, 2035. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190514000233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dagienė, V., Jasutė, E., & Dolgopolovas, V. (2021). Professional development of in-service teachers: Use of eye tracking for language classes, case study. Sustainability, 13(22), 12504. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes’ error and the future of human life. Scientific American, 271(4), 144. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1094-144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Day, C., & Gu, Q. (2009). Teacher emotions: Well being and effectiveness. In Schutz, P. & Zembylas, M. (Eds.), Advances in teacher emotion research (pp. 1531). Boston, MA: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decety, J., & Ickes, W. (Eds.). (2011). The social neuroscience of empathy. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Demarais, A., & White, V. (2005). First impressions: What you don’t know about how others see you. New York: Bantam.Google Scholar
Donohoo, J. A. M. (2016). Collective efficacy: How educators’ beliefs impact student learning. Los Angeles, CA: Corwin.Google Scholar
Eberhardt, J. L. (2020). Biased: Uncovering the hidden prejudice that shapes what we see, think, and do. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Edge, J., & Garton, S. (2009). From experience to knowledge in ELT. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Elias, M. J., Zins, J. E., Weissberg, R. P. et al. (1997). Promoting social and emotional learning: Guidelines for educators. Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.Google Scholar
Fagan, D. S. (2015). When learner inquiries arise: Marking teacher cognition as it unfolds ‘in-the-moment’. Ilha Do Desterro, 68(1), 7590. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2015v68n1p75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, T. S. C. (2022). Reflective language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher-Watson, S., Findlay, J. M., Leekam, S. R., & Benson, V. (2008). Rapid detection of person information in a naturalistic scene. Perception, 37(4), 571583. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5705.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frith, U., & Blakemore, S. (2006). Social cognition. In Morris, R., Tarassenko, L., & Kenward, M. (Eds.), Cognitive systems – Information processing meets brain science (pp. 138162). Amsterdam: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (2008). Implicit and explicit processes in social cognition. Perspective, 60(3), 503510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.032.Google ScholarPubMed
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132(5), 692731. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giddens, A., Duneier, M., Appelbaum, R. P., & Carr, D. (2021). The introduction to sociology (12th Seagull ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Haselton, M. G., & Funder, D. C. (2006). The evolution of accuracy and bias in social judgment. In Schaller, M., Simpson, J. A., & Kenrick, D. T. (Eds.), Evolution and social psychology (pp. 1537). Madison, CT: Psychosocial Press.Google Scholar
Herpertz, S. C., & Bertsch, K. (2014). The social-cognitive basis of personality disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27(1), 7377. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinshelwood, R. D. (2023). The mystery of emotions: Seeking a theory of what we feel. Beijing: Phoenix Publishing House.Google Scholar
Hiver, P. (2017). Tracing the signature dynamics of language teacher immunity: A Retrodictive Qualitative Modeling study. The Modern Language Journal, 101(4), 669690. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochschild, A. R. (2012). The outsourced self: What happens when we pay others to live our lives for us. New York: Metropolitan Books.Google Scholar
Hristov, H., Erjavec, K., Pravst, I., Juvančič, L., & Kuhar, A. (2023). Identifying differences in consumer attitudes towards local foods in organic and national voluntary quality certification schemes. Foods, 12(6), 1132. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12061132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, C., Borgida, E., & Lavine, H. (2012). Social cognition. In Ramachandran, V. S. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behaviour (Vol. 3) (pp. 456–462). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Keltner, D., Oatley, K., & Jenkins, J. M. (2013). Understanding emotions (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Kempson, R. M. (Ed.). (1990). Mental representations: The interface between language and reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kiel, E., Heimlich, U., Markowetz, R., Braun, A., & Weiß, S. (2016). How to cope with stress in special needs education? Stress-inducing dysfunctional cognitions of teacher students: The perspective of professionalisation. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 31(2), 202219. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2015.1125693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, M. (2022). Social chemistry: Decoding the patterns of human connection. London: Dutton.Google Scholar
Kite, M. E., & Whitley, B. E. (2016). Psychology of prejudice and discrimination (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koelkebeck, K., Uwatoko, T., Tanaka, J., & Kret, M. E. (2017). How culture shapes social cognition deficits in mental disorders: A review. Social Neuroscience, 12(2), 102112. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2016.1155482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kut, E. (2012). Neurochemical aspects of emotional pain modulation: A multi perspective study. Stuttgart: Südwestdeutscher Verlag für Hochschulschriften.Google Scholar
Lench, H. C. (2018). The function of emotions: When and why emotions help us. Cham: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, W. (2024). Transformative pedagogy for inclusion and social justice through translanguaging, co-learning, and transpositioning. Language Teaching, 57(2), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444823000186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Z., & Xu, Y. (2021). Sustaining the effective use of materials in language classrooms: A conceptual understanding of teacher knowledge for materials use. Sustainability, 13(14), 8115. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13148115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luque-Reca, O., García-Martínez, I., Pulido-Martos, M., Burguera, J. L., & Augusto-Landa, J. M. (2022). Teachers’ life satisfaction: A structural equation model analyzing the role of trait emotion regulation, intrinsic job satisfaction and affect. Teaching and Teacher Education, 113, 103668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maio, G. R., Verplanken, B., & Haddock, G. (2018). The psychology of attitudes and attitude change (3rd ed.). Guildford: Sage.Google Scholar
Mansfield, C. F. (Ed.). (2021). Cultivating teacher resilience: International approaches, applications and impact. Singapore: Springer.Google Scholar
Martínez Agudo, J. D. D. (Ed.). (2018). Emotions in second language teaching: Theory, research and teacher education. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McBride, D. M., & Cutting, J. C. (2018). Cognitive psychology: Theory, process, and methodology. Guildford: Sage.Google Scholar
Moscovici, S. (2000). Social representations: Explorations in social psychology. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Moskowitz, G. B. (2005). Social cognition: Understanding self and others. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Nadler, J. T., & Voyles, E. C. (Eds.). (2020). Stereotypes: The incidence and impacts of bias. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedenthal, P. M., & Ric, F. (2017). Psychology of emotion (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poh, S. K. (2021). English language teachers’ appropriation of tools in the Singapore classrooms: A socio-cultural analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 41(4), 740753. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2021.1997706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pooley, J. A., & Cohen, L. (2010). Resilience: A definition in context. The Australian Community Psychologist, 22(1), 3037.Google Scholar
Priest, H. (2019). Biases and heuristics: The complete collection of cognitive biases and heuristics that impair decisions in banking, finance and everything else. Independently published.Google Scholar
Pu, S., & Xu, H. (2022). Resistance and agency in second language academic discourse socialisation: Undergraduate students’ experiences of an EAP course. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 58, 101122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2022.101122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, S. D. (2001). Service with a smile: Emotional contagion in the service encounter. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 10181027. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purper, C. J., Thai, Y., Frederick, T. V., & Farris, S. (2023). Exploring the challenge of teachers’ emotional labor in early childhood settings. Early Childhood Education Journal, 51, 781789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-022-01345-y.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rahimi, M., & Ong, K. K. W. (2023). Exploring expert teachers’ cognitions and practices of teaching English speaking and their students’ experiences and engagement. System, 115, 103064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.103064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randolph, P. (2016). The psychology of conflict: Mediating in a diverse world. London: Bloomsbury Continuum.Google Scholar
Reeves, J. R. (2006). Secondary teacher attitudes toward including English-Language Learners in mainstream classrooms. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(3), 131143. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.3.131-143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sampson, R. (2016). EFL teacher motivation in-situ: Co-adaptive processes, openness and relational motivation over interacting timescales. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 6(2), 293318. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2016.6.2.6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarab, M. R. A., & Mardian, F. (2023). Reflective practice in second language teacher education: A scoping review. Journal of Education for Teaching, 49(5), 768–784. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2022.2152316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarzenthal, M., Daumiller, M., & Civitillo, S. (2023). Investigating the sources of teacher intercultural self-efficacy: A three-level study using TALIS 2018. Teaching and Teacher Education, 126, 104070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sercu, L., Bandura, E., Castro, P. et ale. (2005). Foreign language teachers and intercultural competence: An international investigation. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shan, Z., & Xu, H. (2022). Exploring multilingual awareness development in learners of multiple foreign languages: A social cognitive perspective. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. (online first) https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2022.2092119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shan, Z., & Xu, H. (2023). Teacher beliefs about teaching French as a foreign language in a Chinese university: A multilingual perspective. Porta Linguarum, (VIII), 169182. https://doi.org/10.30827/portalin.viVIII.29247.Google Scholar
Smith, E. R., & DeCoster, J. (2000). Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(2), 108131. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0402_01.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, C., Wei, L., & Young, R. F. (2022). Measuring teacher cognition: Comparing Chinese EFL teachers’ implicit and explicit attitudes toward English language teaching methods. Language Teaching Research, 26(3), 382410. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820903010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutherland, C. A. M., Young, A. W., & Rhodes, G. (2017). Facial first impressions from another angle: How social judgements are influenced by changeable and invariant facial properties. British Journal of Psychology, 108(2), 397415. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tao, J., & Gao, X. (2021). Language teacher agency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urzúa, A., & Asención‐Delaney, Y. (2023). Examining novice language teachers’ reflections in an online community of practice. Foreign Language Annals, 56(1), 5374. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Rheenen, T. E., Meyer, D., & Rossell, S. L. (2014). Pathways between neurocognition, social cognition and emotion regulation in bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 130(5), 397405. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vidergor, H. E. (2023). The effect of teachers’ self-innovativeness on accountability, distance learning self-efficacy, and teaching practices. Computers and Education, 199, 104777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, H., & Hall, N. C. (2021). Exploring relations between teacher emotions, coping strategies, and intentions to quit: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of School Psychology, 86, 6477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2021.03.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, J., Lan, J. Y., Khairutdinova, R. R., & Gromova, C. R. (2022). Teachers’ attitudes to cultural diversity: Results from a qualitative study in Russia and Taiwan. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 976659. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.976659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wharton, A. S. (2009). The sociology of emotional labor. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 147165. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyatt, M. (2016). “Are they becoming more reflective and/or efficacious?” A conceptual model mapping how teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs might grow. Educational Review, 68(1), 114137. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2015.1058754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, H. (2013). From the imagined to the practiced: A case study on novice EFL teachers’ professional identity change in China. Teaching and Teacher Education, 31, 7986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2013.01.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, H. (2015). Developing novice EFL teachers’ pedagogical knowledge through lesson study activities. In Farrell, T. S. C. (Ed.), International perspectives on language teacher education: Innovations from the field (pp. 181192). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Xu, H. (2019). Putonghua as “admission ticket” to linguistic market in minority regions in China. Language Policy, 18(1), 1737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-018-9462-x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, H. (2022). Open access publishing and university researchers’ agency towards reshaping the publishing habitus. Education as Change, 26, 11390. https://doi.org/10.25159/1947-9417/11390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yin, M. (2010). Understanding classroom language assessment through teacher thinking research. Language Assessment Quarterly, 7(2), 175194. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434300903447736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, R., Lee, I., Xu, H., & Zhang, H. (2023). The alchemy of teacher mindfulness: Voices from veteran language teachers in China. Professional Development in Education, 49(2), 323339. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2020.1814383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, H. (2015). Teacher beliefs as a complex system: English language teachers in China. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Language Teachers' Social Cognition
  • Hao Xu, Beijing Foreign Studies University
  • Online ISBN: 9781009377720
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Language Teachers' Social Cognition
  • Hao Xu, Beijing Foreign Studies University
  • Online ISBN: 9781009377720
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Language Teachers' Social Cognition
  • Hao Xu, Beijing Foreign Studies University
  • Online ISBN: 9781009377720
Available formats
×