Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T15:34:54.031Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Islam and Science

Islam and Environmental Ethics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 April 2024

Muhammad Yaseen Gada
Muhammad Yaseen Gada
Affiliation:
Central University of Kashmir

Summary

This Element explores environmental ethics in Islam. Its core argument is that Islamic culture and civilization are rich in environmental concerns; Islam has unique considerations and directions about what sort of human-nature relationship there should be. Muslim environmental commentators have explored basic environmental or eco-ethical principles that are deeply embedded in the Qur'an and Sunnah. Protecting and conserving the environment are not only moral duties but also an obligation in Islam. The Islamic environmental ethical system offers both conceptual paradigms and operational components to realize environmental justice and sustainable development.
Get access

Keywords

IslamenvironmentethicsTawhidnature
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Islam and Science
Online ISBN: 9781009308236
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 09 May 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abed, G. T & Davoodi, H. R. (2003). Challenges of Growth and Globalization in the Middle East and North Africa. International Monetary Fund. https://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/med/2003/eng/abed.htm.Google Scholar
Abrahamov, B. (2015). Ibn al-’Arabī’s Fuṣūṣ al-Ḥikam: An Annotated Translation of “The Bezels of Wisdom.” New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Acea. (2022). World Motor Vehicle Production. www.acea.auto/figure/world-motor-vehicle-production/.Google Scholar
Agwan, A. R. (2000). Environment. In Singh, N. K. & Agwan, A. R., eds., Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān, Vol. 1. Delhi: Global Vision Publishing House.Google Scholar
Ahmad, A. (1997). Islam and the Environmental Crisis. London: Ta-ha.Google Scholar
Ahmad, A. (2009). Global Ethics, Environmentally Applied: An Islamic View. In Ip, King-tak, ed., Environmental Ethics: Intercultural. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 93–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmad, I. (2001). Musnad Ahmad, ed., Shuaib al-Arnauti, 50 Vols. Beirut: Mu’asasah al-Risālah, Vol. 20.Google Scholar
AhramOnline. (2022). Dar El-Ifta International Conference Launches Fatwa Charter to Confront Climate Change. https://english.ahram.org.eg.Google Scholar
Al- ‘Arabī, A. A. (1998). Al-‘Awāṣim min al-Qawāṣim fi Taḥqīq Mawāqif al-Ṣahābah Ba‘da Wafāt al-Nabī. Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance.Google Scholar
Al-Attas, S. M. N. (1985). Islam, Secularism and the Philosophy of the Future. London: Mansell.Google Scholar
Al-Bar, I. A. (1992). Al-Istī‘āb fī Ma‘rifat al-Aṣḥāb, 3 Vols. Beirut: Dar al-Jīl, Vol. 2.Google Scholar
Al-Bukhārī, I. (1997). Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, translated by Muhammad Muhsin Khan, 9 Vols. Riyadh: Darussalam.Google Scholar
Al-Hassani, S. T. S., Woodcock, E. & Saoud, R. eds. (2007). 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World. Great Britain: Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation.Google Scholar
Al-Jurjānī, A. (1983). Kitāb al-Ta‘rifāt. Beirut: Dār Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah, pp. 24, 51.Google Scholar
Al-Maqrīzī, . (1971). “Imtā‘ al-Asmā” [The Enjoyment of Listening]. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah.Google Scholar
Al-Maydani, A. R. (1998). Kitāb al-Ḥadarāt al-Islāmiyyah Assasahā wa Wasā’iluhā wa Ṣuwaru min Tatbiqāt al-Muslimīn Lahā wa Lamhāt min Ta’thīrihā fi Sā’ir al-Umam. Dimashq: Dār al-Qalam.Google Scholar
Al-Nasāʾī, I. (2007). Sunan Al-Nasāʾī, translated by Nasiruddin al-Khattab, 6 Vols. Riyadh: Darussalam.Google Scholar
Al Rawi, M. (2002). Contribution of Ibn Sina to the Development of Earth Sciences. https://muslimheritage.com/ibn-sina-development-earth-sciences/.Google Scholar
Al-Ṭabarī, J. (1967). Tārīkh al-Tabarī, Beirut: Dār al-Turāth.Google Scholar
Al-Tirmidhī, I. (2007). Jāmi‘Al-Tirmidhī, translated by Abu Khaliyl, 6 Vols. Riyadh: Darussalam.Google Scholar
Al-Zuḥaylī, M. M. (2006). Al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhiyyah wa Taṭbīqātuhā fī al-Madhāhib al-Arbaʿah. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr.Google Scholar
Amirpur, K. (2021). And We Shall Save the Earth: Muslim Environmental Stewards. In Ehlers, E. & Amirpur, K., eds., Middle East and North Africa: Climate, Culture, and Conflicts. Leiden: Brill, pp. 39–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ammar, N. & Gray, A. (2017). Islamic Environmental Teachings Compatible with Ecofeminism? In Hart, J., ed., The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Religion and Ecology. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, pp. 301–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ammar, N. (2001). Islam and Deep Ecology. In Barnhill, D. & Gottlieb, R., eds., Deep Ecology and World Religions. Albany: State of New York Press, pp. 193–211.Google Scholar
Ammar, N. (2004). An Islamic Response to the Manifest Ecological Crisis: Issues of Justice. In Gottlieb, R. S., ed., This Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature, Environment, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, pp. 256–268.Google Scholar
Ammar, N. (2005). Islam and Eco-Justice. In Taylor, B. R., ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. London: Thoemmes Continuum, pp. 862–866.Google Scholar
Angluelov, N. (2016). Fast Fashion and Its Negative Impact on Environment and Society. London: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Atil, E. (1981). Kalila wa Dimna: Fables from a Fourteenth-Century Arabic Manuscript. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
ʻAṭṭār, F. (1971). Conference of the Birds (Mantiq ut-tair): A Philosophical Religious Poem in Prose. Colorado: Shambhala.Google Scholar
Attfield, R. (1999). The Ethics of the Global Environment. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Attfield, R. (2001). Christainity. In Jameison, D., ed., A Companion to Environmental Philosophy. Massachusetts: Blackwell, pp. 96–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attfield, R. (2003). Can Environmental Ethics Make a Difference? In Attfield, R., ed., Environmental Ethics: An Overview for the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 75–84.Google Scholar
Attfield, R. (2016). The Ethics of the Environment. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Attfield, R. (2017). Wonder, Value and God. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Attfield, R. (2018). Environmental Ethics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, J. E. & Bruch, C. E., eds. (2000). The Environmental Consequences of War: Legal, Economic, and Scientific Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azad, A. K. (1971). Tarjumān al-Qur’ān. Delhi: Sahitya Academy.Google Scholar
Bagader, A. A., Al-Sabbagh, A. T. E., Al-Glenid, M. A., Izzidien, M. Y. S. & Llewellyn, O. A. (1994). Environmental Protection in Islam, IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper, 20, 2nd revised ed., Switzerland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Bagir, Z. A. & Martiam, N. (2017). Islam: Norms and Practices. In Jenkins, W., Tucker, M. E. & Grim, J., eds., Routledge Handbook of Religion and Ecology. New York: Routledge, pp. 79–87.Google Scholar
Baker, I. (1998). The Flight of Time, Ecology and Islam. In Haleem, H. A., ed., Islam and the Environment. London: Ta-Ha, pp. 75–89.Google Scholar
Bassett, L., Brinkman, J. T. & Pedersen, K. P., eds. (2000). Earth and Faith: A Book of Reflection for Action. New York: Interfaith Partnership for the Environment/United Nations Environment Programme.Google Scholar
Bookchin, M. (1982). The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy. California: Cheshire Books.Google Scholar
Bratton, S. P. (2021). Religion and the Environment: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Brennan, A. & Yeuk-Sze, L. (2002). Environmental Ethics. In Zalta, E. N., ed., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University: Mmetaphysics Research Lab. http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2002/entries/ethics-environmental.Google Scholar
Brimblecombe, P. & Nicholas, F. M. (1993). Case Study: The History and Ethics of Clean Air. In Berry, R. J., ed., Environmental Dilemmas: Ethics and decisions. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 72–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, D. A. (2001). The Ethical Dimensions of Global Environmental Issues. Dædalus: Journal of The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 130(4), 59–76.Google Scholar
Brown, L. R. (2000). How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century – Earth Policy Institute [EPI]. www.earth-policy.org.Google Scholar
Burckhardt, T. (2009). Art of Islam: Language and Meaning. Foreword by Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Indiana: World Wisdom.Google Scholar
Callicott, J. B. (2017). Philosophy. In Jenkins, W., Tucker, M. E. & Grim, J., eds., Routledge Handbook of Religion and Ecology. New York: Routledge, pp. 364–374.Google Scholar
Campanini, M. (2015). Science and Epistemology in Medieval Islam. Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective, 4(12), 20–28.Google Scholar
Carson, R. (1963). Silent Spring. London: Hamish Hamilton.Google Scholar
Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES). (2023). Global Emissions. https://c2es.org/content/international-emissions/.Google Scholar
Chant, C. and Goodman, D., eds. (1999). Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chasek, P. S. & Downie, D. L. (2018). Global Environmental Politics. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chishti, S. K. K. (2003). Fitra: An Islamic Model for Humans and the Environment. In Foltz, R. C., Denny, F. M. & Baharuddin, A., eds., Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 67–82.Google Scholar
Chittick, W. (1986). God Surrounds All Things: An Islamic Perspective on the Environment. The World & I, 1(6), 671–678.Google Scholar
Clarke, L. (2003). The Universe Alive: Nature in the Masnavi of Jalal al-Din Rumi. In Foltz, R. C., Denny, F. M. & Baharuddin, A., eds., Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 39–66.Google Scholar
Cleveland Museum of Natural History. (2020). How Do Natural Disasters Affect Biodiversity? https://cmnh.org/science-news/blog/january-2020/how-do-natural-disasters-affect-biodiversity.Google Scholar
Conca, K. & Dabelko, G. D. (2019). Green Planet Blues: Critical Perspectives on Global Environmental Politics. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D’Eaubonne, F. (2022). Feminism or Death: How the Women’s Movement Can Save the Planet, trans. Ruth Hottell. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Dalton, A. M. & Simmons, H. C. (2010). Ecotheology and the Practice of Hope. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Dāwūd, A. (2008). Sunan Abū Dāwūd, translated by Yaser Qadi, 5 Vols. Riyadh: Darussalam.Google Scholar
Deen, M. Y. I. (2004). Islamic Environmental Ethics, Law, and Society. In Gottlieb, R. S., ed., This Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature, Environment, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, pp. 142–149.Google Scholar
DeGregori, T. R. (2002). The Environment, Our Natural Resources, and Modern Technology. Ames: Lowa State University Press.Google Scholar
DeLong-Bas, N. (2018). Islam, Nature, and the Environment. Oxford Bibliographies. www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desjardins, J. R. (2013). Environmental Ethics: An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy. Boston: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Díaz, M. D. (2021). Ṣūfism. In Upal, M. A. & Cusack, C. M., eds., Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Leiden: Brill, pp. 517–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickson, B. (2000). The Ethicist Conception of Environmental Problems. Environmental Values, 9, 127–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dien, M. Y. I. (2000). The Environmental Dimensions of Islam. Cambridge: Lutterworth Press.Google Scholar
Droz, L. (2022). The Concept of Milieu in Environmental Ethics: Individual Responsibility within an Interconnected World. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dutton, Y. (1998). Islam and the Environment: A Framework for Enquiry. In Haleem, H. A., ed., Islam and the Environment. London: Ta-Ha, pp. 56–74.Google Scholar
Edis, T. (2008). Modern Science and Conservative Islam: An Uneasy Relationship. Science and Education, 18 (6–7), 985–903.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, P. (1968). The Population Bomb. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar
El-Bizri, N. ed. (2008). Epistles of the Brethren of Purity: The Ikhwan al-Safa’ and their Rasa’il. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Elwazani, S. A. (1995). Sacral Qualities of Form in Mosque Architecture. American Journal of Islam and Society, 12(4), 478–495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everard, M. (2013). The Hydropolitics of Dams: Engineering or Ecosystems? London: Zed Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foltz, R. C. (2003). Islamic Environmentalism: A Matter of Interpretation. In Foltz, R. C., Denny, F. M. & Baharuddin, A., eds., Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 249–275.Google Scholar
Foltz, R., ed. (2005a). Environmentalism in the Muslim World. New York: Nova Science, pp. vii–xiii.Google Scholar
Foltz, R. (2005b). Islam. In Taylor, B. R., ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. London: Thoemmes Continuum, pp.858–862.Google Scholar
Foltz, R. (2006c). “This She-Camel of God is a Sign to You”: Dimensions of Animals in Islamic Tradition and Muslim Culture. In Waldau, P. & Patton, K., eds., A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 149–160.Google Scholar
Foltz, R. (2013). Ecology in Islam. In Runehov, A. L. C. & Oviedo, L., eds., Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 670–678.Google Scholar
Foltz, R. C. (2006a). Islam. In Gottlieb, R. S., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 207–219.Google Scholar
Foltz, R. C. (2006b). Animals in Islamic Tradition and Muslim Cultures. Oxford: Oneworld.Google Scholar
Gade, A. M. (2019). Muslim Environmentalism: Religious and Social Foundations. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gari, L. (2002). Arabic Treatises on Environmental Pollution up to the End of the Thirteenth Century. Environment and History, 8 (4), 475–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gari, L. (2006). A History of the Hima Conservation System. Environment and History, 12(2), 213–228. https://muslimheritage.com/ecology-muslim-heritage-history-hima-conservsyst/#ftnref23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gershon, L. (2019). Rachel Carson’s Critics Called Her a Witch. JSTOR Daily. https://daily.jstor.org/rachel-carsons-critics-called-her-a-witch/.Google Scholar
Gillette, P. R. (2005). How Science Can Help Religion Benefit Society. Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science, 40(2), 299–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glasbergen, P. & Blower, A. (1995). Environmental Policy in an International Context: Perspectives on Environmental Problems. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.Google Scholar
Goodman, L. E. (1972). Ibn Tufayl’s Hayy ibn Yaqzān: A Philosophical Tale, translated with introduction and notes by L. E. Goodman. New York: Twayne.Google Scholar
Graham, W. A. (2014). The Qur’ān as a Discourse of Signs. In Korangy, A. & Scheffield, D. J., eds., No Tapping around Philology: A Festschrift in Honor of Wheeler McIntosh Thackston Jr.’s 70th Birthday. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 263–275.Google Scholar
Graham, W. A. (2016). Islamic and Comparative Religious Studies: Selected Writings. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Guessoum, N. (2011). Islam’s Quantum Question: Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science. London: I. B. Tauris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guha-Sapir, D, Hargitt, D. & Hoyois, P. (2004). Thirty Years of Natural Disasters 1974–2003: The Numbers. Belgium: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED).Google Scholar
Haddad, M. (2021a). Water Supply, Sanitation, Hygienic Considerations and Practices in Muslim Civilizations. https://muslimheritage.com/water-supply-sanitation/.Google Scholar
Haddad, M. (2021b). Pro-Environmental Practices in Muslim Civilization. https://muslimheritage.com/pro-environmental/.Google Scholar
Haider, S. G. (1984). Habitat and Values in Islam: A Conceptual Formulation of an Islamic City. In Sardar, Z., ed., The Touch of Midas: Science, Values and the Environment in Islam and the West. Manchester: University of Manchester Press, pp. 170–208.Google Scholar
Hamed, S. A. (1993). Seeing the Environment through Islamic Eyes: Application of Shariah to Natural Resources Planning and Management. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 6(2), 145–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamed, S. A. (2003). Capacity Building for Sustainable Development: The Dilemma of Islamization of Environmental Institutions. In Foltz, R. C., Denny, F. M. & Baharuddin, A., eds., Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 403–421.Google Scholar
Hancock, R. (2018). Islamic Environmentalism: Activism in the United States and Great Britain. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Haq, S. N. (2001a). Islam. In Jamieson, D., ed., A Companion to Environmental Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 111–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haq, S. N. (2001b). Islam and Ecology: Toward Retrieval and Reconstruction. Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 130(4), 141–177.Google Scholar
Haq, S. N. (2003). Islam and Ecology: Towards Retrieval and Reconstruction. In Foltz, R. C., Denny, F. M. & Baharuddin, A., eds., Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 121–154.Google Scholar
Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, 162(3859), 1243–1248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ḥazm, I. (1994). The Ring of the Dove: A Treatise on the Art and Practice of Arab Love. Tr. A. J. Arberry. London: Luzac Oriental.Google Scholar
Hemmati, M. (2003). Gender-Specific Patterns of Poverty and (Over-)Consumption in Developing and Developed Countries. In Jochem, E., Sathaye, J. & Bouille, D., eds., Society, Behaviour, and Climate Change Mitigation, Vol. 8. New York: Kluwer Academic, pp. 169–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hens, L. & Susanne, C. (1998). Environmental Ethics. Global Bioethics, 2(1–4), 97–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiller, A. (2017). Consequentialism in Environmental Ethics. In Gardiner, S. M. & Thompson, A., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Environmental Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 199–210.Google Scholar
Hobson, I. (1998). Guiding Principles for a Solution to Environmental Problems. In Haleem, H. A., ed., Islam and the Environment. London: Ta-Ha, pp. 33–42.Google Scholar
Hopkins, N. S., Mehanna, S. R. & El-Haggar, S. (2001). People and Pollution: Cultural Construction and Social Action in Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idllalène, S. (2021). Rediscovery and Revival in Islamic Environmental Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Islamic Climate Change Symposium (IICCS). (2015). Islamic Declaration on Global Climate Change. http://islamicclimatedeclaration.org/islamic-declaration-on-global-clim.Google Scholar
Irawan, B., Nasution, I. F. A. & Coleman, H. (2021). Applying Ibn ‘Arabī’s Concept of Tajallī: A Sufi Approach to Environmental Ethics. Teosofia: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism, 10(1), 21–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Islam, M. S. (2012). Old Philosophy, New Movement: The Rise of the Islamic Ecological Paradigm in the Discourse of Environmentalism. Nature and Culture, 7 (1), 72–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamieson, D. (2008). Ethics and the Environment: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 93–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jamil, S. (2022). Halal Wastewater Recycling: Environmental Solution or Religious Complication? In Köhrsen, J., Blanc, J. & Huber, F., eds., Religious Environmental Activism Emerging Conflicts and Tensions in Earth Stewardship. London: Routledge, pp. 93–11.Google Scholar
Jenkins, W. (2005). Islamic Law and Environmental Ethics: How Jurisprudence (“Usul Al-Fiqh”) Mobilizes Practical Reform. Worldviews, 9(3), 338–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson-Davies, D. (tr.). (1994). The Island of Animals. London: Quartet Books.Google Scholar
Johnston, D. L. (2012). Intra-Muslim Debates on Ecology: Is Shari’a Still Relevant? Worldviews, 16(3), 218–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Just, R. E. & Netanyahu, S., eds. (1998). Conflict and Cooperation on Trans-Boundary Water Resources. New York: Springer Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaltner, J. (2011). Introducing the Qur’an for Today’s Reader. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.Google Scholar
Kamali, M. H. (2012). Environmental Care in Islamic Teaching. Islam and Civilizational Renewal, 3(2), 261–283.Google Scholar
Kamali, M. H. (2016). Islam and the Environment: An Examination of the Source Evidence. In Kamali, M. H., Bakar, O., Batchelor, D. A. & Hashim, R., eds., Islamic Perspectives on Science and Technology (Selected Conference Papers). Singapore: Springer, pp. 171–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kameri-Mbote, P. (2007). Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the Nile River Basin. Navigating Peace (isuue no. 04 (January)). Washington: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.Google Scholar
Kanagaraj, P. & Thanikodi, A. (2009). Military Technologies and Environmental Rights: A Study of Deleterious Consequences and Remedial Measures. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 70(2), 351–362.Google Scholar
Kathīr, I. (1999). Tafsīr Qur’ān al-‘Aẓīm. Riyāḍ: Dār Tayyibah li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzī‘.Google Scholar
Kawall, J. (2017). A History of Environmental Ethics. In Gardiner, S. M. & Thompson, A., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Environmental Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 13–26.Google Scholar
Kevin, C. E. (2017). The Ethics of Environmental Pollution. In Gardiner, S. M. & Thompson, A., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Environmental Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 369–379.Google Scholar
Khadduri, M. (2012). Maṣlaḥa. Bearman, In P., Bianquis, T., Bosworth, C. E., Donzel, E. V. & Heinrichs, W. P., eds., Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, p. 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5019.Google Scholar
Khaldun, I. (2005). The Muqaddimah, trans. Franz Rosenthal. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Khalid, F. (1992). The Disconnected People. In Khalid, F. and O’Brien, eds., Islam and Ecology. London: Cassell, pp. 99–111.Google Scholar
Khalid, F. (1998). Islam, Ecology and the World Order. In Haleem, H. A., ed., Islam and the Environment. London: Ta-Ha, pp. 16–31.Google Scholar
Khalid, F. (2002). Islam and the Environment. In Timmerman, P., ed., Social and Economic Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. Chichester: Wiley, Vol. 5, pp. 332–339.Google Scholar
Khalid, F. (2003). Islam, Ecology and Modernity: An Islamic Critique of the Root Causes of Environmental Degradation. In Foltz, R. C., Denny, F. M. & Baharuddin, A., eds., Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 229–321.Google Scholar
Khalid, F. (2005). Islamic Basis for Environmental Protection. In Taylor, B. R., ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. London: Thoemmes Continuum, pp. 879–883.Google Scholar
Khalid, F. (2017). Exploring Environmental Ethics in Islam: Insights from the Qur’an and the Practice of Prophet Muhammad. In Hart, J., ed., The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Religion and Ecology. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, pp. 130–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khalid, F. (2019). Signs on the Earth: Islam, Modernity and the Climate Crisis. Markfield: Kube.Google Scholar
Koehrsen, J. (2021). Muslims and Climate Change: How Islam, Muslim Organizations, and Religious Leaders Influence Climate Change Perceptions and Mitigation Activities. WIREs Climate Change, 12(3), 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreame, D. K. (2012). The Past, Present, and Future of Water Conflict and International Security. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 149, 88–96.Google Scholar
Kula, E. (2001). Islam and Environmental Conservation. Environmental Conservation, 28(1), 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, O. (2021). 10 Deforestation Facts You Should Know about. Earth.org. https://earth.org/deforestation-facts/.Google Scholar
Leopold, A. (1949). A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lings, M. (1975). What Is Sufism? California: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, O. A. (2003). The Basis for a Discipline of Islamic Environmental Law. In Foltz, R. C., Denny, F. M. & Baharuddin, A., eds., Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 185–247.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, U. R. (1985). Islamic Jurisprudence and Environmental Planning. Journal of Research in Islamic Economics, 2(1), 27–46.Google Scholar
London, J. & White, G. F. (2019). The Environmental Effects of Nuclear War: An Overview. In London, J. & White, G. F., eds., The Environmental Effects of Nuclear War. New York: Routledge, pp. 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubis, A. (1998). Environmental Ethics in Islam. Cross Boundaries. http://mandailing.org/Eng/envethics.html.Google Scholar
Lundberg, E. (2019). Facing Our Global Environmental Challenges Requires Efficient International Cooperation. UN Environmental Programme. www.unep.org/news-and-stories/editorial/facing-our-global-environmental-challenges-requires-efficient.Google Scholar
Mājah, I. (2007). Sunan Ibn Mājah, translated by Abu Khaliyl, 5 Vols. Riyadh: Darussalam.Google Scholar
Mālik, I. (2014). Muwaṭṭa’, translated by Aisha Bewley. Norwich: Diwan Press.Google Scholar
Manzoor, S. P. (1984). Environment and Values: The Islamic Perspective. In Sardar, Z., ed., The Touch of Midas: Science, Values and the Environment in Islam and the West. Manchester: University of Manchester Press, pp. 150–169.Google Scholar
Mary, E. T. (2006). Religion and Ecology: Survey of the Field. In Gottlieb, R. S., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 399–418.Google Scholar
Masri, A. B. A. (2007). Animal Welfare in Islam. Markfield: Islamic Foundation.Google Scholar
Matin, I. A. (2010). Green Deen: What Islam Teaches about Protecting the Planet. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.Google Scholar
Mattson, I., Hofmann, M. W., Arneth, M. & Mieth, D. (2011). Islam, Christianity & the Environment. Jordan: The Royal Aal Al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought.Google Scholar
Maududi, A. A. (2013). Towards Understanding the Qur’an [English Version of Tafhīm al-Qur’ān]. Trans. and ed., Zafar Isḥāq Anṣārī. MMI: New Delhi.Google Scholar
McKibben, B. (1999). Indifferent to a Planet in Pain. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/1999/09/04/opinion/indifferent-to-a-planet-in-pain.html.Google Scholar
Michell, G, ed. (2011). Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Mies, M. (2017). Deceiving the Third World: The Myth of Catching-Up Development. In Pojman, L. P., Pojman, P. & McShane, K., eds., Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application, 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning, pp. 341–349.Google Scholar
Ministry of Awqaf. (2005). Al-Mawsū‘ah al-Fiqhiyyah [Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence], Vol. 32. Kuwait: Ministry of Awqaf.Google Scholar
Ministry of Qatar Foundation. (2023). Quranic Botanic Garden. https://qbg.org.qa/.Google Scholar
Mohamed, N. (2014). Capturing Green Curriculum Spaces in the Maktab: Implications for Environmental Teaching and Learning. In Chapma, J. D., McNamara, S., Reiss, M. J. & Waghid, Y., eds., International Handbook of Learning, Teaching and Leading in Faith-Based Schools. New York: Springer, pp. 335–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohamed, N. (2017). Revitalizing Islamic Ecological Ethics through Education. In Peters, M. A., eds., Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory. Singapore: Springer, pp. 2038–2043.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohamed, Y. (1995).The Interpretations of Fiṭrah. Islamic Studies, 34(2), 129–151.Google Scholar
Moosa, E. (2020). Qur’anic Ethics. In Shah, M. & Haleem, M. A., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Qur’anic Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 464–472.Google Scholar
Mortada, H. (2003). Traditional Islamic Principles of Built Environment. London: RoutledgeCurzon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muslim, I. (2007). Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, translated by Nasiruddin al-Khattab, 7 Vols. Riyadh: Darussalam, p. 112.Google Scholar
Naess, A. (1973). The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement. Inquiry, 16(1–4), 95–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naess, A. (1987). Self-Realization: An Ecological Approach to Being in the World. The Trumpeter, 4(3), 35–41.Google Scholar
Naseef, A. O. (1986). The Muslim Declaration on Nature. A: The Assisi Declarations: Messages on Humanity and Nature from Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam & Judaism. Basilica di S. Francesco Assisi, Italy, pp. 10–13.Google Scholar
Naseef, A. O. (1998). The Muslim Declaration on Nature. In Haleem, H. A., ed., Islam and the Environment. London: Ta-Ha, pp. 12–15.Google Scholar
Nash, R. F. (1989). The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Nasr, S. H. (1964 [1978]). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines: Conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for Its Study by the Ikhwān al- Ṣafā’, al-Birūnī, and Ibn Sīnā, rev. ed. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Nasr, S. H. (1975[2001]). Islam and the Plight of Modern Man, rev. ed. Chicago: ABC International Group.Google Scholar
Nasr, S. H. (1990). Islam and Environmental Crisis. MAAS Journal Islamic Science, 6(2), 31–51.Google Scholar
Nasr, S. H. (1992). Islam and the Environmental Crisis. In Rockefeller, S. C., ed., Spirit and Nature: Why the Environment Is a Religious Issue. Boston: Beacon Press, pp. 84–108.Google Scholar
Nasr, S. H. (1996). Religion and the Order of Nature. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nasr, S. H. (1998). Sacred Science and the Environmental Crisis: An Islamic Perspective. In Haleem, H. A., ed., Islam and the Environment. London: Ta-Ha, pp. 118–148.Google Scholar
Nasr, S. H. (2003). Islam, the Contemporary Islamic World and the Environmental Crisis. In Foltz, R. C., , Denny, F. M. & Baharuddin, A., eds., Islam and Ecology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 85–106.Google Scholar
Nasr, S. H. (2005). The Need for a Sacred Science. Richmond: Curzon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nasr, S. H. (2020). The Environmental Crisis in the Islamic World – Pertinence of the Teachings of Traditional Islam. In Abbas, M., Iqbal, Z. & Sadr, S. K., eds., Handbook of Ethics of Islamic Economics and Finance. Berlin: De Gruyter, pp. 156–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nasr, S. H. (1990 [1968]). Man and Nature: The Spiritual Crisis of Modern Man. London: Unwin Paperbacks.Google Scholar
Nawaz, R. (2019). Water innovations in the Muslim world: past glories and future outlook. Manchester: The Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation. https://muslimheritage.com/water-innovations-in-the-muslim-world-past-glories-and-future-outlook/.Google Scholar
Nelson, S. A. (2018). Natural Hazards and Natural Disasters. www2.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/introduction.htm.Google Scholar
Nizamoglu, C. (2007). Cats in Islamic Culture. https://muslimheritage.com/cats-islamic-culture/#ftnref108.Google Scholar
Norton, B. G. (1984). Environmental Ethics and Weak Anthropocentrism. Environmental Ethics, 6(2), 131–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obiedat, A. Z. (2022). Modernity and the Ideals of Arab-Islamic and Western-Scientific Philosophy: The Worldviews of Mario Bunge and Taha Abd al-Rahman. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivier, J. G. J. & Peters, J. A. H. W. (2020). Trends in Global CO2 and Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 2020 Report. The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.Google Scholar
Ouis, S. P. (1998). Islamic Ecotheology Based on the Qur’ān. Islamic Studies, 37(2), 151–181.Google Scholar
Ouis, S. P. (2003). Global Environmental Relations: An Islamic Perspective. The Muslim Lawyer, 4(1), 1–7. www.aml.org.uk/journal/4.1/SPO%20%20Global%20Environment%20Relations.pdf.Google Scholar
Özdemir, I. (2003). Toward an Understanding of Environmental Ethics from a Qur’anic Perspective. In Foltz, R. C., Denny, F. M. & Baharuddin, A., eds., Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 3–37.Google Scholar
Özdemir, I. (2008). The Ethical Dimension of Human Attitude towards Nature – A Muslim Perspective. Ankara: Insan.Google Scholar
Palmer, C. (2012). An Overview of Environmental Ethics. In Pojman, L. P. & Pojman, P., eds., Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application. Boston: Clark Baxter, pp. 10–35.Google Scholar
Parvaiz, M. A. (2005). Islam on Man and Nature. In Taylor, B. R., ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. London: Thoemmes Continuum, pp. 875–879.Google Scholar
Pew Research Centre [PEW]. (2011). The Future Global Muslim Population: Projections for 2010–2030. www.pewporm.org.Google Scholar
Pew Research Centre [PEW]. (2019). The Countries with the 10 Largest Christian Populations and the 10 Largest Muslim Populations. www.pewporm.org.Google Scholar
Quadir, T. M. (2013). Traditional Islamic Environmentalism: The Vision of Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Lanham: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Qudāmah, I. (1997). Al-Mughnī, Vol. 8. Riyāḍ: Dār al-‘Ālim al-Kutub.Google Scholar
Ramadan, T. (2004). Western Muslims and the Future of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ramadan, T. (2009). Radical Reform: Islamic Ethics and Liberation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ramadan, T. (2018). Islamic Ethics: Sources, Methodology and Application. In Bagheri, A. & Alali, K., eds., Islamic Bioethics: Current Issues & Challenges. London: World Scientific Publishing Europe, pp. 1–22.Google Scholar
Ravnborg, H. M. (2003). From Water “Wars” to Water “Riots”?-Lessons from Transboundary Water Management. In Boesen, J. & Ravnborg, H. M., eds., Proceedings of the International Conference, December. Copenhagen: DIIS, pp. 5–17.Google Scholar
Regan, T. (1979). An Examination and Defense of One Argument Concerning Animal Rights. Inquiry, 22, 189–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regan, T. (1980). Animal Rights, Human Wrongs. Environmental Ethics, 2(2), 99–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, G. (2006). Pro-environmental Behavior in Egypt: Is There a Role for Islamic Environmental Ethics? Journal of Business Ethics, 65, 373–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, C. A. (2002A). Development of an International Framework for the Protection of the Environment from the Effects of Ionizing Radiation. In Protection of the Environment from Ionising Radiation: The Development and Application of a System of Radiation Protection for the Environment. Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency, pp. 110–117.Google Scholar
Rodrigue, J. (2020). The Geography of Transport Systems, 5th ed. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachs, J. D., Sorondo, M. S., Flanagan, O., Vendley, W., Annett, A. & Thorson, J. (2022). Ethics in Action for Sustainable Development. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salam, I. A. (2015). Qawā’id al-Aḥkām fī Maṣāliḥ al-An‘ām. Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah.Google Scholar
Sandler, R. L. (2018). Environmental Ethics: Theory in Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Saniotis, A. (2012). Muslim and Ecology: Fostering Islamic Environmental Ethics. Contemporary Islam, 6(2), 155–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sardar, Z. (1985). Islamic Futures: The Shape of Ideas to Come. New York: Mensell.Google Scholar
Sardar, Z. (2006). How Do You Know? Reading Ziauddin Sardar on Islam, Science and Cultural Relations, ed., Masood, E.. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Sayem, M. A. (2019). The Eco-philosophy of Seyyed Hossein Nasr: Spiritual Crisis and Environmental Degradation. Islamic Studies, 58(2), 271–295.Google Scholar
Schwenke, A. M. (2012). Globalized Eco-Islam – A Survey of Global Islamic Environmentalism. Leiden: Leiden Institute for Religious Studies.Google Scholar
Serageldin, I. (2010). Water Wars? A Talk with Ismail Serageldin. World Policy Journal, 26(4), 25–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Setia, A. (2007). The Inner Dimensions of Going Green: Articulating an Islamic Deep-Ecology. Islam & Science, 5(2), 117–150.Google Scholar
Sharp, A. M. (2015). Orthodox Christians, Muslims, and the Environment: The Case for a New Sacred Science, In Pratt, D., Hoover, J., Davies, J. & Chesworth, J. A., eds., The Character of Christian-Muslim Encounter: Essays in Honour of David Thomas. Leiden: Brill, pp. 471–491.Google Scholar
Shervood, H. (2018). Religion: Why Faith Is Becoming More and More Popular. The Guardian. https://theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/27/religion-why-is-faith-growing-and-what-happens-next.Google Scholar
Shomali, M. (2008). Aspects of Environmental Ethics: An Islamic Perspective. www.thinkingfaith.org.Google Scholar
Singer, P. (1975). Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Singer, P. (1999). Ethics across the Species Boundary. In Low, N., ed., Global Ethics and Environment. New York: Routledge, pp. 146–157.Google Scholar
Smith, G., ed. (2017). The War and Environment Reader. Virginia: Just World Books.Google Scholar
Spencer, A. J. (2019). The Modernistic Roots of Our Ecological Crisis: The Lynn White Thesis at Fifty. Journal of Markets & Morality, 22(2), 355–371.Google Scholar
Sponsel, L. E. (2020). Introduction to “Religious Environmentalism Activism in Asia: Case Studies in Spiritual Ecology.” Religion, 11(2), 1–6.Google Scholar
Stander, L. & Theodore, L. (2011). Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology – An Update. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(2), 470–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stenmark, M. (2009). The Relevance of Environmental Ethical Theories for Policy Making. In Minteer, B. A., ed., Nature in Common? Environmental Ethics and the Contested Foundations of Environmental Policy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, pp. 83–96.Google Scholar
Sylvan (Routley), R. (1973). Is There a Need for a New, an Environmental, Ethic? In Attfield, R., ed. [2008], The Ethics of the Environment. New York: Routledge, pp. 3–13.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. (1986). Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Taymiyyah, I. (1965). Majmū‘ al-Fatāwā. Bayrūt: Dār al-Ma‘rifah.Google Scholar
The World Bank (WB). (2019). How Much Do Our Wardrobes Cost to the Environment? https://worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/09/23/costo-moda-medio-ambiente.Google Scholar
The World Counts. (2022). State of the Planet. www.theworldcounts.com/challenges/planet-earth/state-of-the-planet.Google Scholar
Thompson, A. (2017). Anthropocentrism: Humanity as Peril and Promise. In Gardiner, S. M. & Thompson, A., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Environmental Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 77–89.Google Scholar
Tiles, J. E. (2000). Moral Measures: An Introduction to Ethics West and East. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Total Energy Consumption [TEC]. (2022). World Energy & Climate Statistics – Yearbook 2022, Enerdata. https://yearbook.enerdata.net/total-energy/world-consumption-statistics.html.Google Scholar
Toynbee, A. (1972). The Religious Background of the Present Environmental Crisis, International Journal of Environmental Studies, 3(1–4), 141–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tucker, M. E. & Grim, J. (2017). The Movement of Religion and Ecology: Emerging Field and Dynamic Force. In Jenkins, W., Tucker, M. E. & Grim, J., eds., Routledge Handbook of Religion and Ecology. New York: Routledge, pp. 3–11.Google Scholar
Tucker, M. E. & Grim, J. (2022). The Challenge of the Environmental Crisis: Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology. http://fore.research.yale.edu/publications/books/cswr/the-challengeof-the-environmental-crisis.Google Scholar
Tucker, M. E. & Grim, J. A. (2001). Introduction: The Emerging Alliance of World Religions and Ecology, Religion and Ecology: Can the Climate Change? Dædalus, 130(4), 1–22.Google Scholar
Ugur, Z. B. (2019). Are Muslims in Turkey Really “Green”? Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology, 23(3), 275–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ummah for Earth. (2023). https://ummah4earth.org/en/about-ummah-for-earth/.Google Scholar
UNEP. (2021). Al-Mizan: A Covenant for the Earth. www.unep.org/al-mizan-covenant-earth.Google Scholar
UNEP. (n.d.). Religions and Environmental Protection. www.unep.org/about-un-environment-programme/faith-earth-initiative/religions-and-environmental-protection.Google Scholar
UNESCO. (1977). A Golden Age of Arab Culture. The Unesco Courier, 1–56.Google Scholar
UNESCO. (2012). Healthy Ocean, Healthy People, United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. France: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Union of Concerned Scientists [UCS]. (2022). Each Country’s Share of CO2 Emissions. www.ucsusa.org/resources/each-countrys-share-co2-emissions.Google Scholar
Vaughan-Lee, ed. (2013). Spiritual Ecology: The Cry of the Earth. California: The Golden Sufi Center.Google Scholar
Warren, K. J. (2000). Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Watling, T. (2009). Ecological Imaginations in the World Religions: An Ethnographic Analysis. London: Continuum International.Google Scholar
Watt, J. C., Wroniewicz, V. S., & Ioli, D. F. (1988). Environmental Concerns Associated with the Design of Genetic Engineering Facilities. In Omenn, G. S., ed., Environmental Biotechnology, Vol. 45. Boston: Springer, pp. 307–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weisse, M. & Goldman, E. (2020). We Lost a Football Pitch of Primary Rainforest Every 6 Seconds in 2019. World Resources Institute. www.wri.org/blog/2020/06/global-tree-cover-loss-data-2019.Google Scholar
Wersal, L. (1995). Islam and Environmental Ethics: Tradition Responds to Contemporary Challenges. Zygon¸30(3), 451–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westing, A. H. (1981). Environmental Impact of Nuclear Warfare. Environmental Conservation, 8(4), 269–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Westing, A. H. (1986). Global Resources and International Conflict: Environmental Factors in Strategic Policy and Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whinfield, E. H. (2001). Masnavi i Ma’navi: Teachings of Rumi, The Spiritual Couplets of Maulana Jalalu-’d-din Muhammad i Rumi. Trans. & abridged. Ames: Omphaloskepsis.Google Scholar
White, L. T. (1967). The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis. Science, 155(3767), 1203–1207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WHO & UNICEF. (2021). Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000–2020. www.unicef.org/press-releases/billions-people-will-lack-access-safe-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-2030-unless.Google Scholar
WHO. (2021). New WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines Aim to Save Millions of Lives from Air Pollution. www.who.int/news/item/.Google Scholar
Wirsing, R. G., Stoll, D. C. & Jasparro, C. (2013). International Conflict over Water Resources in Himalayan Asia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, T. (2006). Towards an Egalitarian Global Environmental Ethics. In Environmental Ethics and International Policy. Paris: UNESCO. http://publishing.unesco.org/chapter/978-2-3-104039-0.pdf.Google Scholar
Yūsuf, A. (1979). Kitāb al-Kharāj. Cairo: Maktabah al-QāhirahGoogle Scholar
Zaidi, I. H. (1981). On the Ethics of Man’s Interaction with the Environment: An Islamic Approach. Environmental Ethics, 3(1), 35–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaman, S. M. (1986). Place of Man in the Universe in the World – View of Islam. Islamic Studies, 25(3), 325–331.Google Scholar
Zaroug, A. H. (1999). Ethics from an Islamic Perspective: Basic Issues. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 16(3), 45–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Islam and Environmental Ethics
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Islam and Environmental Ethics
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Islam and Environmental Ethics
Available formats
×