Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T14:35:46.714Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Emergence and Reduction in Physics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 September 2022

Patricia Palacios
Affiliation:
University of Salzburg

Summary

This Element offers an overview of some of the most important debates in philosophy and physics around the topics of emergence and reduction and proposes a compatibilist view of emergence and reduction. In particular, it suggests that specific notions of emergence, which the author calls 'few-many emergence' and 'coarse-grained emergence', are compatible with 'intertheoretic reduction'. Some further issues that will be addressed concern the comparison between parts-whole emergence and few-many emergence, the emergence of effective (-field) theories, the use of infinite limits, the notion of intertheoretic reduction and the explanation of universal and cooperative behavior. Although the focus will be principally on classical phase transitions and other examples from condensed matter physics, the main aim is to draw some general conclusions on the topics of emergence and reduction that can help us understand a variety of case-studies ranging from high-energy physics to astrophysics.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108901017
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 06 October 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, P. W. (1972). More is different. Science, 177 (4047), 393396.Google Scholar
Aoki, S., Boyd, G., Burkhalter, R. et al. (2000). Quenched light hadron spectrum. Physical Review Letters, 84 (2), 238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ardourel, V. (2018). The infinite limit as an eliminable approximation for phase transitions. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 62, 7184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asakawa, M., Nakahara, Y., & Hatsuda, T. (2001). Maximum entropy analysis of the spectral functions in lattice QCD. Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, 46 (2), 459508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bain, J. (2013a). Effective field theories. In Batterman, R. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of philosophy of physics (pp. 224254). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bain, J. (2013b). Emergence in effective field theories. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 3 (3), 257273.Google Scholar
Bain, J. (2016). Emergence and mechanism in the fractional quantum hall effect. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 56, 2738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bangu, S. (2009). Understanding thermodynamic singularities: Phase transitions, data, and phenomena. Philosophy of Science, 76 (4), 488505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bangu, S. (2015). Why does water boil? Fictions in scientific explanation. In Mäki, U., Votsis, I., Ruphy, S., & Schurz, G. (Eds.), Recent developments in the philosophy of science: EPSA 13 Helsinki (pp. 319330). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batterman, R. W. (1995). Theories between theories: Asymptotic limiting intertheoretic relations. Synthese, 103 (2), 171201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batterman, R. W. (2001). The devil in the details: Asymptotic reasoning in explanation, reduction, and emergence. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Batterman, R. W. (2005). Critical phenomena and breaking drops: Infinite idealizations in physics. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 36 (2), 225244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batterman, R. W. (2011). Emergence, singularities, and symmetry breaking. Foundations of Physics, 41 (6), 10311050.Google Scholar
Batterman, R. W. (2017). Philosophical implications of Kadanoff’s work on the renormalization group. Journal of Statistical Physics, 167 (3–4), 559574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batterman, R. W. (2019). Universality and RG explanations. Perspectives on Science, 27 (1), 2647.Google Scholar
Batterman, R. W., & Rice, C. C. (2014). Minimal model explanations. Philosophy of Science, 81 (3), 349376.Google Scholar
Bayha, L., Holten, M., Klemt, R. et al. (2020). Observing the emergence of a quantum phase transition shell by shell. Nature, 587 (7835), 583587.Google Scholar
Bedau, M. (2002). Downward causation and the autonomy of weak emergence. Principia: An International Journal of Epistemology, 6 (1), 550.Google Scholar
Berry, M. V. (2002). Singular limits. Physics Today, 55 (5), 1011.Google Scholar
Blackmore, J. T. (1995). Ludwig Boltzmann: His later life and philosophy, 1900–1906: Book two: The philosopher (Vol. 174). Springer Science & Business Media.Google Scholar
Borrmann, P., Mülken, O., & Harting, J. (2000). Classification of phase transitions in small systems. Physical Review Letters, 84 (16), 3511.Google Scholar
Broad, C. D. (1925 [2014]). The mind and its place in nature. Routledge.Google Scholar
Brown, H. R., & Uffink, J. (2001). The origins of time-asymmetry in thermodynamics: The minus first law. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 32 (4), 525538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brush, S. G. (2006). Ludwig Boltzmann and the foundations of natural science. In Fasol-Boltzmann, I. M. & Fasol, G. L. (Eds.), Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) (pp. 6580). Springer.Google Scholar
Butterfield, J. (2011a). Emergence, reduction and supervenience: A varied landscape. Foundations of Physics, 41 (6), 920959.Google Scholar
Butterfield, J. (2011b). Less is different: Emergence and reduction reconciled. Foundations of Physics, 41 (6), 10651135.Google Scholar
Butterfield, J. (2014). Reduction, emergence, and renormalization. The Journal of Philosophy, 111 (1), 549.Google Scholar
Callender, C. (1999). Reducing thermodynamics to statistical mechanics: The case of entropy. The Journal of Philosophy, 96 (7), 348373.Google Scholar
Cao, T. Y., & Schweber, S. S. (1993). The conceptual foundations and the philosophical aspects of renormalization theory. Synthese, 97 (1), 33108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casetti, L., Pettini, M., & Cohen, E. (2003). Phase transitions and topology changes in configuration space. Journal of Statistical Physics, 111 (5), 10911123.Google Scholar
Castellani, E. (2002). Reductionism, emergence, and effective field theories. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 33 (2), 251267.Google Scholar
Chalmers, D. J. (2006). Strong and weak emergence. In Davies, P. & Clayton, P. (Eds.) The re-emergence of emergence: The Emergentist Hypothesis From Science to Religion (pp. 244256) Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Crowther, K. (2015). Decoupling emergence and reduction in physics. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 5 (3), 419445.Google Scholar
Crowther, K. (2020). What is the point of reduction in science? Erkenntnis, 85, 14371460.Google Scholar
Curie, P. (1895). Propriétés magnétiques des corps a diverses températures. Gauthier-Villars et fils.Google Scholar
Dizadji-Bahmani, F., Frigg, R., & Hartmann, S. (2010). Who’s afraid of Nagelian reduction? Erkenntnis, 73 (3), 393412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, G. F. (2020). Emergence in solid state physics and biology. Foundations of Physics, 50 (10), 10981139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, M. E. (1974). Critical point phenomena–the role of series expansions. The Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics, 4(2), 181202.Google Scholar
Fisher, M. E. (1998). Renormalization group theory: Its basis and formulation in statistical physics. Reviews of Modern Physics, 70 (2), 653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, M. E., & Berker, A. N. (1982). Scaling for first-order phase transitions in thermodynamic and finite systems. Physical Review B, 26 (5), 2507.Google Scholar
Fletcher, S. C. (2019). On the reduction of general relativity to newtonian gravitation. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 68, 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franklin, A. (2018). On the renormalization group explanation of universality. Philosophy of Science, 85 (2), 225248.Google Scholar
Franklin, A. (2019). Universality reduced. Philosophy of Science, 86 (5), 12951306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, J. D. (2016). Spontaneous symmetry breaking in finite systems. Philosophy of Science, 83 (4), 585605.Google Scholar
Fraser, J. D. (2020). Towards a realist view of quantum field theory. In French, S. & Saatsi, J. (Eds.) Scientific realism and the quantum (p. 276) Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Georgi, H. (1991). On-shell effective field theory. Nuclear Physics B, 361 (2), 339350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Georgi, H. (1993). Effective field theory. Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, 43 (1), 209252.Google Scholar
Gillett, C. (2016). Reduction and emergence in science and philosophy. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldenfeld, N. (1992). Lectures on phase transitions and the renormalization group. CRC Press.Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. (1999). Emergence as a construct: History and issues. Emergence, 1 (1), 4972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, D. H. (2001). Microcanonical thermodynamics: Phase transitions in “small” systems. World Scientific.Google Scholar
Gross, D. H., & Votyakov, E. (2000). Phase transitions in “small” systems. The European Physical Journal B-Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, 15 (1), 115126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gryb, S., Palacios, P., & Thébault, K. P. (2020). On the universality of hawking radiation. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 72 (3), 809837.Google Scholar
Guay, A., & Sartenaer, O. (2016). A new look at emergence. or when after is different. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 6 (2), 297322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartmann, S. (2001). Effective field theories, reductionism and scientific explanation. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 32 (2), 267304.Google Scholar
Hendry, R. F. (2010). Emergence vs. reduction in chemistry. In Macdonald, C. & Macdonald, G. (Eds.) Emergence in mind (pp. 205221). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Huggett, N., & Weingard, R. (1995). The renormalisation group and effective field theories. Synthese, 102 (1), 171194.Google Scholar
Humphreys, P. (2008). Synchronic and diachronic emergence. Minds and Machines, 18 (4), 431442.Google Scholar
Humphreys, P. (2016). Emergence: A philosophical account. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kadanoff, L. P. (1966). Scaling laws for Ising models near Tc. Physics Physique Fizika, 2 (6), 263.Google Scholar
Kadanoff, L. P. (2009). More is the same; phase transitions and mean field theories. Journal of Statistical Physics, 137 (5), 777797.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadanoff, L. P. (2010). Theories of matter: Infinities and renormalization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1002.2985.Google Scholar
Kadanoff, L. P. (2013). Relating theories via renormalization. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 44 (1), 2239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadanoff, L. P., Houghton, A., & Yalabik, M. C. (1976). Variational approximations for renormalization group transformations. Journal of Statistical Physics, 14 (2), 171203.Google Scholar
Kim, J. (1999). Making sense of emergence. Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 95 (1/2), 336.Google Scholar
Knox, E. (2016). Abstraction and its limits: Finding space for novel explanation. Noûs, 50 (1), 4160.Google Scholar
Landsman, N. P. (2013). Spontaneous symmetry breaking in quantum systems: Emergence or reduction? Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 44 (4), 379394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavis, D. A., Kühn, R., & Frigg, R. (2021). Becoming large, becoming infinite: The anatomy of thermal physics and phase transitions in finite systems. Foundations of Physics, 51 (5), 169.Google Scholar
Lorcé, C. (2018). On the hadron mass decomposition. The European Physical Journal C, 78 (2), 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luu, T., & Meißner, U.-G. (2019). On the topic of emergence from an effective field theory perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13770.Google Scholar
Mainwood, P. (2006). Is more different? Emergent properties in physics. PhD thesis, Oxford University. http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/8339Google Scholar
Manohar, A. V., & Wise, M. B. (2007). Heavy quark physics. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1988). The limits of reductionism. Nature, 331 (6156), 475–475.Google Scholar
McComb, W. D. (2004). Renormalization methods: A guide for beginners. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McGivern, P. (2007). Comments on Andrew Wayne’s singular limits, explanation and emergence in physics. Pacific APA meeting.Google Scholar
Menon, T., & Callender, C. (2011). Turn and face the strange... ch-ch-changes: Philosophical Questions Raised by Phase Transitions. In Batterman, R. W. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of philosophy of physics. (pp. 189223) Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. (1872). A system of logic ratiocinative and inductive: 1 (Vol. 2). Longmans.Google Scholar
Morrison, M. (2012). Emergent physics and micro-ontology. Philosophy of Science, 79 (1), 141166.Google Scholar
Nagel, E. (1949). The meaning of reduction in the natural sciences. In Stauffer, R. C. (Ed.), Science and civilization. (pp. 99135) University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Nagel, E. (1961). The structure of science: Problems in the logic of explanation. Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.Google Scholar
Nagel, E. (1970). Issues in the logic of reductive explanations. In Kiefer, H. & Munitz, K. (Eds.), Mind, science and history (pp. 117137). SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Nickles, T. (1973). Two concepts of intertheoretic reduction. The Journal of Philosophy, 70 (7), 181201.Google Scholar
Nienhuis, B., Riedel, E., & Schick, M. (1980). Variational renormalisation-group approach to the q-state potts model in two dimensions. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 13 (2), L31.Google Scholar
Nishimori, H., & Ortiz, G. (2010). Elements of phase transitions and critical phenomena. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Norton, J. D. (2012). Approximation and idealization: Why the difference matters. Philosophy of Science, 79 (2), 207232.Google Scholar
Norton, J. D. (2014). Infinite idealizations. In European philosophy of science. Philosophy of science in Europe and the viennese heritage: vienna Circle Institute yearbook (Vol. 17, pp. 197210). Springer.Google Scholar
Novikov, V., Shifman, M. A., Vainshtein, A., & Zakharov, V. I. (1983). Exact gell-mannlow function of supersymmetric yang-mills theories from instanton calculus. Nuclear Physics B, 229 (2), 381393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connor, T., & Wong, H. (2015). Emergent properties (Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy). https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties-emergent/.Google Scholar
Palacios, P. (2018). Had we but world enough, and time... but we don’t!: Justifying the thermodynamic and infinite-time limits in statistical mechanics. Foundations of Physics, 48 (5), 526541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palacios, P. (2019). Phase transitions: A challenge for intertheoretic reduction? Philosophy of Science, 86 (4), 612640.Google Scholar
Palacios, P., & Valente, G. (2021). The paradox of infinite limits: A realist response. In Lyons, T. D. & Vickers, P. (Eds.), Contemporary scientific realism: The challenge from the history of science (pp. 311347). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Reutlinger, A. (2014). Why is there universal macrobehavior? Renormalization group explanation as noncausal explanation. Philosophy of Science, 81 (5), 11571170.Google Scholar
Rivat, S., & Grinbaum, A. (2020). Philosophical foundations of effective field theories. The European Physical Journal A, 56 (3), 110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, K. (2020). In search of the holy grail: How to reduce the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.Google Scholar
Rosaler, J. (2019). Reduction as an a posteriori relation. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 70 (1), 269299.Google Scholar
Rueger, A. (2000). Robust supervenience and emergence. Philosophy of Science, 67 (3), 466489.Google Scholar
Rueger, A. (2004). Reduction, autonomy, and causal exclusion among physical properties. Synthese, 139 (1), 121.Google Scholar
Schaffner, K. F. (1967). Approaches to reduction. Philosophy of Science, 34 (2), 137147.Google Scholar
Schmelzer, J., & Ulbricht, H. (1987). Thermodynamics of finite systems and the kinetics of first-order phase transitions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 117 (2), 325338.Google Scholar
Schmelzer, J. W., Boltachev, G. S., & Abyzov, A. S. (2013). Temperature of critical clusters in nucleation theory: Generalized Gibbs’ approach. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 139 (3), 034702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shech, E. (2015). Two approaches to fractional statistics in the quantum hall effect: Idealizations and the curious case of the anyon. Foundations of Physics, 45 (9), 10631100.Google Scholar
Sklar, L. (1967). Types of inter-theoretic reduction. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 18 (2), 109124.Google Scholar
Sklar, L. (1999). The reduction (?) of thermodynamics to statistical mechanics. Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 95 (1/2), 187202.Google Scholar
Smart, J. J. (1981). Physicalism and emergence. Neuroscience, 6 (2), 109113.Google Scholar
Sullivan, E. (2019). Universality caused: The case of renormalization group explanation. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 9 (3), 121.Google Scholar
Uffink, J. (2001). Bluff your way in the second law of thermodynamics. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 32 (3), 305394.Google Scholar
Valente, G. (2020). Taking up statistical thermodynamics: Equilibrium fluctuations and irreversibility. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 85, 176184.Google Scholar
Wallace, D. (2018). Spontaneous symmetry breaking in finite quantum systems: A decoherenthistories approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.09547.Google Scholar
Wayne, A. (2012). Emergence and singular limits. Synthese, 184 (3), 341356.Google Scholar
Weisberg, M. (2007). Three kinds of idealization. The Journal of Philosophy, 104 (12), 639659.Google Scholar
Weiss, P. (1907). L’hypothèse du champ moléculaire et la propriété ferromagnétique. Journal of Physics: Theories and Applications, 6 (1), 661690.Google Scholar
Williams, P. (2019). Scientific realism made effective. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 70 (1), 209237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, K. G., & Kogut, J. (1974). The renormalization group and the expansion. Physics Reports, 12 (2), 75199.Google Scholar
Worrall, J. (1989). Structural realism: The best of both worlds? Dialectica, 43 (1–2), 99124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, J. (2021). Explaining universality: Infinite limit systems in the renormalization group method. Synthese, 199, 1489714930.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Emergence and Reduction in Physics
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Emergence and Reduction in Physics
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Emergence and Reduction in Physics
Available formats
×