Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:27:09.714Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Comparing Capitalisms for an Unknown Future

Societal Processes and Transformative Capacity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2023

Gordon Redding
Affiliation:
King's College London

Summary

Systems of capitalism are conceived as formed under certain broad logics that apply to all, but which then interpret those logics in distinct ways society by society, seen as the society's own processes. Such processes cluster into three categories: an inspiring context; a transformative capacity; and empowered action. The political role is that of balancing the influences across the total. Each inspirational influence adds a key contribution, as with benevolent empowering authority, and critical thinking. Transformative capacity is built by: innovativeness and cooperativeness; and stable decentralized authority flows from communicative action, spontaneous emergent ordering; and competitive productivity. Societal progress may be explained in terms of the integrated workings of these processes to yield an ethically legitimate structure for the prosperity-driven creating and distributing of wealth. Two main stereotypes are examined to compare their workings and their outcomes: the Western free market democratic, and the Chinese party-state driven.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009303019
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 07 September 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. London: Profile Books.Google Scholar
Ang, Y. Y. (2020). China’s Gilded Age: The Paradox of Economic Boom and Vast Corruption. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arnold, M. (1869). Culture and Anarchy. London: Cornhill Magazine.Google Scholar
Baumard, N. (2016). The Origins of Fairness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bejan, A. (2020). Freedom and Evolution: Hierarchy in Nature, Society, and Science. Cham: Springer.Google Scholar
Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The Social Construction of Reality. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Bergsten, C. F. (2022). The US vs China: The Quest for Global Economic Leadership. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Biggar, N. (2023). Colonialism: A Moral Reckoning. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Brahm, F., & Rosenhaft, E. (eds.) (2022). Global Commerce and Economic Conscience in Europe 1700–1900: Distance and Entanglement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brandt, L., & Rawski, T. G. (2022). ‘China’s great boom as a historical process.’ In Ma, D. & Von Glahn, R. (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 775828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bresser-Pereira, L. C. (2017). ‘The two forms of capitalism: developmentalism and economic liberalism’. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, 37(149), 680703.Google Scholar
Campbell, K. M., & Ratner, E. (2018). ‘The China reckoning: how China defied American expectations’. Foreign Affairs, March–April.Google Scholar
Cardwell, D. S. L. (1972). Turning Points in Western Technology: A Study of Technology, Science and History. New York: Science History Publications.Google Scholar
Chan, W. K. K. (1977). Merchants, Mandarins and Modern Enterprise in Late Ch’ing China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Chen, A. H., Patton, D., & Kenney, M. (2015). ‘University technology transfer in China: a literature review and taxonomy’. Journal of Technology Transfer, 41(5), 239.Google Scholar
Chung, W. K., & Hamilton, G. G. (2009). ‘Getting rich and staying connected: the organizational medium of Chinese capitalists’. Journal of Contemporary China 18(58), 4767.Google Scholar
Coleman, J. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Commander, S. & Estrin, S. (2022). The Connections World: The Future of Asian Capitalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
De Bary, W. T. (1957). ‘Chinese despotism and the Confucian ideal: a seventeenth-century view’. In Fairbank, J. K. (ed.), Chinese Thought and Institutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 163203.Google Scholar
DeLong, B. (2022). Slouching Towards Utopia: An Economic History of the Twentieth Century. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Dikotter, F. (2010). Mao’s Great Famine. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Drew, A., & Kriz, A. (2014). ‘Institutional reform and the changing face of guanxi’. International Journal of Business and Information 9(2), 187216.Google Scholar
Drucker, P. L. (1954). The Practice of Management. Cambridge MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
The Economist (2022). ‘A new chapter’, 13 October, p. 58.Google Scholar
The Economist (2023). ‘Stuck in fiscal fantasy land’, 6 May, p. 9.Google Scholar
Eichengreen, B., Park, D., & Shin, K. (2011). ‘When fast growing economies slow down: international evidence and implications for China’. Working Paper No. 16919, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, S. N. (1965). ‘Transformation of social, political and cultural orders in modernization’. American Sociological Review 30(5), 659–73.Google Scholar
Elvin, M. (1973). The Pattern of the Chinese Past. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Fairbank, J. K., Reischauer, E. O., & Craig, A. M. (1965). East Asia: The Modern Transformation. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Ferguson, N. (2011). Civilization: The West and the Rest. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Finlay, V. (2021). Fabric: The Hidden History of the Material World. London: Profile Books.Google Scholar
Foster, G. M. (1967). ‘Peasant society and the image of limited good’. In Potter, J. M., Diaz, M. N., & Foster, G. M. (eds.), Peasant Society. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, pp. 300–23.Google Scholar
Frankopan, P. (2023). The Earth Transformed: An Untold Story. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Friedberg, A. L. (2022). Getting anihC Wrong. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. (2018). Identity. London: Profile Books.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. (2022). Liberalism and Its Discontents. London: Profile Books.Google Scholar
Gallup, J. L., Sachs, J. D., & Mellinger, A. (1999). ‘Geography and economic development’. Working Paper, Center for International Development, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA .Google Scholar
Galor, O. (2022). The Journey of Humanity. London: The Bodley Head.Google Scholar
Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Goldthorpe, J. H. (2021). Pioneers of Sociological Science: Statistical Foundations and the Theory of Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Greif, A. (2006). ‘Family structure, institutions and growth: the origins and implications of Western corporations’. American Economic Review 96(2), 308–12.Google Scholar
Habermas, J. (1984). The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the Rationalization of Society. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Hacker, P. M. S. (2021). The Moral Powers: A Study of Human Nature. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayek, F. A. von (1979). Law, Legislation and Legitimacy: The Political Order of a Free People. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Heffer, S. (2013). High Minds: The Victorians and the Birth of Modern Britain. London: Random House.Google Scholar
Heilbroner, R. (1985). The Nature and Logic of Capitalism. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Hong, J., & Li, S. (2023). Learning and Innovation of Chinese Firms. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Hopf, T., & Allen, B. B. (2018). Scientific Cosmology and International Orders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hume, D. (1758). Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects. London: A. Millar.Google Scholar
Inglehart, R. F., & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Inglehart, R. F. (2018). Cultural Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. (1914). Notes on the History and Antiquities of the Worshipful Company of Coopers. London: Worshipful Company of Coopers.Google Scholar
Jones, E. L. (1981). The European Miracle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Keynes, J. M. (1933). The Means to Prosperity. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Koyama, M., & Rubin, J. (2022). How the World Became Rich: The Historical Origins of Economic Growth. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Kwok, D. W. H.x. & Patterson, J. (2022). ‘Taiwan: a risk analysis through the lens of Hong Kong’. Policy Brief Research Paper, Ash Center, Harvard Kennedy School, May.Google Scholar
Lewin, A. Y., Kenney, M., & Murmann, J. P. (eds.) (2016). China’s Innovation Challenge: Overcoming the Middle Income Trap. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, W. A. (1954). ‘Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour’. The Manchester School Journal 22, 139–92.Google Scholar
Libman, A., & Obydenkova, A. (2021). Historical Legacies of Communism: Modern Politics, Society, and Economic Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Madden, B. J. (2020). Value Creation Principles. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Maddison, A. (2007). Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mazzucato, M. (2021). Mission Economy: A Moonshot Guide to Changing Capitalism. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
McCarthy, T. (1984). ‘Translator’s introduction’. In Habermas, J., The Theory of Communicative Action, Vol. 1: Reason and the Rationalisation of Society. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, viixxxix.Google Scholar
McCarthy, T. (2009). Race, Empire, and the Idea of Human Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McCloskey, D. N. (2006). The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McCloskey, D. N. (2010). Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can’t Explain the Modern World. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McCloskey, D. N. (2016). Bourgeois Equality: How Ideas, not Capitalism or Institutions, Enriched the World. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. (1859). On Liberty. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Miller, C. (2022). Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Mokyr, J. (2002). The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mokyr, J. (2009). The Enlightened Economy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Mokyr, J. (2017). A Culture of Growth. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Murray, A., & Whitney, C. (2022). Tomorrow’s Capitalist: My Search for the Soul of Business. New York: Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Needham, J. (1956). Science and Civilisation in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Neuhouser, F. (2023). Diagnosing Social Pathology: Rousseau, Hegel, Marx and Durkheim. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nicolis, G., & Prigogine, I. (1989). Exploring Complexity. New York: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
North, D. C. (2005). Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
North, D. C., Wallis, J. J., Webb, S. B., & Weingast, B. R. (2007). ‘Limited access orders in the developing world: a new approach to problems of development’. Policy Research Working Paper No. 4359, World Bank, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Paterson, S. (2021). For, By, and From the Party: Defining the Parameters of Dual Circulation. Research Report. Singapore: The Hinrich Foundation.Google Scholar
Pettis, M. (2022). ‘How China trapped itself: the CCP’s economic model has left it with only bad choices’. Foreign Affairs, October 5.Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (2016). The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (2018). Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (2021). Rationality: What It Is. Why It Seems Scarce. Why It Matters. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Polanyi, K. (1944). The Great Transformation. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Popper, K. (1962). The Open Society and Its Enemies, Vol. 2. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Popper, K. R. (1994). The Myth of the Framework. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ragin, C. C. (1987). The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Immigration, Reach (2019). ‘Here are the top 10 countries to migrate to’ (blog), 3 November. https://reachimmigration.com/en/blog/here-are-top-10-countries-to-migrate-to.Google Scholar
Redding, G. (1990). The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism. New York: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Redding, G. (1995). ‘Overseas Chinese networks: understanding the enigma’. Long Range Planning 28(1), 61–9.Google Scholar
Redding, G. (2005). ‘The thick description and comparison of societal systems of capitalism’. Journal of International Business Studies 36, 123–55.Google Scholar
Redding, G. (2021). ‘Korean cultural industry: modernity at work in societal progress’. Presentation at World Hallyu Congress. Kellogg College, Oxford.Google Scholar
Redding, G. (2023). ‘Societal knowledge quality as catalyst for the competitive productivity of technology: one of a set of several universal processes in trajectories of societal progress’. International Business Review: Special Issue on the Tech Cold War and IB Research.Google Scholar
Ridley, M. (1996). The Origins of Virtue. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Rifkin, J. (2009). The Empathetic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness in a World in Crisis. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Sadler, A. L. (1937). The Maker of Modern Japan: The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu. London: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Santacreu, A. M., & Zhu, H. (2018). ‘What does China’s rise in patents mean? A look at quality versus quantity’. Economic Synopses, No. 14, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, D. (2013). China Goes Global: The Partial Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sissay, L. (2022). Dei Miracole: Poems on the Underground. London: The Poetry Society.Google Scholar
Slack, P. (2015). The Invention of Improvement: Information and Material Progress in Seventeenth-Century England. Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Smith, A. (1759). The Theory of Moral Sentiments. London: A Millar.Google Scholar
Smith, A. (1776). The Wealth of Nations. London: Strahan and Cadell.Google Scholar
Smith, E. (2021). Merchants: The Community That Shaped England’s Trade and Empire 1550–1650. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Solarino, A. M., & Buckley, P. J. (2022). ‘Equivalence in international business research: a three-step approach’. Journal of International Business Studies 101. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-022-00562-2.Google Scholar
Solow, R. (1994). ‘Perspectives on growth theory’. Journal of Economic Perspectives 8(1), 4554.Google Scholar
Spence, M. (2011). ‘The impact of globalization on income and employment: the downside of integrating markets’. Foreign Affairs 90(4), 2836, 3741.Google Scholar
Streeck, W. (2012). ‘How to study contemporary capitalism’. European Journal of Sociology 53(1), 128. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000397561200001X.Google Scholar
Subramanian, A., & Felman, J. (2022a). ‘India’s stifled rise: how the state has stifled growth’. Foreign Affairs, 101(1), 139–50.Google Scholar
Subramanian, A., & Felman, J. (2022b). ‘Why India can’t replace China’. Foreign Affairs, December 9.Google Scholar
Tan, Y. (2022). Disaggregating China Inc.: State Strategies in the Liberal Economic Order. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Teets, J. C. (2013). ‘Let many civil societies bloom: the rise of consultative authoritarianism in China’. The China Quarterly Online, January 23.Google Scholar
Tuchman, B. W. (1962). The Guns of August. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
UNESCO (2021). UNESCO Science Report: The Race Against Time for Smarter Development. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar
Vasquez, I., MacMahon, F., Murphy, R., & Schneider, G. S. (2021). The Human Freedom Index 2021. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.Google Scholar
Wang, Y. (2022). The Rise and Fall of Imperial China: The Social Origins of State Development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Weber, M. (1930). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London: Unwin.Google Scholar
Welzel, C. (2013). Freedom Rising. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Welzel, C., Alexander, A. C., & Klasen, S. (2017). The cool water effect: civilization’s turn into human empowerment’. Working Paper, GGL Project, Leuphana University, Germany.Google Scholar
West, G. (2017). Scale: The Universal Laws of Life and Death in Organisms, Cities, and Companies. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Whitley, R. (1999). Divergent Capitalisms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Whitley, R. (2006) ‘Understanding differences: the search for the social processes constructing and reproducing variety in science and economic organization’. Organization Studies 27(8), 1153–77.Google Scholar
Witt, M. A., de Castro, L. R. K., Amaeshi, K. et al. (2018). ‘Mapping the business systems of 61 major economies: a taxonomy and implications for varieties of capitalism and business systems research’. Socio-Economic Review 16(1), 538.Google Scholar
Witt, M. A., Lewin, A. Y., Liu, P. P., & Gaur, A. (2023). ‘Decoupling in international business: evidence, drivers, impact, and implications for IB research’, Journal of World Business, 58, 101399.Google Scholar
Witt, M. A., & Redding, G. (eds.) (2014) The Oxford Handbook of Asian Business Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wooldridge, A. (2021). The Aristocracy of Talent: How Meritocracy Made the Modern World. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Yamashita, S. H. (1996). ‘Confucianism and the Japanese State, 1904–1945’. In Tu, W.-M. (ed.), Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 132–54.Google Scholar
Yuen, S. (2015). ‘Friend or foe? The diminishing space of China’s civil society’. China Perspectives 3, 51–6. https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives6807.Google Scholar
Youwei (2015). ‘The end of reform in China’. Foreign Affairs, May–June.Google Scholar
Zitelmann, R. (2019). ‘State capitalism’. Forbes, 30 September.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Comparing Capitalisms for an Unknown Future
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Comparing Capitalisms for an Unknown Future
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Comparing Capitalisms for an Unknown Future
Available formats
×