Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T14:57:17.644Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Children in New Religious Movements

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 November 2024

Sanja Nilsson
Affiliation:
Dalarna University

Summary

New Religious Movements have arisen not only in the present but have also developed in the past. While they differ in ideology and practice, they generally seem to live in high tension with mainstream society, especially when it comes to child-rearing. This Element examines several aspects of children growing up in new religions. It relies upon literature from different groups concerning child upbringing, the function of children in the groups considering the religious ideologies, and parental perspectives and parental styles. It also utilizes accounts from young adults growing up in these groups, both those who chose to stay and who chose to leave their groups as adults. A range of topics, such as socialization, education, health care, and relations to surrounding society are explored. In addition, this Element considers issues of physical and emotional abuse, state interventions, and the impact of second- and third generations of children in new religions.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009067263
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 12 December 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Åkerbäck, P. (2018). “Recently Reborn: To Return as a Child of Scientology Parents.” In Frisk, L., Nilsson, S., & Åkerbäck (eds.), P., Children in Minority Religions: Growing Up in Controversial Groups, 97121. Sheffield: Equinox.Google Scholar
Ariès, P. (1962). Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Arnett, J. J. (2007). “Emerging Adulthood: What Is It, and What Is It Good for?” Child Development Perspectives, 1(2): 6873. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asadi, T. (2013). “A Tradition of Innovation and the Innovation of Tradition: The Cultural Developments of the Twelve Tribes Community.” In Miller, T. (ed.), Spiritual and Visionary Communities: Out to Save the World, 139–56. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Barker, E. (1984). The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Beckford, J. (1985). Cult Controversies: The Societal Response to New Religious Movements. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Berger, P. L. & Luckmann., T. (1966). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Bhaktivedanta, A. C. (2006). Bhagavad Gita as It Is. Alachua, FL: The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.Google Scholar
Borowik, C. (2023). From Radical Jesus People to Virtual Religion: The Family International. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boswell, J. (1988). The Kindness of Strangers: The Abandonment of Children in Western Europe from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bowers, B. (1989). What Color Is Your Aura?: Personality Spectrums for Understanding and Growth. New York: Pocket Books.Google Scholar
Bromley, D. G. (2011). ”Dramatic Denouements.” In Bromley, D. G. & Melton, J. G. (eds.), Cults, Religion, and Violence, 1141. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bromley, D. G. & Shupe, A.. (1979). “Atrocity Tales, the Unification Church, and the Social Construction of Evil.” Journal of Communication, 29 (Summer): 4253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bromley, D. G. & Shupe, A.. (1987). “The Future of the Anti-cult Movement.” In Bromley, D. G. & Hammond, P. (eds.), The Future of New Religious Movements, 224–34. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.Google Scholar
Burt, A. R. (2023). Hare Krishna in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, L. & Tober, J.. (1998). The Indigo Children: The New Kids Have Arrived. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House.Google Scholar
Carter, T. (2006). “Murder or Suicide: What I Saw.” Was It Murder or Suicide: A Forum. The Jonestown Report 8. https://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=31976Google Scholar
Chancellor, J. D. (2000). Life in the Family. An Oral History of the Children of God. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Chryssides, G. D. (2016). Jehovah’s Witnesses: Continuity and Change. London: Ashgate.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chryssides, G. D. (2019). Historical Dictionary on the Jehovah’s Witnesses, 2nd ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Cunningham, H. (2005). Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500. London: Pearson.Google Scholar
Das, P. (2000). “Official Decision On Maha-Mantra Dasa.” Vaishnava News, June 19. https://vaishnava-news-network.org/world/WD0006/WD19-6038.htmlGoogle Scholar
Delano, S. F. (2004). Brook Farm: The Dark Side of Utopia. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press at Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
DeMause, L. (1974). The History of Childhood. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Douglas, M. (2003). Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, C. with Wessinger, C. & Wittmer, M.. (2012). A Journey to Waco: Autobiography of a Branch Davidian. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FBI Audiotape Q042. (1978). Transcribed by F. McGehee. Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. https://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=29079Google Scholar
Ferrara, M. S. (2019). Communal America: Radical Experiments in Intentional Living. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Frisk, L. (2018a). “‘I Have Lived All My Life in a Reality that Doesn’t Exist’. Perspectives from Ex-Members Raised in Controversial Minority Religions.” In Frisk, L., Nilsson, S., & Åkerbäck, P. (eds.), Children in Minority Religions: Growing Up in Controversial Religious Groups, 171207. Sheffield: Equinox.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frisk, L. (2018b). “The Waldorf Education System and Religion.” In Frisk, L., Nilsson, S., & Åkerbäck, P. (eds.), Children in Minority Religions: Growing Up in Controversial Religious Groups, 362–81. Sheffield: Equinox.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frisk, L. (2018c). “Religion, Parenting, and Child Corporal Punishment: The Example of the Twelve Tribes.” In Frisk, L., Nilsson, S., & Åkerbäck, P. (eds.), Children in Minority Religions: Growing Up in Controversial Religious Groups, 208–30. Sheffield: Equinox.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frisk, L. & Nilsson, S.. (2021). “The Plymouth Brethren Christian Church in Sweden: Child Rearing and Schooling.” The Journal of CESNUR, 5(2) (March–April): 135–60.Google Scholar
Frisk, L., Nilsson, S., & Åkerbäck, P.. (2018). Children in Minority Religions: Growing Up in Controversial Religious Groups. Sheffield: Equinox.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, M. (2018). “Unpacking the Bunker: Sex, Abuse, and Apocalypticism in ‘Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt’.” CrossCurrents, 68(2) (June): 237–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/cros.12310Google Scholar
Greenberg, D. B. (1993). “Growing Up in Community: Children and Education within Contemporary U.S. Intentional Communities.” Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Grusec, J. E. & Davidov., M. (2007). “Socialization in the Family: The Roles of Parents.” In Grusec, J. E. & Hastings, P. D. (eds.), Handbook of Socialization: Theory and Research, 284303. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Guest, T. (2005). My Life in Orange: Growing Up with the Guru. Boston, MA: Mariner Books.Google Scholar
Hall, J. R., Schuyler, P. D., with Trinh., S. (2000). Apocalypse Observed: Religious Movements and Violence in North America, Europe and Japan. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hassan, S. (1988). Combatting Cult Mind Control. Rochester, VT: Park Street Press.Google Scholar
ISKCON Child Protection Office. (2018). “History.” www.iskconchildprotection.org/-aboutGoogle Scholar
ISKCON Communications. (2022). “ISKCON Imposes Ban on Bhakti Vidya Purna Swami for Sexual Abuse of Minor and Leadership Abuse.” ISKCON News, November 14. https://iskconnews.org/iskcon-imposes-ban-on-bhakti-vidya-purna-swami-for-sexual-abuse-of-minor-and-leadership-abuse/?fbclid=IwAR2T-uewiMdwK8dWMCUd4DbLhuRnkqiHcz72Du_EEtJeTGFweaplNPb0kjMGoogle Scholar
Jenks, C. (2005). Childhood, 2nd ed. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lalich, J. & McLaren, K.. (2018). Escaping Utopia. Growing Up in a Cult, Getting Out and Starting Over. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lewis, H. S. (2005). Oneida Lives: Long-Lost Voices of the Wisconsin Oneidas. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. R. & Petersen, J. A.. (2005). “Introduction.” In Lewis, J. R. & Petersen, J. A. (eds.), Controversial New Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. R. & I. Tøllefsen, B., eds. (2016). The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, Vol. II. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liedgren, P. (2007). “To Become, to Be and to Have Been: About the Jehovah’s Witnesses.” Ph.D. diss., Lund University, Lund, Sweden.Google Scholar
Løøv, M. (2024). The New Age Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lutz, D. (2010). My Karma, My Fault. Self-published.Google Scholar
Melton, J. G. (2002) “The Modern Anti-Cult Movement in Historical Perspective.” In Kaplan, & Lööw, (eds.), The Cultic Milieu. Oppositional Subcultures in the Age of Globalization, 265–89. Oxford: Altamira Press.Google Scholar
Mickler, M. (2022). The Unification Church Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mikelsen, M. A. (1892). The Bishop Hill Colony: A Religious Communistic Settlement in Henry County Illinois. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.Google Scholar
Miller, M. K. (2016). “Parents’ Use of Faith Healing for Their Children: Implications for the Legal System and Measuring Community Sentiment.” In Richardson, J. T. & Bellanger, F. (eds.), Legal Cases, New Religious Movements, and Minority Faiths, 227–40. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Moore, R. (2006). “The Sacrament of Suicide.” Was It Murder or Suicide: A Forum. The Jonestown Report 8. https://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=31985Google Scholar
Moore, R. (2022). Peoples Temple and Jonestown in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nilsson, S. (2010). “Barn i Krishna-rörelsen i Sverige: Bör vi oroa oss.” Aura: Tidskrift för akademiska studier av nyreligiositet, 2(1): 121.Google Scholar
Nilsson, S. (2011). “Rebooting the Family: Organizational Change within the Family International.” International Journal for the Study of New Religions, 2(2): 157–78, https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v2i2.157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nilsson, S. (2019). “Performing Perfectly: Presentations of Childhood in Knutby Filadelfia Before and After the Dissolution of the Congregation.” Ph.D. diss., Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden.Google Scholar
Nilsson, S. (2023). Kids of Knutby. Living In and Leaving the Swedish Filadelfia Congregation. Cham: Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noyes, P. (1937). My Father’s House: An Oneida Boyhood. New York: Farrar & Rinehart.Google Scholar
Noyes, P. (1958). A Goodly Heritage. New York: Rinehart Press.Google Scholar
Packer, B. L. (2007). The Transcendentalists. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Paden, W. E. (1994). Religious Worlds: The Comparative Study of Religions. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Palmer, S. (2004). Aliens Adored: Räel’s UFO Religion. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Palmer, S. J. (1995). Moon Sisters, Krishna Mothers, Rajneesh Lovers: Women’s Roles in New Religions. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Palmer, S. (2010). “The Twelve Tribes: Preparing the Bride for Yahshua’s Return.Nova Religio, 13 (3): 5980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, S. J. (2011). “Rescuing Children? Government Raids and Child Abuse Allegations in Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspective.” In Wright, S. A. & Richardson (eds.), J. T., Saints under Siege: The Texas State Raid on the Fundamentalist Latter-Day Saints, 5179. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Palmer, S. J. & Hardman, C. E., eds. (1999). Children in New Religions. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Perry, B. & Szlavitz, M.. (2006). “Stairway to Heaven: Treating Children at the Crosshairs of Trauma.” ICSA e-Newsletter, 6(3), www.icsahome.com/elibrary/topics/articles/stairway-to-heaven-perry-en6-3Google Scholar
Pollock, L. A. (1983). Forgotten Children: Parent-Child Relations from 1500 to 1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pratezina, J. (2019). “New Religion Kids: Spiritual and Cultural Identity among Children and Youth Involved with New Religious Movements.” International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 24(1): 7382, https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2019.1619529CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratezina, J. (2021). “‘Disciples by Default’: Women’s Narratives of Leaving New Religious Movements.” M.A., University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca/bitstream/handle/1828/12886/pratezina_jessica_MA_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yGoogle Scholar
Prophet, E. (2008). Prophet’s Daughter: My Life with Elizabeth Claire Prophet inside the Church Universal and Triumphant. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press.Google Scholar
Puttick, E. (1999). Women in New Religions: In Search of Community, Sexuality and Spiritual Power. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Richardson, J. T. (1999). “Social Control of New Religions. From ‘Brainwashing’ Claims to Child Sex Abuse Accusations.” In Palmer, & Hartman, , (eds.), Children in New Religions, 172–86. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutger University Press.Google Scholar
Richardson, J. T., ed. (2004). Regulating Religion: Case Studies from around the Globe. New York: Kluwer Academic.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, J. T., Best, J., & Bromley, D. G., eds. (1991). The Satanism Scare. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Robertson, C. (1981). Oneida Community; An Autobiography 1851–1876. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Rochford, E. B. Jr. (2007). Hare Krishna Transformed. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Rochford, E. B. Jr. with Heinlein, J.. (1998). “Child Abuse in the Hare Krishna Movement: 1971–1986.” ISKCON Communications Journal, 6(1) (June), https://content.iskcon.org/icj/6_1/6_1rochford.html.Google Scholar
Rothchild, J. & Wolf, S.. (1976). The Children of the Counterculture: How the Life-Style of America’s Flower Children Has Affected an Even Younger Generation. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Rother, J. (2000). Re-member: A Handbook for Human Evolution. Poway, CA: Lightworker.Google Scholar
Saliba, J. (2003). Understanding New Religious Movements. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira.Google Scholar
Richardson, J. T. & Schreinert, T. L.. (2011). “Pyrrhic Victory? An Analysis of the Appeal Court Opinions Concerning the FLDS Children.” In Wright, S. A. & Richardson, J. T. (eds.), Saints under Seige: The Texas State Raid on the Fundamentalist Latter-Day Saints, 242–63. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Schutz, A. (1967). The Phenomenology of the Social World. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Schutz, A. & Luckmann, T.. (1973). The Structures of the Life World, Vol 1. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Shahar, S. (1990). Childhood in the Middle Ages. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Shorter, E. (1975). The Making of the Modern Family. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Singer, M. with Lalich., J. (1995). Cults in Our Midst, rev. ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
Singler, B. (2015). “Big Bad Pharma: The Indigo Child Concept and Biomedical Conspiracy Theories,” Nova Religion, 19(2): 1729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siskind, A. (2001). “Child-Rearing Issues in Totalistic Groups.” In Zablocki, B. & Robbins, T. (eds.), Misunderstanding Cults: Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field, 415–51. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Smith, M. & Pazder, L.. (1980). Michelle Remembers. New York: Congden and Lattés.Google Scholar
Sobo, E. J. & Bell, S. (2001). Celibacy, Culture, and Society: The Anthropology of Sexual Abstinence. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Stark, R. (1996). “Why Religious Movements Succeed or Fail: A Revised General Model,” Journal of Contemporary Religion, 11(2): 133–46, https://doi.org/10.1080/13537909608580764CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stehlik, T. (2019). Waldorf Schools and the History of Steiner Education: An International View of 100 Years. Cham: Switzerland: Springer International.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, L. (1990). The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500–1800, abridged ed. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Strandberg, A. (2017). Barn & andlighet. Vägledande handbok till barn som ser, hör och känner energier från andra dimensioner. Stockholm: Books on Demand.Google Scholar
Swartz, K. (2022). “Management Matters: Organizational Storytelling within the Anthroposophical Society in Sweden.” Ph.D. diss., Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.Google Scholar
Tabor, J. D. & Gallagher, E. V.. (1995). Why Waco? Cults and the Battle for Religious Freedom in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tøllefsen, I. B. & Giudice, C., eds. (2017). Female Leaders in New Religious Movements. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNICEF. (2022). Guiding Principles for Children on the Move in the Context of Climate Change. UNICEF Office of Global Insight and Policy. www.unicef.org/globalinsight/media/2796/file/UNICEF-Global-Insight-Guiding-Principles-for-children-on-the-move-in-the-context-of-climate-change-2022.pdfGoogle Scholar
Van Eck Duymaer van Twist, A. (2015). Perfect Children: Growing Up on the Religious Fringe. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Virtue, D. (2003). The Crystal Children: A Guide to the Newest Generation of Psychic and Sensitive Children. London: Hay House.Google Scholar
Waltz, M. (2009). “From Changelings to Crystal Children: An Examination of ‘New Age’ Ideas about Autism.” Journal of Religion, Disability and Health, 13(2): 114–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wessinger, C. (2000). How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven’s Gate. New York: Seven Bridges Press.Google Scholar
Westbrook, D. A. (2022). L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology Studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whedon, S. (2009). “The Wisdom of Indigo Children: An Emphatic Restatement of the Value of American Children.” Nova Religio, 12(3): 6076.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, D. (2004). “Child Abuse and the Hare Krishnas: History and Response.” In Bryant, E. F. & Ekstrand, M. L. (eds.), The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant, 321–44. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Wooden, K. (1981). The Children of Jonestown. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Wright, S. A. & Fagen, J. L. (2011). “6. Texas Redux: A Comparative Analysis of the FLDS and Branch Davidian Raids.” In: edited by Stuart, A. Wright and Richardson, James T. (eds.), Saints Under Siege: The Texas State Raid on the Fundamentalist Latter Day Saints, 150–77. New York, USA: New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814795286.003.0007Google Scholar
Wright, S. A. & Richardson, J. T.. (2011). Saints under Siege: The Texas State Raid on the Fundamentalist Latter-Day Saints. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, S. A. & Palmer, S. J.. (2016). Storming Zion: Government Raids on Religious Communities. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yates, B. (2020). “Leo Ryan: How Did His Trip to Jonestown Come Together, and Why? The Jonestown Report 22 (October). https://jonestown.sdsu.edu/?page_id=102670Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Children in New Religious Movements
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Children in New Religious Movements
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Children in New Religious Movements
Available formats
×