Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:13:28.850Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Anthropological Archaeology in the 21st Century

Anthropological Archaeology Underwater

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 May 2024

Ashley Lemke
Ashley Lemke
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Summary

Anthropological archaeology underwater is a new field. What type of research is this and how do anthropologists go about it? When most people hear the phrase 'underwater archaeology', they think of shipwrecks and dramatic images of lost ships at sea, but the underwater archaeological record is vast. In addition to historic vessels, water preserves some of the oldest landscapes on the planet. While archaeologists are interested in the past, those working underwater apply the latest technologies to provide fresh understandings about ancient human behaviour. Underwater environments provide preservation that is unmatched on land and therefore the data collected is novel – providing information about human lifeways and creating a picture of the past we would otherwise never see. This Element will explore the world of anthropological archaeology underwater, focusing on submerged sites, and review the techniques, data, and theoretical perspectives which are offering new insights into the human story.
Get access

Keywords

underwater archaeologysubmerged prehistoryanthropology underwaterprehistoric archaeologySCUBA diving
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Anthropological Archaeology in the 21st Century
Online ISBN: 9781009327367
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 31 October 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adovasio, J. M., & Hemmings, A. (2009). Inner Continental Shelf Archaeology in the Northeast Gulf of Mexico. Paper presented at the 74th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Atlanta, GA.Google Scholar
Albrectsen, E. (1959). Flinteflækker og frømænd. Odense: Fynske Minder.Google Scholar
Alday, C., & Morrisset, S., eds. (2019). Desert archaeology. Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 34 (1–205).Google Scholar
Amkreutz, L., & van der Vaart-Verschoof, S., eds. (2022). Doggerland: Lost World under the North Sea. Leiden: Sidestone Press.Google Scholar
Andersen, S. H. (1980). Tybrind Vig: A preliminary report on a submerged Ertebølle settlement on the Little Belt. Antikvariske Studier, 4: 7–22.Google Scholar
Andersen, S. H. (1987). Tybrind Vig: A submerged Ertebølle settlement in Denmark. In Coles, J., & Lawson, A. J., eds. European Wetlands in Prehistory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 253–280.Google Scholar
Andersen, S. H. (2013). Tybrind Vig: Submerged Mesolithic Settlements in Denmark. Jysk Arkæologisk Selskabs Skrifter 77. Arhas: Arhas University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, D. G., Bissett, T. G., Yerka, S. J. et al. (2017). Sea-level rise and archaeological site destruction: An example from the southeastern United States using DINAA (Digital Index of North American Archaeology). PLoS ONE, 12(11): e0188142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, A., Chilczuk, S., Nelson, K., Ruther, R., & Wall-Scheffler, C. (2023). The myth of man the hunter: Women’s contribution to the hunt across ethnographic contexts. PLoS ONE, 18(6): e0287101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, A. P., & Corletta, R. (1995). A brief history of underwater archaeology in the Maya area. Ancient Mesoamerica, 6: 101–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, E. W. (1959). Dzibilchaltun: Lost city of the Maya. National Geographic Magazine, 115(1): 90–109.Google Scholar
Ashton, N., Lewis, S. G., De Groote, I., et al. (2014). Hominin footprints from early Pleistocene deposits at Happisburgh, UK. PLoS ONE, 9(2): e88329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Astrup, P. M. (2018). Sea-Level Change in Mesolithic Southern Scandinavia: Long- and Short-Term Effects on Society and the Environment. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Astrup, P. M., Skriver, C., Benjamin, J., et al. (2019). Underwater shell middens: Excavation and remote sensing of a submerged Mesolithic site at Hjarnø, Denmark. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 15(4): 457–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atherton, M. (2011). Echoes and Images: The Encyclopedia of Side-Scan and Scanning Sonar Operations. Vancouver: Oysterlink Publications.Google Scholar
Bailey, G. & King, G. C. P. (2011). Dynamic landscapes and human dispersal patterns: tectonics, coastlines, and the reconstruction of human habitats. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30(11–12):1533–1553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bass, G. F. (1964). Underwater excavations at Yassi Ada 1962–1963. Türk Arkeologji Dergisi, 20: 40–50.Google Scholar
Bass, G. F. (1966). Archaeology under Water. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Bass, G. F. (1971). Archaeology under Water. London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Bass, G. F. (1972). A History of Seafaring Based on Underwater Archaeology. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Bass, G. F. (1983). A plea for historical particularism in nautical archaeology. In Gould, R. A., ed. Shipwreck Anthropology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 91–104.Google Scholar
Bass, G. F. (1988). Ships and Shipwrecks of the Americas: A History Based on Underwater Archaeology. New York: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
Bass, G. F., & Van Doorninck, F. H. (1982). Yassi Ada. Nautical Archaeology Series, No. 1. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.Google Scholar
Bass, G. F., Throckmorton, P., Du Plat Taylor, J. et al. (1967). Cape Gelidonya: A bronze age shipwreck. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 57(8): 1–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, G. N. (2004). The wider significance of submerged archaeological sites and their relevance to world prehistory. In Flemming, N. C., ed. Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea: Research Priorities and Collaboration with Industry. CBA Research Report 141. York: Council for British Archaeology, pp. 3–10.Google Scholar
Bailey, G. N. (2014). New developments in submerged prehistoric archaeology: An overview. In Evans, A. M., Flatman, J. C., &Flemming, N. C., eds. Prehistoric Archaeology on the Continental Shelf. New York: Springer, pp. 311–331.Google Scholar
Bailey, G. N., & Flemming, N. C. (2008). Archaeology of the continental shelf: Marine resources, submerged landscapes and underwater archaeology. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27(23): 2153–2165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, G. N., & Parkington, J. (1988). The Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bailey, G. N., Harff, J., & Sakellariou, D., eds. (2017). Under the Sea: Archaeology and Palaeolandscapes of the Continental Shelf. Cham: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, G. N., Galanidou, N., Peeters, H., Jöns, H., & Mennenga, M., eds. (2020). The Archaeology of Europe’s Drowned Landscapes. Cham: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayón, M. C., & Politis, G. G. (2014). The inter-tidal zone site of La Olla: Early-middle Holocene human adaptation on the Pampean coast of Argentina. In Evans, A. M., Flatman, J. C., & Flemming, N. C. Prehistoric Archaeology on the Continental Shelf. New York: Springer, pp. 115–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benjamin, J. (2010). Submerged prehistoric landscapes and underwater site discovery: Reevaluating the “Danish model” for international practice. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 5: 253–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benjamin, J., Bonsall, C., Pickard, C., & Fischer, A., eds. (2011). Submerged Prehistory. Oxford: Oxbow.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benjamin, J., O’Leary, M. O., McDonald, J. et al. (2020). Aboriginal artefacts on the continental shelf reveal ancient drowned cultural landscapes in northwest Australia. PLoS ONE, 15(7): e0233912.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benjamin, J., O’Leary, M. O., McDonald, J. et al. (2023a). Correction: Aboriginal artefacts on the continental shelf reveal ancient drowned cultural landscapes in northwest Australia. PLoS ONE, 18(6):e0287490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benjamin, J., O’Leary, M. O., McCarthy, J. et al. (2023b). Stone artefacts on the seabed at a submerged freshwater spring can confirm a drowned cultural landscape in Murujuga, Western Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 313: 108190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Billaud, Y. (2017). Archaeology of underwater caves in France: An overview. In Campbell, P., ed. The Archaeology of Underwater Caves. Southampton: Highfield Press, pp. 145–162.Google Scholar
Björdal, C. G. (2000). Waterlogged Archaeological Wood: Biodegration and Its Implications for Conservation. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.Google Scholar
Björdal, C. G., Gregory, D., & Trakadas, A., eds. (2012). WreckProtect: Decay and Protection of Archaeological Wooden Shipwrecks. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Borhegyi, S. F. (1958). Aqualung archaeology. Natural History, 67(3): 120–125.Google Scholar
Borhegyi, S. F. (1959). Underwater archaeology in Guatemala. Scientific American, 200(3): 100–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowens, A. (2008). Underwater Archaeology: The NAS Guide to Principles and Practice. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, R., & Gordon, K. (1988). Human skulls from the River Thames, their dating and significance. Antiquity, 62(236): 503–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadwater, J. D. (2002). Timelines of underwater archaeology. In Barstad, J. F., & Ruppé, C. V., eds. International Handbook of Underwater Archaeology. Cham: Springer, pp. 17–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadwater, J. D. (2023). A Practical Guide to Maritime Archaeology: With a Focus on the Mid-Atlantic Region. Richmond: DATA Investigations, LLC.Google Scholar
Bruno, F., Lagudi, A., Gallo, A., et al. (2015). 3D documentation of archeological remains in the underwater park of Baiae. The International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, and Spatial Information Sciences, XL- 5 /W5: 41–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruseth, J., ed. (2014). La Belle: The Ship That Changed History. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, P. B. (2017). Ritual use of springs and cave lake by Native North American cultures. In Campbell, P., ed. The Archaeology of Underwater Caves. Southampton: Highfield Press, pp. 221–250.Google Scholar
Carabias, D., Cartajena, I., Simmonettii, R., et al. (2014). Submerged paleolandscapes: Site GNL Quintero 1 (GNLQ1) and the first evidences from the Pacific coast of South America. In Evans, A. M., Flatman, J. C., & Flemming, N. C., eds. Prehistoric Archaeology on the Continental Shelf. New York: Springer, pp. 131–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavers, M. G., & Henderson, J. C. (2005). Underwater excavation at Ederline Crannog, Loch Awe, Argyll, Scotland. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 34(2): 282–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ceruti, M. C. (2023). High-altitude archaeology and the anthropology of sacred mountains: 25 years of explorations and disseminations. In Sarmiento, F. O., ed. Montology Palimpsest: A Primer of Mountain Geographies. Cham: Springer, pp. 237–253.Google Scholar
Chatters, J. C., Kennett, D. J., Asmerom, Y., et al. (2014). Late Pleistocene human skeleton and mtDNA link Paleoamericans and modern Native Americans. Science, 344(6185): 750–754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chatters, J. C., Rissolo, D., Arroyo Cabrales, J., et al. (2017). Hoyo Negro: tapping the paleoanthropological and paleoecological potential of a deeply submerged underground chamber on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. In Campbell, P., ed. The Archaeology of Underwater Caves. Southampton: Highfield Press, pp. 119–130.Google Scholar
Chang, C.-H., Kaifu, Y., Takai, M., et al. (2015). The first archaic Homo from Taiwan. Nature Communications, 6: 6037.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clausen, C. J., Brooks, H. K., & Wesolowsky, A. B. (1975). The early man site at Warm Mineral Springs, Florida. Journal of Field Archaeology, 2(3): 191–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clausen, C. J., Cohen, A. D., Emiliani, C., Holman, J. A., & Stipp, J. J. (1979). Little Salt Spring, Florida: A unique underwater site. Science, 203(4381): 609–614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clottes, J., Courtin, J., & Collina-Girard, J. (2017). The Cosquer cave, Marseilles, France. In Campbell, P., ed. The Archaeology of Underwater Caves. Southampton: Highfield Press, pp. 105–118.Google Scholar
Coggins, C., & Shane, O. C. (1984). Cenote of Sacrifice: Maya Treasures from the Sacred Well at Chichén Itzá. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Conrad, G. W., Foster, J. W., Beeker, C. D., & Beland, A. L. (2005). Artefactos de madera recuperados del Manantial de la Aleta, Parque Nacional del Este. Boletín del Museum del Hombre Dominicano, 32(39): 7–42.Google Scholar
Cook Hale, J., Benjamin, J., Woo, K., et al. (2021). Submerged landscapes, marine transgression and underwater shell middens: Comparative analysis of site formation and taphonomy in Europe and North America. Quaternary Science Reviews, 258: 106867.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delaere, C., & Capriles, J. M. (2020). The context and meaning of an intact Inca underwater offering from Lake Titicaca. Antiquity, 94(376): 1030–1041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delaere, C., & Warmenbol, E. (2019). The watery way to the world of the dead: Underwater excavations (old and new) at the cave of Han-sur-Lesse, Beligum. In Büster, L., Warmenbol, E., & Mlekuž, D., eds. Between Worlds: Understanding Ritual Cave Use in Later Prehistory. Cham: Springer, pp. 137–161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delgado, J. (1997). Encyclopedia of Underwater and Maritime Archaeology. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Dhony, M. D. K., Adhityatama, S., Triwurjani, R. R., et al. (2023). Underwater archaeology remains in Matano Lake, South of Sulawesi, Indonesia: Evidence of Iron Age Civilization. In Proceedings of the 2023 Asia Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage. https://apconf.omeka.net/exhibits/show/apconfproceedings/2023.Google Scholar
Ditchfield, K., Ulm, S., Manne, T., et al. (2022). Framing Australian Pleistocene coastal occupation and archaeology. Quaternary Science Reviews, 293(1): 107706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, J. (1979). A Predictive Model for the Distribution of Archaeological Sites on the Continental Shelf. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Brown University.Google Scholar
Dixon, N. (2004). The Crannogs of Scotland: An Underwater Archaeology. Stroud: Tempus.Google Scholar
Doran, G. H., ed. (2002). Windover: Multidisciplinary Investigations of an Early Archaic Florida Cemetery. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Dortch, J., Beckett, E., Paterson, A., & McDonald, J. (2019). Stone artifacts in the intertidal zone, Dampier Archipelago: Evidence for a submerged coastal site in Northwest Australia. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 16(2–4): 509–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duggins, R., Price, F. H., Price, M. R., Mollema, I. R., & Puckett, N. (2018). Manasota Key Offshore: A Prehistoric Cemetery in the Gulf of Mexico. Paper presented at the Society for Historical and Underwater Archaeology Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar
Dunbar, J. S. (1991). Resource orientation of Clovis and Suwannee age Paleoindian sites in Florida. In Bonnichsen, R., & Turnmine, K. L., eds. Clovis: Origins and Adaptations. College Station: Center for the Study of the First Americans, pp. 185–214.Google Scholar
Dunbar, J. S., Hemmings, C. A., Vojnovski, P. K., Webb, S. D., & Stanton, W. M. (2006). The Ryan/Harley Site 8JE1004: A Suwannee point site in the Wacissa River, North Florida. In Bonnnichsen, R., Lepper, B. T., Stanford, D., & Waters, M. R., eds. Paleoamerican Origins: Beyond Clovis. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, pp. 81–96.Google Scholar
Dunnavant, J. P. (2021). Have confidence in the sea: Maritime maroons and fugitive geographies. Antiopde, 53(3): 884–905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easton, N. A., Moore, C., & Mason, A. R. (2021). The archaeology of submerged prehistoric sites on the north coast of North America. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 16(1): 118–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eitel, K. (2023). Resilience. In Stein, F., ed. The Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology. http://doi.org/10.29164/23resilience. www.anthroencyclopedia.com/entry/resilience.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Rayis, O. A., Hemeda, E. I., Ismael, A. M., & Jammo, K. (2003). Approaches to environmental restoration of a polluted harbour with submerged archaeology: the Alexandria case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 47(1–6): 193–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, A., Flatman, J. C., & Flemming, N. C., eds. (2014). Prehistoric Archaeology of the Continental Shelf: A Global Review. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, A., & Keith, M. E. (2011). Potential contributions of a maritime cultural landscape approach to submerged prehistoric resources, northwestern Gulf of Mexico. In Ford, B., ed. The Archaeology of Maritime Landscapes. Cham: Springer, pp. 163–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, A., Russel, M. A., & Leshikar-Denton, M. E. (2010). Local resources, global heritage: An introduction to the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 5: 79–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faught, M. K. (2002–2004). Submerged Paleoindian and archaic sites of the Big Bend, Florida. Journal of Field Archaeology, 29: 273–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faught, M. K. (2004). The underwater archaeology of paleolandscapes, Apalachee Bay, Florida. American Antiquity, 69: 235–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faught, M. K. (2010). The Danish model gets us going: Comment on Jonathan Benjamin’s “submerged prehistoric landscapes and underwater site discovery: Reevaluating the ‘Danish model’ for international practice.” The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 5: 271–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faught, M. K., & Donoghue, J. F. (1997). Marine inundated archaeological sites and paleofluvial systems: Examples from a karst-controlled continental shelf setting in Apalachee Bay, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Geoarchaeology, 12(5): 417–458.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faught, M. K., & Smith, M. F. (2021). The magnificent seven: Marine submerged precontact sites found by systematic geoarchaeology in the Americas. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 16(1): 86–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fedje, D. W., & Josenhans, H. (2000). Drowned forests and archaeology on the continental shelf of British Columbia, Canada. Geology, 28(2): 99–102.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fedje, D. W., Wigen, R. J., McClaren, D., & Mackie, Q. (2004). Pre-Holocene Archaeology and Environment from Karst Caves in Haida Gwaii, West Coast, Canada. Paper presented at the 57th Annual Northwest Anthropological Conference, Eugene.Google Scholar
Ferguson, L. (1992). Uncommon Ground: Archaeology and Early African America 1650–1800. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Flemming, N. C. (1971). Cities in the Sea. New York: Doubleday & Company.Google Scholar
Flemming, N. C. (1980). Structures under water: Apollonia, a model harbor. In Muckelroy, K., ed. Archaeology under Water: An Atlas of the World’s Submerged Sites. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 174–175.Google Scholar
Flemming, N. C. (2004). Submarine Prehistoric Archaeology of the North Sea: Research Priorities and Collaboration with Industry. York: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Flemming, N. C. (2011). Research infrastructure for systematic study of the prehistoric archaeology of the European submerged continental shelf. In Benjamin, J., Bonsall, C., Pickard, C., & Fischer, A., eds. Submerged Prehistory. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 272–286.Google Scholar
Flemming, N. C. (2021). Apollonia on my Mind: The memoir of a paraplegic ocean scientist. Leiden: Sidestone Press.Google Scholar
Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A., & Bailey, G. N., eds. (2017). Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Quaternary Paleoenvironments. Oxford: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, A. (1993b). Stenalderbopadser på bunden af Smålandsfarvandet. En teori afprøvet ved dykkerbesigtiglse. Hørsholm: Skov-og Naturstyrelsen.Google Scholar
Fischer, A., ed. (1995a). Man and Sea in the Mesolithic: Coastal Settlement above and below Present Sea Level: Proceedings of the International Symposium, Kalundborg, Denmark 1993. Oxbow Monograph 53. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Fischer, A. (1995b). An entrance to the Mesolithic world below the ocean. Status of ten years’ work on the Danish sea floor. In Fischer, A., ed. Man and Sea in the Mesolithic: Coastal Settlement above and below Present Sea Level: Proceedings of the International Symposium, Kalundborg, Denmark 1993. Oxbow Monograph 53. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 371–384.Google Scholar
Fischer, A. (1997). People and the sea-settlement and fishing along the Mesolithic coasts. In Pedersen, L., Fischer, A., & Aaby, B., eds. The Danish Storælt since the Ice Age-Man, Sea and Forest. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 63–77.Google Scholar
Fischer, A. (2007). Coastal fishing in Stone Age Denmark – evidence from below and above the present sea-level and from the bones of human beings. In Milner, N., Craig, O. E., & Bailey, G. N., eds. Shell Middens and Coastal Resources along the Atlantic Façade, Held in York September 2005. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 54–69.Google Scholar
Ford, B., Halligan, J., & Catsambis, A. (2020). Our Blue Plant: An Introduction to Maritime and Underwater Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gaffney, V. (2022). Forward. In Amkreutz, L., & van der Vaart-Verschoof, S., eds. Doggerland: Lost World under the North Sea. Leiden: Sidestone Press, pp. 7–8.Google Scholar
Gaffney, V., & Fitch, S., eds. (2022). Europe’s Lost Frontiers: Volume I Context and Methodology. Oxford: Archaeopress.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaffney, V., Fitch, S., & Smith, D. (2009). Europe’s Lost World: The Discovery of Doggerland. York: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Galili, E., Benjamin, J., Eshed, V., et al. (2019). A submerged 7000-year-old village and seawall demonstrated earliest known coastal defence against sea-level rise. PLoS ONE, 14(12): e0222560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galili, E., & Wienstein-Evron, M. (1985). Prehistory and paleoenvironments of submerged sites along the Carmel coast of Israel. Paleobiology, 11: 37–52.Google Scholar
Galili, E., Weinstien-Evron, M., Hershkovitz, I., et al. (1993). Atlit-Yam: A prehistoric site on the sea floor off the Israeli coast. Journal of Field Archaeology, 20(2): 133–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrison, E., & Cook Hale, J. (2021). “The early days” – underwater prehistoric archaeology in the USA and Canada. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 16(1): 27–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrison, E., Cook Hale, J., Cameron, C. S., & Smith, E. (2016). The archaeology, sedimentology and paleontology of Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary and nearby hard bottom reefs along the mid continental shelf of the Georgia Bight. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 5: 240–262.Google Scholar
Gaspari, A., Miran, E., & Bostjan, O. (2011). A Palaeolithic wooden point from Ljubljansko Barje, Solvenia. In Benjamin, J., Bonsall, C., Pickard, C., & Fischer, A., eds. Submerged Prehistory. Oxford: Oxbrow Books, pp. 186–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gifford, J. A, Koski, S. H., Newsom, L. A., & Milideo, L. (2017). Little Salt Spring: Excavations on the 27-meter ledge, 2008–2011. In Campbell, P., ed. The Archaeology of Underwater Caves. Southampton: Highfield Press, pp. 73–104.Google Scholar
Green, J. (2016). Maritime Archaeology: A Technical Handbook. Second edition. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grenier, R. (1994). The concept of the Louisbourg Underwater Museum. The Northern Mariner/Le Marin du nord, IV(2): 3–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, D., & Mattiesen, H., eds. (2012). Preserving archaeological materials in Situ (Paris4). Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 14: 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grier, C., Kim, J., & Uchiyama, J., eds. (2006). Beyond Affluent-foragers: Rethinking Hunter-Gatherer Complexity. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Goggin, J. M. (1960). Underwater archaeology: Its nature and limitations. American Antiquity, 25(3): 348–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez Otero, J. (2007). Dieta, Uso del Espacio y Evolución en Poblaciones Cazadoras-Recolectoras de la Costa Centro – septentrional de Patagonia Durante el Holoceno Medio y Tardío. PhD dissertation, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Gould, R. (1983). Shipwreck Anthropology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Gould, R. (2000). Archaeology and the Social History of Ships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Grøn, O., Boldreel, L. O., Hermand, J. P. et al. (2018). Detecting human-knapped flint with marine high-resolution reflection seismics: A preliminary study of new possibilities for subsea mapping of submerged Stone Age sites. Underwater Technology, 35(2): 35–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grøn, O., Boldreel, L. O., Smith, M. F. et al. (2021). Acoustic mapping of submerged Stone Age sites—a Hald approach. Remote Sensing, 13(3): 445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guilderson, T. P., Burckle, L., Hemmings, S., & Peltier, W. R. (2000). Late Pleistocene sea level variations derived from the Argentine shelf. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems: An Electronic Journal of Earth Sciences, 1 : 200GC000098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gusick, A., Maloney, J., King, R. B., & Braje, T. J. (2019). Emerging Technologies in the Search for Submerged Cultural Landscapes of the Pacific Continental Shelf. Paper presented at the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, May 2019. OTC-29221-MS.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habu, J., Matsui, A., Yamamoto, A., & Kanno, T. (2011). Shell midden archaeology in Japan: Aquatic food acquisition and long-term change in the Jomon culture. Quaternary International, 239(1–2): 19–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halligan, J. J., Waters, M. R., Perrotti, A. et al. (2016). Pre-Clovis occupation 14,550 years ago at the Page-Ladson site, Florida, and the peopling of the Americas. Science Advances, 2(5): 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, D. L. (1976). Conservation of Metal Objects from Underwater Sites: A Study in Methods. Austin: Texas Antiquities Committee Publication No. 1.Google Scholar
Hamilton, D. L. (1984). Preliminary report on the archaeological investigations of the submerged remains of Port Royal, Jamaica 1981–1982. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration, 13(1):11–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, D. L. (1996). Basic Methods of Conserving Underwater Archaeological Material Culture. Washington, DC: Legacy Resource Management Program, United States Department of Defense.Google Scholar
Hamilton, D. L. (1999). Methods for Conserving Archaeological Materials from Underwater Sites. College Station: Conservation Research Laboratory, Center for Maritime Archaeology and Conservation Texas A&M University.Google Scholar
Hamilton, D. L. (2006). Port Royal, Jamaica: Archaeological past and development potential. Underwater Cultural Heritage at Risk, 49–51.Google Scholar
Harding, A., Cadogan, G., & Howell, R. (1969). Pavlopetri, an underwater bronze age town in Laconia. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 64: 113–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayashida, K., Kimura, J., & Sasaki, R. (2014). State and perspectives of submerged sites in Japan. In Evans, A., Flatman, J. C., & Flemming, N. C., eds. Prehistoric Archaeology of the Continental Shelf: A Global Review. New York: Springer, pp. 275–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hermand, J. P., Grøn, O., Asch, M., & Ren, Q. Y. (2011). Modelling flint acoustics for detection of submerged Stone Age sites. In Proceedings of OCEANS 2011 IEEE Conference, Santander, Spain, pp. 1–9. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6107308.Google Scholar
Hoffman, C. A. (1983). A Mammoth kill site in the Silver Springs Run. The Florida Anthropologist, 36(1–2): 83–87.Google Scholar
Hublin, J-J., Weston, D., Gunz, P., et al. (2009). Out of the North Sea: The Zeeland Ridges Neandertal. Journal of Human Evolution, 57(6): 777–785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iba, I. (2005). The Awazu site, a shell midden on the bottom of Lake Biwa, Japan. Journal of Wetland Archaeology, 5(1): 35–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irwanto, D. (2019). Sundaland: Tracing the Cradle of Civilizations. West Java: Indonesia Hydro Media.Google Scholar
Jameson, J. H., & Scott-Ireton, D. A., eds. (2007). Out of the Blue: Public Interpretation of Maritime Cultural Resources. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jasinski, M., & Warmenbol, E. (2017). The Trou de Han in Han-Sur-Lesse, Belgium. In Campbell, P., ed. The Archaeology of Underwater Caves. Southampton: Highfield Press, pp. 163–184.Google Scholar
Jerbic, K. (2020). Zambratija: A 6,000-Year-Old Pile-dwelling Submerged under the Adriatic Sea. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Flinders University, Adelaide.Google Scholar
Johnson, L. L., & Stright, M. (1992). Paleoshorelines and Prehistory: An Investigation of Method. Baca Raton: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Josenhans, H. W., Fedje, D. W., Conway, K. W., & Barrie, J. V. (1995). Post glacial sea levels on the western Canadian continental shelf: Evidence for rapid change, extensive subaerial exposure, and early human habitation. Marine Geology, 125: 73–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Josenhans, H. W., Fedje, D. W, Pienitz, R., & Southon, J. (1997). Early humans and rapidly changing Holocene sea-levels in the Queen Charlotte Islands – Hecate Strait, British Columbia. Science, 277: 71–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keith, M. E. (2016). Site Formation Processes of Submerged Shipwrecks. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khalil, E., & Mustafa, M. (2002). Underwater archaeology in Egypt. In Ruppe, C. V., & Barstad, J. F., eds. International Handbook of Underwater Archaeology. Cham: Springer, pp. 519–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinkella, A., & Lucero, L. J. (2017). Actun Ek Nen: Relfections on the Black Mirror Cave at the Cara Blanca Pools, Belize. In Campbell, P., ed. The Archaeology of Underwater Caves. Southampton: Highfield Press, pp. 185–200.Google Scholar
Klyuev, M., Schreider, A., & Rakitin, I., eds. (2023). Technical Means for Underwater Archaeology. Cham: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambeck, K., Esat, T. M., & Potter, E.-K. (2002). Links between climate and sea levels for the past three million years. Nature, 419(6903): 199–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawrence, G. F. (1929). Antiquities from the middle Thames. Archaeological Journal, 86(1): 69–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leineweber, R., Lubke, H., Hellmund, M., Dohle, H.-J., & Kloob, S. (2011). A late Neolithic fishing fence in Lake Arendsee, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany. In Benjamin, J., Bonsall, C., Pickard, C., & Fischer, A., eds. Submerged Prehistory. Oxford: Oxbrow Books, pp. 173–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemke, A. (2015). Great Lakes Rangifer and Paleoindians: Archaeological and paleontological caribou remains from Michigan. PaleoAmerica, 1(3): 276–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemke, A. (2016). Anthropological Archaeology Underwater: Hunting Architecture and Foraging Lifeways beneath the Great Lakes. PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Lemke, A., ed. (2018). Foraging in the Past: Archaeological Studies of Hunter-Gatherer Diversity. Denver: University Press of Colorado.Google Scholar
Lemke, A. (2021a). Submerged prehistory and anthropological archaeology: Do underwater studies contribute to theory? Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 16(1): 5–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemke, A. (2021b). Literal niche construction: Built environments of hunter-gatherers and hunting architecture. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 62: 101276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemke, A. (2022). The Architecture of Hunting: The Built Environment of Hunter-Gatherers and Its Impact on Mobility, Property, Leadership, and Labor. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.Google Scholar
Lemke, A., Grinnan, N., & Haigler, J. (2022). Getting your feet wet: Barriers to inclusivity in underwater archaeology and how to break them. Advances in Archaeological Practice, 10(2): 129–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemke, A., & O’Shea, J. (2022). Drowning the Pompeii premise: Frozen moments, single events, and the character of submerged archaeological sites. World Archaeology, 54(1): 142–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemke, A., O’Shea, J., Reynolds, R., & Palazzolo, T. (2023). Virtual Worlds: Underwater Archaeology and Indigenous Engagement. Paper presented at the 88th Society for American Archaeology Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon.Google Scholar
Lenihan, D. J., Cockrell, W. A, & Murphy, L. E. (2017). How underwater archaeology brought light to darkness in the American karst. In Campbell, P., ed. The Archaeology of Underwater Caves. Southampton: Highfield Press, pp. 44–72.Google Scholar
Leshikar, M. E. (1988). The earliest watercraft: From rafts to Viking ships. In Bass, G. F., ed. Shipwrecks of the Americas: A History Based on Underwater Archaeology. New York: Thames and Hudson, pp. 13–32.Google Scholar
Lisiecki, L. E., & Raymo, M. E. (2005). A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic Delta O-18 records. Paleoceanography, 20(1): PA1003.Google Scholar
Long, D., Wickham-Jones, C. R., & Ruckley, N.A. (1986). A flint artefact from the northern North Sea. In Roe, D. A., ed. Studies in the Upper Palaeolithic of Britain and Northwest Europe, British Archaeological Reports International Series 296. Oxford: BAR Publishing, pp. 55–62.Google Scholar
Lovis, W. A., Arbogast, A. F., & Monaghan, W. C. (2012). The Geoarchaeology of Lake Michigan Coastal Dunes. Lansing: Michigan State University Press.Google Scholar
Luna Erreguerena, P. (1989). Underwater archaeology in Mexico. In Arnold, J. B., ed. Underwater Archaeology Proceedings of the Society for Historical Archaeology Conference. Tucson: Society for Historical Archaeology, pp. 149–151.Google Scholar
Maarleveld, T. J. (2020). Underwater sites in archaeological conservation and preservation. In Smith, C., ed. Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Cham: Springer, pp. 10795–10802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacDonald, B. L., Chatters, J. C., Reinhardt, E. G., et al., (2020). Paleoindian ochre mines in the submerged caves of the Yucatán Peninsula, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Science Advances, 6 : eaba1219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahon, I., Pizarro, O., Johnson-Roberson, M., et al. (2011). Reconstructing Pavlopetri: Mapping the world’s oldest submerged town using stereo-vision. In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Shanghai, China, pp. 2315–2321. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5980536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malm, T. (1995). Excavating submerged Stone Age sites in Denmark – the Tybrind Vig example. In Fischer, A., ed. Man & Sea in the Mesolithic: Coastal Settlement above and below Present Sea Level. Oxbow Monographs No. 53. New York: Dan Brown Book Company, pp. 385–396.Google Scholar
Martin, C. J. M. (2020). Underwater archaeology. In Smith, C., ed. Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Cham: Springer, pp. 10771–10781Google Scholar
Marden, L. (1959). Up from the well of time. National Geographic Magazine, 115(1): 110–129.Google Scholar
Masters, P. M., & Flemming, N. C., eds. (1983). Quaternary Coastlines and Marine Archaeology: Towards the Prehistory of Land Bridges and Continental Shelves. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Maus, M., Conrad, G., Foster, J., & Beeker, C. (2017). Underwater caves in the Taíno world. In Campbell, P., ed. The Archaeology of Underwater Caves. Southampton: Highfield Press, pp. 201–220.Google Scholar
Mazurkevich, A., & Dolbunova, E. (2011). Underwater investigations in northwest Russia: Lacustrine archaeology of Neolithic pile dwellings. In Benjamin, J., Bonsall, C., Pickard, C., & Fischer, A., eds. Submerged Prehistory. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 158–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, J., & Benjamin, J. (2014). Multi-image photogrammetry for underwater archaeological site recording: An accessible, diver-based approach. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 9(1): 95–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKillop, H. (2005). Finds in Belize document Late Classic Maya salt making and Canoe Transport. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(15): 5630–5634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKinnon, J., Roth, M. J., & Carrell, T. L. (2020). Submerged Battlefield Survey Manual: American Battlefield Protection. Santa Fe: Ships of Exploration and Discovery.Google Scholar
Memet, J. B. (2008). Conservation of underwater cultural heritage: Characteristics and new technologies in underwater cultural heritage. Museum International, 240: 42–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Missiaen, T., Sakellariou, D., & Flemming, N. C. (2017). Survey strategies and techniques in underwater geoarchaeological reseach: An overview with emphasis on prehistoric sites. In Bailey, G. N., Jan, H. & Sakellariou, D., eds. Under the Sea: Archaeology and Palaeolandscapes of the Continental Shelf. Cham: Springer, pp. 21–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Momber, G. (2000). Drowned and deserted: A submerged prehistoric landscape in the Solent. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 29(1): 86–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Momber, G., Tomalin, D., Scife, R., Satchell, J., & Gillespie, J., eds. (2011). Mesolithic Occupation at Bouldnor Cliff and the Submerged Prehistorical Landscapes of the Solent. York: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar
Monteleone, K. (2013). Lost Worlds: Locating Submerged Archaeological Sites in Southeast Alaska. PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Monteleone, K., Thompson, A. E., & Keith, P. M. (2021). Virtual cultural landscapes: Geospatial visualization of past environments. Archaeological Prospection, 28: 379–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, M. A., Krysl, P., Rivera-Collazo, I. C., & Hildebrand, J. A. (2022). The resonant acoustic signatures of lithic debitage. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 41: 103266.Google Scholar
Morrison, I. (1985). Landscape with Lake Dwellings. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Mortensen, M. N., Egsgaard, H., Hvilsed, S., Shashoua, Y., & Glastrup, J. (2007). Characterisation of the polyethylene glycol impregnation of the Swedish warship Vasa and one of the Danish Skuldelev Viking ship. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34: 1211–1218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muckelroy, K. (1978). Maritime Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Muckelroy, K., ed. (1980). Archaeology under Water: An Atlas of the World’s Submerged Sites. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Müller, S. (1897). Vor Oldtid: Danmarks forhistoriske archæology. Denmark: Nabu Press.Google Scholar
Nakagawa, H. (2014). Submerged Archaeological Sites in the Lake Biwa, Japan. Paper presented at the Asia Pacific Conference on Underwater Archaeology, Hawaii.Google Scholar
Olsen, O., & Crumlin-Pedersen, O. (1968). The Skuldelev Ships: A Report of the Final Underwater Excavation in 1959 and Salvaging Operation in 1962. Acta Archaeologica. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell PublishingGoogle Scholar
O’Shea, J. M. (2002). The archaeology of scattered wreck-sites: Formation processes and shallow water archaeology in western Lake Huron. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 31(2): 211–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Shea, J. M. (2015). Strategies and techniques for the discovery of submerged sites on the Alpena-Amberley Ridge. In Sonnenburg, E., Lemke, A. K., & O’Shea, J. M., eds. Caribou Hunting in the Upper Great Lakes: Archaeological, Ethnographic, and Paleoenvironmental Perspectives. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, pp. 105–114.Google Scholar
O’Shea, J. M. (2021). Mirco-regional approaches for submerged site archaeology. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 16(1): 103–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Shea, J. M. (2023). Submerged Prehistory in the Americas: Methods, Approaches, and Results. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Shea, J. M., & Lemke, A. (2020). A layered approach for the discovery and mapping of prehistoric sites beneath Lake Huron. Marine Technology Society Journal, 54(3): 23–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Shea, J. M., Lemke, A. K., Nash, B. S., et al. (2021). Central Oregon obsidian from a submerged early Holocene archaeological site beneath Lake Huron. PLOS ONE, 16(5): e0250840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Shea, J. M., Lemke, A. K., Sonnenburg, E., Reynolds, R. G., & Abbot, B. (2014). A 9,000-year-old caribou hunting structure beneath Lake Huron. PNAS, 111(19): 6911–6915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Shea, J. M., & Meadows, G. A. (2009). Evidence for early hunters beneath the Great Lakes. PNAS, 106(25): 10120–10123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palazzolo, T., Lemke, A., Zhang, C., et al. (2021). DeepDive: The use of virtual worlds to create an ethnography of an ancient civilization. In Stephanidis, C., Harris, D., Li, W. –C., et al., eds. HCI International 2021 – Late Breaking Papers: Cognition, Inclusion, Learning and Culture. Cham: Springer, pp. 615–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, C. (1987). Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Perttula, T., Iruegas, S. A., & Ellis, G. L. (1966). An Assessment of the Threatened Prehistoric and Historic Archaeological Resources at Falcon Reservoir, Zapata and Starr Counties, Texas. Cultural Resource Management Report 9. Division of Antiquities Protection, Texas Historical Commission, Austin.Google Scholar
Plets, R., Dix, J., Bastos, A., & Best, A. (2007). Characterization of buried inundated peat on seismic (Chirp) data, inferred from core information. Archaeological Prospection, 14: 261–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piña Chan, R. (1968). Jaina: La cases en el agua. Mexico: Intituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.Google Scholar
Puckett, N. (2021). Combining underwater and terrestrial research approaches in the Great Basin Desert, Walker Lake, Nevada. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 16(1): 64–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pullen, D. (2013). The life and death of a Mycenaean port town: Kalamianos on the Saronic Gulf. Journal of Maritime Archaeology, 8: 245–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purdy, B. (1988). Wet Site Archaeology. Cald-Well: Telford Press.Google Scholar
Ren, Q. Y., Grøn, O., & Hermand, J. P. (2011). On the in-situ detection of flint for underwater Stone Age archaeology. In Proceedings of OCEANS 2011 IEEE Conference, Santander, Spain, pp. 1–7. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6003529.Google Scholar
Richards, V., & McKinnon, J. (2010). In Situ Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Public, Professionals, and Preservation. Adelaide: Flinders Program in Maritime Archaeology.Google Scholar
Rissolo, D., Arce, R. C., Jaskolski, C., Erreguerena, P. L., & Chatters, J. C. (2015). Novel application of 3D documentation techniques at a submerged Late Pleistocene cave site in Quintana Roo, Mexico. In 2015 Digital Heritage, Granada, Spain: IEEE, pp. 181–182. https://doi.org/10.1109/DigitalHeritage.2015.7413868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, D., & Goddio, F. (2015). Thonis-Heracleion in Context. Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology Monograph 8. Oxford: School of Archaeology, University of Oxford.Google Scholar
Rowland, M. J., & Ulm, S. (2011). Indigenous fish traps and weirs of Queensland. Queensland Archaeological Research, 14: 1–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowley-Conwy, P., ed. (1999). Arctic Archaeology. World Archaeology, 33(3): 1–180.Google Scholar
Saad, S., Palazzolo, T., Zhang, C., et al. (2022). Learning to evolve procedural content in games using cultural algorithms. In Fourth International Conference on Transdisplinary Artificial Intelligence, IEEE, pp. 106–115. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9951556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakellariou, D., Rousakis, G., Maroulakis, S., et al. (2011). The Submerged City of Pavlopetri. In Poseidons Reich XVI, (DEGUWA 2011), Heidelberg, 18–20 February 2011.Google Scholar
Schiltmans, D. (2022). Rotterdam-Yangtze harbour: Excavating at 20 meters deep. In Amkreutz, L., & van der Vaart-Verschoof, S., eds. Doggerland: Lost World under the North Sea. Leiden: Sidestone Press, pp. 119–123.Google Scholar
Scott-Ireton, D., Jones, Jennifer E., & Raupp, J. T. (2023). Citizen Science in Maritime Archaeology: The Power of Public Engagement. Gaineville: University Press of Florida.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scuvée, F., & Vérague, J. (1988). Le gisement sous marin du Paléolithique Moyen de l’Anse de la Mondrée à Fermanville (Manche). Cherbourg: LITTUS-C.E.H.P.Google Scholar
Shih, P. T.-Y., Chen, Y.-H., & Chen, J.-C. (2013). Historic shipwreck study in Dongsha Atoll with bathymetric LiDAR. Archaeological Prospection, 21(2): 139–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skaarup, J. (1983). Submarine Stenalderbopladser I Det Sydfynske Øhav. Antikvariske Studier 6, Fredningsstyrelsen, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Skaarup, J. (1993). Submerged Settlements. In Hvass, S., & Storgaard, B., eds. Digging into the Past: 25 Years of Archaeology in Denmark. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, M. (2020). Geoarchaeological investigations at the Ryan-Harley Paleoindian Site, Florida (8JE1004): Implications for human settlement of the Wicissa River Basin during the Younger Dryas. Geoarchaeology, 35(4): 451–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M. (2022). Geoarchaeological excavations at the Guest Mammoth Site (8MR130), Florida, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews, 279: 107385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M., Joy, S. A., Halligan, J. J. et al. (2022). Liquid landscapes: The contributions of a new wave of submerged prehistoric archaeology to the Paleoindian and early archaic record of the southeast United States. In Miller, S., Smallwood, A., & Tune, J., eds. The American Southeast of the End of the Ice Age. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, pp. 213–229.Google Scholar
Sonnenburg, E. P., & O’Shea, J. M. (2017). Archaeological landscapes during the 10–8 ka Lake Stanley Lowstand on the Alpena-Amberley Ridge, Lake Huron. Geoarchaeology, 32(2): 230–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonnenburg, E. P., Boyce, J. I., & Reinhardt, E. G. (2011). Quartz flakes in lakes: Mircodebitage evidence for submerged Great Lakes prehistoric (Late Paleoindian-Early Archaic) tool-making sites. Geology, 39(7): 631–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stead, I. M. (1985). The Battersea Shield. London: British Museum Publications.Google Scholar
Stickel, G. E., & Garrison, E. G. (1988). New applications of remote sensing: Geophysical prospection for underwater archaeological sites in Switzerland. In Purdy, B., ed. Wet Site Archaeology. Cald-Well: Telford Press, pp. 69–88.Google Scholar
Thompson, V. D. (2022). Considering ideas of collective action, institutions, and “hunter-gatherers” in the American southeast. Journal of Archaeological Research, 31: 503–560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-022-09179-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Throckmorton, P. (1970). Shipwrecks and Archaeology: The Unharvested Sea. Boston: Little Brown & Company.Google Scholar
Veth, P., Smith, M., & Hiscock, P. (2005). Desert Peoples: Archaeological Perspectives. Malden: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wakefield, S., Grove, K., & Chandler, D. (2020). Introduction. In Chandler, D., Grove, K., & Wakefield, S., eds. Resilience in the Anthropocene. London: Routledge, pp. 1–21.Google Scholar
Ward, I., Bastos, A., Carabias, D., et al. (2022). Submerged palaeolandscapes of the southern hemisphere (SPLOSH) – what is emerging from the southern hemisphere. World Archaeology, 54(1): 6–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, D. S. (2006). First Floridians and Last Mastodons: The Page-Ladson Site in the Aucilla River. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werz, B. E. J. S., & Flemming, N. C. (2001). Discovery in Table Bay of the oldest handaxes yet found underwater demonstrates preservation of hominid artefacts on the continental shelf. South African Journal of Science, 97: 183–185.Google Scholar
Westley, K., Bell, R., Pelts, R., & Quinn, R. (2011). Investigating submerged archaeological landscapes: A research strategy illustrated with case studies from Ireland and Newfoundland, Canada. In Benjamin, J., Bonsall, C., Pickard, C., & Fischer, A., eds. Submerged Prehistory. Oxford: Oxbrow Books, pp. 129–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehead, H. W., & Lickliter-Mundon, M. (2023). Strides toward Standard Methodologies in Aeronautical Archaeology. Cham: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willerslev, R. (2009). Hunting the elk by imitating the reindeer: A critical approach to ecological anthropology and the problems of adaptation and resilience among hunter-gatherers. In Hastrup, K., ed. The Question of Resilience: Social Responses to Climate Change. Copenhagen: The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, pp. 271–292.Google Scholar
Willey, G. R., & Phillips, P. (1958). Method and Theory in American Archaeology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wiseman, C., O’Leary, M. O., Hacker, J., et al. (2021). A multi-scalar approach to marine survey and underwater archaeological site prospection in Murujuga, Western Australia. Quaternary International, 584: 152–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
York, J. (2002). The life cycle of bronze age metalwork from the Thames. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 21(1): 77–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zant, C., Skibo, J., Rosebrough, A., & Thomsen, T. (2023). What’s Canoe with you? Understanding Wisconsin’s Inland Prehistoric Maritime Landscapes. Paper presented at the 56th Annual Conference of Historical and Underwater Archaeology, Lisbon, Portugal.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Anthropological Archaeology Underwater
  • Ashley Lemke, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
  • Online ISBN: 9781009327367
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Anthropological Archaeology Underwater
  • Ashley Lemke, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
  • Online ISBN: 9781009327367
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Anthropological Archaeology Underwater
  • Ashley Lemke, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
  • Online ISBN: 9781009327367
Available formats
×