Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T02:03:11.696Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Seeing Perfection

Ancient Egyptian Images beyond Representation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2020

Rune Nyord
Affiliation:
Emory University, Atlanta

Summary

This Element offers a new approach to ancient Egyptian images informed by interdisciplinary work in archaeology, anthropology, and art history. Sidestepping traditional perspectives on Egyptian art, the Element focuses squarely on the ontological status of the image in ancient thought and experience. To accomplish this, section 2 takes up a number of central Egyptian terms for images, showing that a close examination of their etymology and usage can help resolve long-standing question on Egyptian imaging practices. Section 3 discusses ancient Egyptian experiences of materials and manufacturing processes, while section 4 categorizes and discusses the different purposes and functions for which images were created. The Element as a whole thus offers a concise introduction to ancient Egyptian imaging practices for an interdisciplinary readership, while at the same introducing new ways of thinking about familiar material for the Egyptological reader.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108881494
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 19 November 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alberti, Benjamin. 2012. ‘Cut, pinch and pierce: Image as practice among the Early Formative La Candelaria, first millennium AD, Northwest Argentina’, in Danielsson, Ing-Marie Back, Fahlander, Fredrik, and Sjöstrand, Ylva (eds.), Encountering imagery: Materialities, perceptions, relations (Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University: Stockholm).Google Scholar
Alberti, Benjamin .2016. ‘Archaeologies of ontology’, Annual Review of Archaeology, 45: 163–79.Google Scholar
Andrews, Carol. 1994. Amulets of ancient Egypt (British Museum Press: London).Google Scholar
Angenot, Valérie, and Tiradritti, Francesco (eds.). 2016. Artists and colour in ancient Egypt: Proceedings of the colloquium held in Montepulciano, August 22nd–24th, 2008 (Missione Archeologica Italiana a Luxor: Montepulciano).Google Scholar
Assmann, Jan. 1969. Liturgische Lieder an den Sonnengott (Bruno Hessling: Munich).Google Scholar
Assmann, Jan .1988. ‘Ikonographie der Schönheit im alten Ägypten’, in Stemmler, Theo (ed.), Schöne Frauen, schöne Männer: Literarische Schönheitsbeschreibungen. 2. Kolloquium der Forschungsstelle für europäische Literatur des Mittelalters (Narr: Mannheim).Google Scholar
Assmann, Jan .1992. ‘Der Tempel der ägyptischen Spätzeit als Kanonisierung kultureller Identität’, in Osing, Jürgen and Nielsen, Erland Kolding (eds.), The heritage of ancient Egypt: Studies in honour of Erik Iversen (Museum Tusculanum: Copenhagen).Google Scholar
Assmann, Jan .2001 [1984]. The search for god in ancient Egypt (Cornell University Press: Ithaca and London).Google Scholar
Assmann, Jan .2009. ‘Altägyptische Bildpraxen und ihre impliziten Theorien’, in Sachs-Hombach, Klaus (ed.), Bildtheorien: Anthropologische und kulturelle Grundlagen des Visualistic Turn (Suhrkamp: Frankfurt).Google Scholar
Assmann, Jan .2015. ‘Le pouvoir des images: De la performativité des images en Égypte ancienne’, in Alloa, Emmanuel (ed.), Penser l’image II: Anthropologies du visuel (Les presses du réel: Paris).Google Scholar
Aufrère, Sydney. 1991. L’univers minéral dans la pensée égyptienne (Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale: Cairo).Google Scholar
Bahrani, Zainab. 2003. The graven image: Representation in Babylonia and Assyria (University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bahrani, Zainab .2014. The infinite image: Art, time and the aesthetic dimension in antiquity (Reaktion Books: London).Google Scholar
Baines, John. 1985. Fecundity figures: Egyptian personification and the iconology of a genre (Aris & Phillips: Warminster).Google Scholar
Baines, John .1990. ‘Restricted knowledge, hierarchy, and decorum: Modern perceptions and ancient institutions’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 27: 123.Google Scholar
Baines, John .2007. Visual and written culture in ancient Egypt (Oxford University Press: Oxford and New York).Google Scholar
Baines, John .2015. ‘What is art?’, in Hartwig, Melinda (ed.), A companion to ancient Egyptian art (Wiley Blackwell: Chichester).Google Scholar
Barad, Karen. 2007. Meeting the universe halfway: Quantum physics and the entanglement of matter and meaning (Duke University Press: Durham and London).Google Scholar
Barns, John W. B. 1956. Five Ramesseum Papyri (Griffith Institute: Oxford).Google Scholar
Bechler, Zev. 1995. Aristotle’s theory of actuality (State University of New York Press: Albany).Google Scholar
Belting, Hans. 1994. Likeness and presence: A history of the image before the era of art (University of Chicago Press: Chicago).Google Scholar
Belting, Hans .2016. ‘Iconic presence: Images in religious traditions’, Material Religion, 12: 235–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, Jane. 2010. Vibrant matter: A political ecology of things (Duke University Press: Durham and London).Google Scholar
Berlev, Oleg. 2003. ‘Two kings – two suns: On the worldview of the ancient Egyptians’, in Quirke, Stephen (ed.), Discovering Egypt from the Neva: The Egyptological legacy of Oleg D. Berlev (Achet Verlag: Berlin).Google Scholar
Bestock, Laurel. 2018. Violence and power in ancient Egypt: Image and ideology before the New Kingdom (Routledge: Abingdon and New York).Google Scholar
Björkman, Gun. 1971. Kings at Karnak: A study of the treatment of the monuments of royal predecessors in the early New Kingdom (Uppsala University: Uppsala).Google Scholar
Bleiberg, Edward, and Weissberg, Stephanie. 2019. Striking power: Iconoclasm in ancient Egypt (Brooklyn Museum and Pulitzer Arts Foundation: Brooklyn and St. Louis).Google Scholar
Blumenthal, Elke. 1970. Untersuchungen zum ägyptischen Königtum des Mittleren Reiches (Akademie-Verlag: Berlin).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolt, Barbara. 2004. Art beyond representation: The performative power of the image (I.B. Tauris: London and New York).Google Scholar
Borchardt, Ludwig. 1934. Statuen und Statuetten von Königen und Privatleuten IV (Reichsdruckerei: Berlin).Google Scholar
Borghouts, Joris F. 1971. The magical texts of Papyrus Leiden I 348 (Brill: Leiden).Google Scholar
Borghouts, Joris F. .1982. ‘Divine intervention in ancient Egypt and its manifestation’, in Demarée, R. J. and Janssen, Jac J. (eds.), Gleanings from Deir el-Medîna (Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten: Leiden).Google Scholar
Borghouts, Joris F. .2008. ‘Trickster gods in the Egyptian pantheon’, in Thompson, Stephen E. and Der Manuelian, Peter (eds.), Egypt and beyond: Essays presented to Leonard H. Lesko upon his retirement from the Wilbour Chair of Egyptology at Brown University June 2005 (Brown University, Department of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies: Providence).Google Scholar
Boyer, Pascal. 1994. Tradition as truth and communication: A cognitive description of traditional discourses (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge).Google Scholar
Brand, Peter. 2010. ‘Reuse and restoration’, in Wendrich, Willeke (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (eScholarship: Los Angeles).Google Scholar
Braun, Nadja S. 2009. ‘The ancient Egyptian conception of images’, Lund Archaeological Review, 15: 103–14.Google Scholar
Brémont, Axelle. 2018. ‘Into the wild? Rethinking the Dynastic conception of the desert beyond nature and culture’, Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, 17: 117.Google Scholar
Brown, Peter. 1981. The cult of the saints: Its rise and function in Latin Christianity (University of Chicago Press: Chicago and London).Google Scholar
Brunner, Hellmut. 1986. Die Geburt des Gottkönigs: Studien zur Überlieferung eines altägyptischen Mythos (Harrasowitz: Wiesbaden).Google Scholar
Bryan, Betsy M. 2012. ‘Episodes of iconoclasm in the Egyptian New Kingdom’, in May, Natalie Naomi (ed.), Iconoclasm and text destruction in the ancient Near East and beyond (Oriental Institute: Chicago).Google Scholar
Bryan, Betsy M. .2017a. ‘The ABC of painting in the mid-Eighteenth Dynasty: Terminology and social meaning’, in Ritner, Robert K. (ed.), Essays for the Library of Seshat: Studies Presented to Janet H. Johnson on the occasion of her 70th birthday (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago: Chicago).Google Scholar
Bryan, Betsy M. .2017b. ‘Art-making in text and context’, in Jasnow, Richard and Widmer, Ghislaine (eds.), Illuminating Osiris: Egyptological studies in honor of Mark Smith (Lockwood Press: Atlanta).Google Scholar
Campagno, Marcello. 2014. ‘Patronage and other logics of social organization in ancient Egypt during the IIIrd millennium BCE’, Journal of Egyptian History, 7: 133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caritoux, Laurent. 2008. ‘Du bûcheron au menusier: Comment un meuble devient mnḫ’, Égypte: Afrique & Orient, 49: 4756.Google Scholar
Černý, Jaroslav. 1939. Catalogue des ostraca hiératiques non littéraires de Deir El Médineh, vol. IV (Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale: Cairo).Google Scholar
Chauvet, Violaine. 2015. ‘Who did what and why? The dynamics of tomb preparation’, in Jasnow, Richard and Cooney, Kathlyn M. (eds.), Joyful in Thebes: Egyptological studies in honor of Betsy M. Bryan (Lockwood Press: Atlanta).Google Scholar
Connor, Simon. 2016–2017. ‘Pierres et statues: Représentation du roi et des particuliers sous Sésostris III’, Cahiers de Recherces de l’Institut de Papyrologie et d’Égyptologie de Lille, 31: 528.Google Scholar
Connor, Simon .2018. ‘Mutiler, tuer, désactiver les images en Égypte pharaonique’, Perspective: Actualité en histoire d’art, 2018: 147–66.Google Scholar
Cooney, Kathlyn M. 2007. The cost of death: The social and economic value of ancient Egyptian funerary art in the Ramesside Period (Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten: Leiden).Google Scholar
Cooney, Kathlyn M. .2017. ‘Coffin reuse: Ritual materialism in the context of scarcity’, in Amenta, Alessia and Guichard, Hélène (eds.), Proceedings First Vatican Coffin Conference, 19–22 June 2013 ( Edizioni Musei Vaticani: Vatican City).Google Scholar
Couyat, J., and Montet, P. 1912. Les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques et hiératiques du Ouâdi Hammâmât (Institut Français d’Archéologique Orientale: Cairo).Google Scholar
Cruz-Uribe, Eugene. 1999. ‘Opening of the mouth as temple ritual’, in Teeter, Emily and Larson, John A. (eds.), Gold of praise: Studies on ancient Egypt in honor of Edward F. Wente (Oriental Institute: Chicago).Google Scholar
d’Azevedo, Warren L. (ed.). 1989 [1973]. The traditional artist in African societies (Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis).Google Scholar
Daninos, Albert. 1886. ‘Lettre de M. Daninos-Bey à M. G. Maspero, directeur général des fouilles et musées d’Égypte au sujet de la découverte des statues de Meidoum’, Recueil de Travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l’archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes, 8: 6973.Google Scholar
Darnell, John Coleman, and Darnell, Colleen Manassa. 2018. The ancient Egyptian netherworld books (SBL Press: Atlanta).Google Scholar
David, Rosalie. 2018. Temple ritual at Abydos (Egypt Exploration Society: London).Google Scholar
Davies, N. de Garis. 1920. The tomb of Antefoḳer, vizier of Sesostris I, and of his wife, Senet (No. 60) (George Allen & Unwin: London).Google Scholar
Den Doncker, Alexis. 2010. ‘Prélude à une étude de la réception de l’image égyptienne par les anciens Égyptiens’, in Warmenbol, Eugène and Angenot, Valérie (eds.), Thèbes aux 101 portes: Mélanges à la mémoire de Roland Tefnin (Brepols: Turnhout).Google Scholar
Descola, Philippe (ed.). 2010. La fabrique des images: Visions du monde et formes de la représentation (Musée du Quai Branly and Somogy: Éditions d’art: Paris).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Descola, Philippe .2013 [2005]. Beyond nature and culture (University of Chicago Press: Chicago and London).Google Scholar
Desroches-Noblecourt, Christiane. 1995. Amours et fureurs de La Lointaine: Clés pour la compréhension de symboles égyptiens (Stock-Pernoud: Paris).Google Scholar
Desroches-Noblecourt, Christiane .2003. Lorsque la nature parlait aux Égyptiens: Mythes et symboles au temps des pharaons (Philippe Rey: Paris).Google Scholar
Dubiel, Ulrike. 2008. Amulette, Siegel und Perlen: Studien zur Typologie und Tragesitte im Alten und Mittleren Reich (Academic Press and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: Fribourg and Göttingen).Google Scholar
Eaton, Katherine. 2007. ‘Types of cult-image carried in divine barques and the logistics of performing temple ritual in the New Kingdom’, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 134: 1525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eicke, Sven. 2017. ‘Affecting the gods: Fear in ancient Egyptian religious texts’, in Storch, Anne (ed.), Consensus and dissent: Negotiating emotion in the public space (John Benjamins: Amsterdam and Philadelphia).Google Scholar
el-Shahawy, Abeer. 2005. The Egyptian Museum in Cairo: A walk through the alleys of ancient Egypt (Farid Atiya Press: Cairo).Google Scholar
Elkins, James. 2008. ‘Can we invent a world art studies?’, in Zijlmans, Kitty and van Damme, Wilfried (eds.), World art studies: Exploring concepts and approaches (Valiz: Amsterdam).Google Scholar
Emerit, Sibylle. 2011. ‘Listening to the gods: Echoes of the divine in ancient Egypt’, in Meyer-Dietrich, Erika (ed.), Laut und Leise: Der Gebrauch von Stimme und Klang in historischen Kulturen (Transcript Verlag: Bielefeld).Google Scholar
Eschenbrenner-Diemer, Gersande. 2017. ‘From the workshop to the grave: The case of wooden funerary models’, in Miniaci, Gianluca, Betrò, Marilina and Quirke, Stephen (eds.), Company of images: Modelling the imaginary world of Middle Kingdom Egypt (2000–1550 BC) – Proceedings of the international conference of the EPOCHS Project held 18th–20th September 2014 at UCL, London (Peeters: Leuven, Paris, and Bristol, CT).Google Scholar
Eschweiler, Peter. 1994. Bildzauber im alten Ägypten: Die Verwendung von Bildern und Gegenständen in magischen Handlungen nach den Texten des Mittleren und Neuen Reiches (Universitätsverlag and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: Freiburg and Göttingen).Google Scholar
Espirito Santo, Diana, and Tassi, Nico. 2013. ‘Introduction’, in Santo, Diana Espirito and Tassi, Nico (eds.), Making spirits: Materiality and transcendence in contemporary religions (I.B. Tauris: London and New York).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnestad, Ragnhild Bjerre. 1989. ‘Egyptian thought about life as a problem of translation’, in Englund, Gertie (ed.), The religion of the ancient Egyptian: Cognitive structures and popular expressions – Proceedings of symposia in Uppsala and Bergen 1987 and 1988 (Uppsala University: Uppsala).Google Scholar
Fischer-Elfert, Hans-Werner. 1998. Die Vision von der Statue im Stein: Studien zum altägyptischen Mundöffnungsritual (Universitätsverlag C. Winter: Heidelberg).Google Scholar
Fitzenreiter, Martin. 2001. Statue und Kult: Eine Studie der funerären Praxis an nichtköniglichen Grabanlagen der Residenz im Alten Reich (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: Berlin).Google Scholar
Fitzenreiter, Martin .2011. ‘Wappenpflanzen’, in Tietze, Christian (ed.), Ägyptische Gärten (Arcus-Verlag: Weimar).Google Scholar
Fitzenreiter, Martin .2019. ‘Schon wieder Stele Louvre C 14 des Irtisen’, Göttinger Miszellen, 257: 4962.Google Scholar
Frandsen, Paul John. 1992. ‘On the root nfr and a “clever” remark on embalming’, in Osing, Jürgen and Nielsen, Erland Kolding (eds.), The heritage of ancient Egypt: Studies in honour of Erik Iversen (Museum Tusculanum Press: Copenhagen).Google Scholar
Freedberg, David. 1989. The power of images: Studies in the history and theory of response (University of Chicago Press: Chicago and London).Google Scholar
Frood, Elizabeth. 2019. ‘When statues speak about themselves’, in Masson-Berghoff, Aurélia (ed.), Statues in context: Production, meaning and (re)uses (Peeters: Leuven).Google Scholar
Gadamer, Hans-Georg. 2004 [1960]. Truth and method (Continuum: London and New York).Google Scholar
Gamboni, Dario. 1997. The destruction of art: Iconoclasm and vandalism since the French Revolution (Reaktion Books: London).Google Scholar
Gardiner, Alan H. 1911. Egyptian Hieratic Texts. Series I: Literary texts of the New Kingdom. Part I: The Papyrus Anastasi and the Papyrus Koller, together with parallel texts (J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung: Leipzig).Google Scholar
Gardiner, Alan H. .1937. Late-Egyptian Miscellanies (Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth: Brussels).Google Scholar
Gayet, Albert-J. 1889. Musée du Louvre, stèles de la XIIe dynastie (F. Vieweg: Paris).Google Scholar
Geimer, Peter. 2007. ‘Gegensichtbarkeiten’, Bildwelten des Wissens: Kunsthistorisches Jahrbuch für Bildkritik, 4: 3342.Google Scholar
Gell, Alfred. 1992. ‘The technology of enchantment and the enchantment of technology’, in Coote, Jeremy and Shelton, Anthony (eds.), Anthropology, art and aesthetics (Oxford University Press: Oxford).Google Scholar
Gell, Alfred .1998. Art and agency: An anthropological theory (Oxford University Press: Oxford).Google Scholar
Gibson, James J. 1966. The senses considered as perceptual systems (Houghton Mifflin: Boston).Google Scholar
Gillen, Todd (ed.). 2017. (Re)productive traditions in ancient Egypt: Proceedings of the conference held at the University of Liège, 6th–8th February 2013 (Presses Universitaires de Liège: Liège).Google Scholar
Gilli, Barbara. 2009. ‘The past in the present: The reuse of ancient material in the 12th Dynasty’, Aegyptus: 89110.Google Scholar
Goebs, Katja. 2011. ‘King as god and god as king: Colour, light, and transformation in Egyptian ritual’, in Gundlach, Rolf and Spence, Kate (eds.), Palace and Temple: Architecture – Decoration – Ritual: Cambridge, July, 16th–17th, 2007 (Harrasowitz: Wiesbaden).Google Scholar
Goedicke, Hans. 1971. Re-used blocks from the pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht (Metropolitan Museum of Art: New York).Google Scholar
Gosden, Chris. 2001. ‘Making sense: Archaeology and aesthetics’, World Archaeology, 33: 163–7.Google Scholar
Goyon, Jean-Claude. 1972. Rituels funéraires de l’ancienne Égypte: Le Rituel de l’ouverture de la bouche, les Livres des respirations (Éditions du Cerf: Paris).Google Scholar
Grajetzki, Wolfram. 2003. Burial customs in ancient Egypt: Life in death for rich and poor (Duckworth: London).Google Scholar
Graves-Brown, Carolyn. 2006. ‘Emergent flints’, in Szpakowska, Kasia (ed.), Through a glass darkly: Magic, dreams and prophecy in ancient Egypt (Classical Press of Wales: Swansea).Google Scholar
Graves-Brown, Carolyn .2010. ‘The ideological significance of flint in dynastic Egypt’, PhD thesis, University College London.Google Scholar
Haring, Ben J. J. 1997. Divine households: Administrative and economic aspects of the New Kingdom royal memorial temples in western Thebes (Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten: Leiden).Google Scholar
Harman, Graham. 2018. Object-Oriented Ontology: A new theory of everything (Penguin: London).Google Scholar
Harris, Oliver. 2017a. ‘Assemblages and scale in archaeology’, Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 27: 127–39.Google Scholar
Harris, Oliver .2017b. ‘From emotional geographies to assemblages of affect: Emotion in archaeology in the light of the ontological turn’, Cologne Contributions to Archaeology and Cultural Studies, 2: 93112.Google Scholar
Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, and Hendon, Julia A. (eds.). 2018. Relational identities and other-than-human agency in archaeology (University of Colorado Press: Boulder).Google Scholar
Hartwig, Melinda. 2004. Tomb painting and identity in ancient Thebes, 1419–1372 BCE (Brepols: Brussels).Google Scholar
Hartwig, Melinda (ed.). 2015. A companion to ancient Egyptian art (Wiley Blackwell: Chichester).Google Scholar
Hayes, William C. 1935. ‘The tomb of Nefer-Khewet and his family’, Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 30: 1736.Google Scholar
Henare, Amiria, Holbraad, Martin, and Wastell, Sari. 2007. ‘Introduction: Thinking through things’, in Henare, Amiria, Holbraad, Martin and Wastell, Sari (eds.), Thinking through things: Theorising artefacts ethnographically (Routledge: London and New York).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffmann, Friedhelm. 2001. ‘Wort und Bild: Texte und Untersuchungen zur ägyptischen Statuenbeschreibung’, PhD thesis, University of Würzburg.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, Nadette. 1996. ‘Reading the Amduat’, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 123: 2640.Google Scholar
Hoffmeier, James Karl. 2015. Akhenaten and the origins of monotheism (Oxford University Press: Oxford and New York).Google Scholar
Hornung, Erik. 1963. Das Amduat: Die Schrift des verborgenen Raumes (Harrasowitz: Wiesbaden).Google Scholar
Hornung, Erik .1999. The ancient Egyptian books of the afterlife (Cornell University Press: Ithaca and London).Google Scholar
Ilin-Tomich, Alexander. 2017. From workshop to sanctuary: The production of late Middle Kingdom memorial stelae (Golden House Publications: London).Google Scholar
Ingold, Tim. 2013. Making: Anthropology, archaeology, art and architecture (Routledge: London and New York).Google Scholar
Jansen-Winkeln, Karl. 2014. Inschriften der Spätzeit, Teil IV: Die 26. Dynastie (Harrasowitz: Wiesbaden).Google Scholar
Janssen, Jac J. 1975. Commodity prices from the Ramesside period: An economic study of the village of necroplis workmen at Thebes (E.J. Brill: Leiden).Google Scholar
Jørgensen, Mogens. 2015. ‘The quest for immortality: Reflections on some Egyptian “portraits” in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek’, in Nyord, Rune and Ryholt, Kim (eds.), Lotus and laurel: Studies on Egyptian language and religion in honour of Paul John Frandsen (Museum Tusculanum: Copenhagen).Google Scholar
Junge, Friedrich. 1990. ‘Versuch zu einer Ästhetik der ägyptischen Kunst’, in Eaton-Krauss, Marianne and Graefe, Erhart (eds.), Studien zur altägyptischen Kunstgeschichte (Gerstenberg: Hildesheim).Google Scholar
Kanawati, Naguib. 2001. The tomb and beyond: Burial customs of Egyptian officials (Aris & Phillips: Warminster).Google Scholar
Keimer, Louis. 1940. ‘Jeux de la nature retouchés par la main de l’homme, provenant de Deir el-Médineh (Thèbes) et remontant au Nouvel-Empire’, Études d’Égyptologie, 2: 121.Google Scholar
Kjølby, Annette. 2009. ‘Material agency, attribution and experience of agency in ancient Egypt: The case of New Kingdom private temple statues’, in Nyord, Rune and Kjølby, Annette (eds.), ‘Being in ancient Egypt: Thoughts on agency, materiality and cognition: Proceedings of the seminar held in Copenhagen, September 29–30 2006 (Archaeopress: Oxford).Google Scholar
Kozloff, Arielle P., Bryan, Betsy M., and Berman, Lawrence M.. 1992. Egypt’s dazzling sun: Amenhotep III and his world (Cleveland Museum of Art: Cleveland).Google Scholar
Krauss, Rolf. 2000. ‘Akhenaten: Monotheist? Polytheist?’, Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology, 11: 93101.Google Scholar
Krönig, Wolfgang 1934. ‘Ägyptische Faience-Schalen des Neuen Reiches. Eine motivgeschichtliche Untersuchung’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Instituts für Ägyptische Altertumskunde in Kairo, 5: 144–66.Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, Klaus P. 1973. ‘Eine Beschreibung der Grabdekoration mit der Aufforderung zu kopieren und zum Hinterlassen von Besucherinschriften aus saitischer Zeit’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, 29: 205–13.Google Scholar
Kurth, Dieter. 1998. Treffpunkt der Götter: Inschriften aus dem Tempel des Horus von Edfu (Artemis & Winkler: Düsseldorf).Google Scholar
Laboury, Dimitri. 2010. ‘Portrait versus ideal image’, in Wendrich, Willeke (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (eScholarship.org: Los Angeles).Google Scholar
Laboury, Dimitri .2013. ‘L’artiste égyptien, ce grand méconnu de l’égyptologie’, in Andreu-Lanoë, Guillemette (ed.), L’art du contour: Le dessin dans l’Égypte ancienne (Louvre éditions: Paris).Google Scholar
Laboury, Dimitri .2017. ‘Tradition and creativity: Toward a study of intericonicity in ancient Egyptian art’, in Gillen, Todd (ed.), (Re)productive traditions in ancient Egypt: Proceedings of the conference held at the University of Liège, 6th-8th February 2013 (Presses universitaires de Liège: Liège).Google Scholar
Lallemand, Henri. 1922. ‘Les assemblages dans la technique égyptienne et le sens originel du mot menkh’, Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 22: 7798.Google Scholar
Lange, Hans O., and Schäfer, Heinrich. 1902. Grab- und Denksteine des Mittleren Reichs im Museum von Kairo, No. 20001–20780 (Reichsdruckeri: Berlin).Google Scholar
Lapp, Günther. 1997. The papyrus of Nu (British Museum Press: London).Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno. 2002. ‘What is iconoclash? Or is there a world beyond the image wars?’, in Weibel, Peter and Latour, Bruno (eds.), Iconoclash: Beyond the image-wars in science, religion and art (MIT Press: Cambridge, MA and London).Google Scholar
Latour, Bruno .2009. ‘Perspectivism: “Type” or “bomb”?’, Anthropology Today, 25: 12.Google Scholar
Lehmann, Katja. 2000. ‘Der Serdab in den Privatgräbern des Alten Reiches’, PhD thesis, Universität Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Lekov, Teodor. 2005. ‘Ancient Egyptian notion of ka according to the Pyramid Texts’, Journal of Egyptological Studies, 2: 1137.Google Scholar
Lieven, Alexandra von. 2007. ‘Im Schatten des Goldhauses: Berufsgeheimnis und Handwerkerinitation im Alten Ägypten’, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, 36: 147–56.Google Scholar
Lorton, David. 1999. ‘The theology of cult statues in ancient Egypt’, in Dick, Michael Brennan (ed.), Born in heaven, made on earth: The making of the cult image in the ancient Near East (Eisenbrauns: Winona Lake).Google Scholar
Lüscher, Barbara. 1998. Untersuchungen zu Totenbuch Spruch 151 (Harrasowitz: Wiesbaden).Google Scholar
Magen, Barbara. 2011. Steinerne Palimpseste: Zur Wiederverwendung von Statuen durch Ramses II und seine Nachfolger (Harrasowitz: Wiesbaden).Google Scholar
Manassa, Colleen. 2011. ‘Soundscapes in ancient Egyptian literature and religion’, in Meyer-Dietrich, Erika (ed.), Laut und Leise: Der Gebrauch von Stimme und Klang in historischen Kulturen (Transcript Verlag: Bielefeld).Google Scholar
Mathieu, Bernard. 2016. ‘Irtysen le technicien (stèle Louvre C 14)’, in Angenot, Valérie and Tiradritti, Francesco (eds.), Artists and colour in ancient Egypt: Proceedings of the colloquium held in Montepulciano, August 22nd–24th, 2008 (Missione Archeologica Italiana a Luxor: Montepulciano).Google Scholar
Matić, Uroš. 2018. ‘The sap of life: Materiality and sex in the divine birth legend of Hatshepsut and Amenhotep III’, in Maynart, Érika, Velloza, Carolina and Lemos, Rennan (eds.), Perspectives on materiality in ancient Egypt: Agency, cultural reproduction and change (Archaeopress: Oxford).Google Scholar
McDowell, Angela. 2002. Village life in ancient Egypt: Laundry lists and love songs (Oxford University Press: Oxford and New York).Google Scholar
Meskell, Lynn. 2002. Private life in New Kingdom Egypt (Princeton University Press: Princeton).Google Scholar
Meskell, Lynn .2004. Object worlds in ancient Egypt: Material biographies past and present (Berg: Oxford and New York).Google Scholar
Milward, A. J. 1982. ‘Bowls’, in Freed, Rita E. (ed.), Egypt’s Golden Age: The Art of Living in the New Kingdom, 1558–1085 B.C. (Museum of Fine Arts: Boston).Google Scholar
Miniaci, Gianluca. 2018. ‘Faience craftsmanship in the Middle Kingdom: A market paradox: inexpensive materials for prestige goods’, in Miniaci, Gianluca, García, Juan Carlos Moreno, Quirke, Stephen, and Stauder, Andréas (eds.), The arts of making in ancient Egypt: Voices, images, and object of material producers 2000–1550 BCE (Sidestone Press: Leiden).Google Scholar
Miniaci, Gianluca, García, Juan Carlos Moreno, Quirke, Stephen, and Stauder, Andréas (eds.). 2018. The arts of making in ancient Egypt. Voices, images, and object of material producers 2000–1550 BCE (Sidestone Press: Leiden).Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. J. T. 2005. What do pictures really want? The lives and loves of images (University of Chicago Press: Chicago).Google Scholar
Moje, Jan. 2006. ‘O.DeM 246: Ein Auftragsbeleg aus einer altägyptischen Werkstatt’, Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 106: 183–92.Google Scholar
Morenz, Siegfried. 1964. Die Herauskunft des transzendenten Gottes in Ägypten (Akademie-Verlag: Berlin).Google Scholar
Morphy, Howard. 1989. ‘From dull to brilliant: The aesthetics of spiritual power among the Yolngu’, Man N.S., 24: 2140.Google Scholar
Müller, Maya. 1990. ‘Die ägyptische Kunst aus kunsthistorischer Sicht’, in Eaton-Krauss, Marianne and Graefe, Erhart (eds.), Studien zur ägyptischen Kunstgeschichte (Gerstenberg: Hildesheim).Google Scholar
Müller, Maya .1998. ‘Egyptian aesthetics in the Middle Kingdom’, in Eyre, Chris (ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists, Cambridge 3–9 September 1995 (Peeters: Leuven).Google Scholar
Müller, Maya .2003. ‘Die Göttin im Boot: Eine ikonographische Untersuchung’, in Hofmann, Tobias and Sturm, Alexandra (eds.), Menschenbilder – Bildermenschen: Kunst und Kultur im alten Ägypten (Books on Demand: Norderstedt).Google Scholar
Müller, Maya .2006. ‘Die Königsplastik des Mittleren Reiches und ihre Schöpfer: Reden über Statuen – Wenn Statuen reden’, Imago Aegypti, 1: 2778.Google Scholar
Müller, Maya .2012. ‘Discourses about art in ancient and modern times’, in Kóthay, Katalin Anna (ed.), Art and society: Ancient and modern contexts of Egyptian art – Proceedings of the international conference held at the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, 13–15 May 2010 (Museum of Fine Arts: Budapest).Google Scholar
Kristensen, Troels Myrup. 2013. Making and breaking the gods: Christian responses to pagan sculpture in Late Antiquity (Aarhus University Press: Aarhus).Google Scholar
Needham, Rodney. 1972. Belief, language, experience (University of Chicago Press: Chicago).Google Scholar
Neer, Richard. 2017. ‘Was the Knidia a statue? Art history and the terms of comparison’, in Elsner, Jaś (ed.), Comparativism in art history (Routledge: London and New York).Google Scholar
Newberry, Percy E. 1893. Beni Hasan, Part I (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co: London).Google Scholar
Nicholson, Paul. 1998. ‘Materials and technology’, in Friedman, Florence D. (ed.), Gifts of the Nile: Ancient Egyptian faience (Thames and Hudson: London and New York).Google Scholar
Nyord, Rune. 2009. Breathing flesh: Conceptions of the body in the ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts (Museum Tusculanum Press: Copenhagen).Google Scholar
Nyord, Rune .2013a. ‘Memory and succession in the city of the dead: Temporality in the ancient Egyptian mortuary cult’, in Christensen, Dorthe Refslund and Willerslev, Rane (eds.), Taming time, timing death (Ashgate: Farnham).Google Scholar
Nyord, Rune .2013b. ‘Vision and conceptualization in ancient Egyptian art’, in Caballero, Rosario and Díaz Vera, Javier E. (eds.), Sensuous cognition: Explorations into human sentience: Imagination, (e)motion and perception (De Gruyter: Berlin).Google Scholar
Nyord, Rune .2014. ‘Permeable containers. Body and cosmos in Middle Kingdom coffins’, in Sousa, Rogério (ed.), Body, cosmos and eternity: New research trends in the iconography and symbolism of ancient Egyptian coffins (Archaeopress: Oxford).Google Scholar
Nyord, Rune .2017. ‘“An image of the owner as he was on earth”: Representation and ontology in Middle Kingdom funerary images’, in Miniaci, Gianluca, Betrò, Marilina, and Quirke, Stephen (eds.), Company of images: Modelling the imaginary world of Middle Kingdom Egypt (2000–1550 BC) – Proceedings of the international conference of the EPOCHS Project held 18th–20th September 2014 at UCL, London (Peeters: Leuven, Paris, and Bristol, CT).Google Scholar
Nyord, Rune .2018a. ‘Death before time: Mythical time in ancient Egyptian mortuary religion’, in Seebach, Sophie and Willerslev, Rane (eds.), Mirrors of passing: Unlocking the mysteries of death, materiality, and time (Berghahn: New York and Oxford).Google Scholar
Nyord, Rune .2018b. ‘“Taking ancient Egyptian mortuary religion seriously”: Why would we, and how could we?’, Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, 17: 7387.Google Scholar
Nyord, Rune .2019. ‘The concept of ka between Egyptian and Egyptological frameworks’, in Nyord, Rune (ed.), Concepts in Middle Kingdom funerary culture: Proceedings of the Lady Wallis Budge Anniversary Sympoisum held at Christ’s College, Cambridge, 22 January 2016 (Brill: Leiden and Boston).Google Scholar
Nyord, Rune .2020. ‘The Nile in the hippopotamus: Being and becoming in faience figurines of Middle Kingdom ancient Egypt’, in Danielsson, Ing-Marie Back and Jones, Andrew (eds.), Images in the making: Art, process, archaeology (Manchester University Press: Manchester).Google Scholar
Ockinga, Boyo. 1984. Die Gottebenbildlichkeit im alten Ägypten und im Alten Testament (Harrasowitz: Wiesbaden).Google Scholar
Osing, Jürgen. 1976. ‘Ächtungstexte aus dem Alten Reich (II)’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, 32: 133–85.Google Scholar
Pellini, José Roberto. 2018. Senses, affects and archaeology: Changing the heart, the mind and the pants (Cambridge Scholars Publishing: Newcastle).Google Scholar
Pieper, Max. 1929. Die grosse Inschrift des Königs Neferhotep in Abydos (J. C. Hinrichs: Leipzig).Google Scholar
Pinch, Geraldine. 1993. Votive offerings to Hathor (Griffith Institute: Oxford).Google Scholar
Pommerening, Tanja, Marinova, Elena, and Hendrickx, Stan. 2010. ‘The Early Dynastic origin of the water-lily motif’, Chronique d’Égypte, 85: 1440.Google Scholar
Price, Campbell. 2016. ‘On the function of “healing” statues’, in Campbell, Price, Forshaw, Roger, Chamberlain, Andrew, Nicholson, Paul T., and Morkot, Robert (eds.), Mummies, magic and medicine in ancient Egypt: Multidisciplinary essays for Rosalie David (Manchester University Press: Manchester).Google Scholar
Price, Campbell .2017. ‘“His image as perfect as the ancestors”: On the transmission of forms in non-royal sculpture during the First Millennium B.C.’, in Gillen, Todd (ed.), (Re)productive traditions in ancient Egypt: Proceedings of the conference held at the University of Liège, 6th–8th February 2013 (Presses Universitaires de Liège: Liège).Google Scholar
Price, Robyn. 2018. ‘Sniffing out the gods: Archaeology with the senses’, Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, 17: 137–55.Google Scholar
Putter, Thierry De. 1997. ‘Ramsès II, géologue? Un commentaire de la stèle de Manshiyet es-Sadr, dite “de l’an 8”’, Zeitschift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 124: 131–41.Google Scholar
Quack, Joachim Friedrich. 2002. ‘Some Old Kingdom execration figurines from the Teti cemetery’, Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology, 13: 149–60.Google Scholar
Quack, Joachim Friedrich. .2018. ‘Incense, the alphabet and other elements’, in Jaspert, Nikolas and Kolditz, Sebastian (eds.), Entre mers – Outre-mer: Spaces, modes and agents of Indo-Mediterranean connectivity (Heidelberg University Publishing: Heidelberg).Google Scholar
Quack, Joachim Friedrich. .2019. ‘“Lösche seinen Namen aus!” Zur Vernichtung von personenreferenzierter Schrift und Bild im Alten Ägypten’, in Kühne-Wespi, Carina, Oschema, Klaus Peter and Quack, Joachim Friedrich (eds.), Zerstörung von Geschriebenem: Historische und transkulturelle Perspektiven (De Gruyter: Berlin and Boston).Google Scholar
Quirke, Stephen. 1986. ‘The hieratic texts in the tomb of Nakht the gardener’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 72: 7990.Google Scholar
Quirke, Stephen .2003. ‘“Art” and “the artist” in late Middle Kingdom administration’, in Quirke, Stephen (ed.), Discovering Egypt from the Neva: The Egyptological legacy of Oleg D Berlev (Achet Verlag: Berlin).Google Scholar
Quirke, Stephen .2013. Going out in daylight – prt m hrw: The ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead – translation, sources, meanings (Golden House Publications: London).Google Scholar
Quirke, Stephen .2015. Exploring religion in ancient Egypt (Wiley Blackwell: Chichester).Google Scholar
Raven, Maarten J. 1988. ‘Magic and symbolic aspects of certain materials in ancient Egypt’, Varia Aegyptiaca, 4: 237–42.Google Scholar
Redford, Donald B. 1981. ‘A royal speech from the blocks of the 10th pylon’, Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar, 3: 87102.Google Scholar
Reeves, Nicholas. 2001. Ancient Egypt: The great discoveries (Thames and Hudson: London and New York).Google Scholar
Régen, Isabelle. 2010. ‘When the Book of the Dead does not match archaeology: The case of the protective magical bricks (BD 151)’, British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan, 15: 267–78.Google Scholar
Riggs, Christina. 2014. Unwrapping ancient Egypt (Bloomsbury Academic: London and New York).Google Scholar
Riggs, Christina .2017. ‘In the shadows: The study of ancient Egyptian art’, Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 112: 293300.Google Scholar
Ritner, Robert K. 1993. The mechanics of ancient Egyptian magical practice (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago: Chicago).Google Scholar
Ritner, Robert K. .2012. ‘Killing the image, killing the essence: The destruction of text and figures in ancient Egyptian thought, ritual, and “ritualized history”’, in May, Natalie Naomi (ed.), Iconoclasm and text destruction in the ancient Near East and beyond (Oriental Institute: Chicago).Google Scholar
Robb, John. 2015. ‘What do things want? Object design as a middle range theory of material culture’, Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, 26: 166–80.Google Scholar
Robins, Gay. 1994. Proportion and style in ancient Egyptian art (Thames and Hudson: London).Google Scholar
Robins, Gay .1998. ‘Piles of offerings: Paradigms of limitation and creativity in ancient Egyptian art’, in Eyre, Christopher J. (ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists, Cambridge, 3–9 September 1995 (Peeters: Leuven).Google Scholar
Robins, Gay .2008. The art of ancient Egypt (British Museum Press: London).Google Scholar
Roccati, Alessandro. 2011. Magia Taurinensia: Il grande papiro magico di Torino e i suoi duplicati (Gregorian & Biblical Press: Rome).Google Scholar
Rummel, Ute. 2016. ‘Der Leib der Göttin: Materialität und Semantik ägyptischer Felslandschaft’, in Beck, Susanne, Burkhard Backes, I-Ting Liao, Henrike Simon, Alexandra Verbovsek, (eds.), Gebauter Raum: Architektur – Landschaft – Mensch. Beiträge des fünften Münchner Arbeitskreises Junge Ägyptologie (MAJA 5), 12.12. bis 14.12.2014 (Harrasowitz: Wiesbaden).Google Scholar
Sansi, Roger. 2013. ‘Encountering images in Candomblé’, Visual Anthropology, 26: 1833.Google Scholar
Schmitz, Bettina. 2006. ‘Schönheit im alten Ägypten: Sehnsucht nach Vollkommenheit. Grundzüge des Ausstellungskonzept’, in Lembke, Katja and Schmitz, Bettina (eds.), Schönheit im alten Ägypten: Sehnsucht nach Vollkommenheit (Gerstenberg: Hildesheim).Google Scholar
Schulz, Regine. 1992. Die Entwicklung und Bedeutung des kuboiden Statuentypus: Eine Untersuchung zu den sogenannten “Würfelhockern” (Gerstenberg: Hildesheim).Google Scholar
Schulz, Regine .2011. ‘Block statue’, in Wendrich, Willeke (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (eScholarship.org: Los Angeles).Google Scholar
Semat-Nicoud, Aude. 2013. ‘L’idée du beau en Égypte ancienne’, Les dossiers d’Archéologie, hors-série spécial, 1: 32–7.Google Scholar
Sethe, Kurt. 1926. Die Ächtung feindlicher Fürsten, Völker und Dinge auf altägyptischen Tongefässcherben des Mittleren Reiches nach den Originalen im Berliner Museum (Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften: Berlin).Google Scholar
Sethe, Kurt .1928. Aegyptische Lesestücke zum Gebrauch im akademischen Unterricht (J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung: Leipzig).Google Scholar
Silverman, David (ed.). 2003. Ancient Egypt (Oxford University Press: Oxford and New York).Google Scholar
Simondon, Gilbert. 1964. L’individu et sa genèse physico-biologique (Presses Universitaires de France: Paris).Google Scholar
Sist, Loredana. 2016. ‘The use of color in Egyptian statuary’, in Angenot, Valérie and Tiradritti, Francesco (eds.), Artists and colour in ancient Egypt: Proceedings of the colloquium held in Montepulciano, August 22nd–24th, 2008 (Missione Archeologica Italiana a Luxor: Montepulciano).Google Scholar
Spalinger, Anthony J. 1985. ‘A redistributive pattern at Assiut’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 105: 720.Google Scholar
Spanel, Donald. 1988. Through ancient eyes: Egyptian portraiture. An exhibition organized for the Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham Alabama (Birmingham Museum of Art: Birmingham, AL).Google Scholar
Spiegelberg, Wilhelm. 1917. ‘Varia’, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 53: 91115.Google Scholar
Stauder, Andréas. 2018. ‘Staging restricted knowledge: The sculptor Irtysen’s self-presentation (ca. 2000 BC)’, in Miniaci, Gianluca, García, Juan Carlos Moreno, Quirke, Stephen, and Stauder, Andréas (eds.), The arts of making in ancient Egypt: Voices, images, and object of material producers 2000–1550 BCE (Sidestone Press: Leiden).Google Scholar
Stock, Hanns. 1951. Nt̲r nfr = der gute Gott? (Gerstenberg: Hildesheim).Google Scholar
Strandberg, Åsa. 2009. The gazelle in ancient Egyptian art: Image and meaning (Uppsala Universitet: Uppsala).Google Scholar
Strauss, Elisabeth-Christine. 1974. Die Nunschale: Eine Gefässgruppe des Neuen Reiches (Deutscher Kunstverlag: Munich).Google Scholar
Strudwick, Nigel C. 2005. Texts from the Pyramid Age (Brill: Leiden and Boston).Google Scholar
Sweeney, Deborah. 2004. ‘Forever young? The representation of older and ageing women in ancient Egyptian art’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 41: 6784.Google Scholar
Tefnin, Roland. 1984. ‘Discours et iconicité dans l’art égyptien’, Göttinger Miszellen, 79: 5569.Google Scholar
Theis, Christoffer. 2014. Magie und Raum: Der magische Schutz ausgewählter Räume im Alten Ägypten nebst einem Vergleich zu angrenzenden Kulturbereichen (Mohr Siebeck: Leiden).Google Scholar
Tillier, Anaïs. 2011. ‘À propos de nt̲r nfr comme épithète divine: Contribution à l’étude d’Osiris-Roi au Moyen Empire’, Revue d’Égyptologie, 62: 159–74.Google Scholar
Tschorn, Sabine 2017. ‘Nun-Schalen aus der Stadt des Neuen Reiches auf der Insel Sai’, Ägypten und Levante, 27: 431–46.Google Scholar
Verbovsek, Alexandra. 2005. ‘“Imago Aegyptia”: Wirkungsstrukturen der altägyptischen Bildsprache und ihre Rezeption. Ein programmatischer Ausblick’, Imago Aegyptia, 1: 145–55.Google Scholar
Verbovsek, Aelxandra .2011. ‘Reception and perception’, in Hartwig, Melinda (ed.), A companion to ancient Egyptian art (Wiley Blackwell: Chichester).Google Scholar
Vergnieux, Robert. 1999. Recherches sur les monuments Thébains d’Amenhotep IV à l’aide d’outils informatiques (Société d’Égyptologie: Geneva).Google Scholar
Vernant, Jean-Pierre. 1991. Mortals and immortals: Collected essays (Princeton University Press: Princeton).Google Scholar
Vila, André. 1973. ‘Un rituel d’envoûtement au Moyen Empire égyptien’, in Sauter, Marc (ed.), L’homme hier et aujourd’hui: Recueil d’études en hommage de André Leroi-Gourhan (Éditions Cujas: Paris).Google Scholar
Viveiros de Castro, Eduardo. 2015. The relative native: Essays on indigenous conceptual worlds (HAU Books: Chicago).Google Scholar
Walsem, René van. 1982. ‘The god Monthu and Deir el-Medîna’, in Demarée, R. J. and Janssen, Jac J. (eds.), Gleanings from Deir el-Medîna (Neederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten: Leiden).Google Scholar
Walsem, René .2005. Iconography of Old Kingdom elite tombs: Analysis & interpretation, theoretical and methodological aspects (Ex Oriente Lux and Uitgiverij Peeters: Leiden, Leuven and Dudley, MA).Google Scholar
Waraksa, Elizabeth. 2008. ‘Female figurines (pharaonic period)’, in Wendrich, Willeke (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (eScholarship: Los Angeles).Google Scholar
Waraksa, Elizabeth .2009. Female figurines from the Mut Precinct: Context and ritual function (Academic Press and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: Fribourg and Göttingen).Google Scholar
Weiss, Lara. 2015. Religious practice at Deir el-Medina (Peeters and Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten: Leuven and Leiden).Google Scholar
Wengrow, David. 2014. The origin of monsters: Image and cognition in the first age of mechanical reproduction (Princeton University Press: Princeton and Oxford).Google Scholar
Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1973. ‘Zur Entstehung übertragener und abstrakter Begriffe’, Göttinger Miszellen, 6: 135–44.Google Scholar
Widmaier, Kai. 2017. Ägyptische Bilder und ägyptologische Kunst: Vorarbeiten für eine bildwissenschaftliche Ägyptologie (Brill: Leiden and Boston).Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Richard H. 1994. Symbol & magic in ancient Egyptian art (Thames and Hudson: London and New York).Google Scholar
Willems, Harco. 1988. Chests of life: A study of the typology and conceptual development of Middle Kingdom, Standard Class coffins (Ex Oriente Lux: Leiden).Google Scholar
Wilson, Penelope. 2005. ‘Naming names and shifting identities in ancient Egyptian iconoclasm’, in McClanan, Anne and Johnson, Jeffrey (eds.), Negating the image: Case studies in iconoclasm (Ashgate: Aldershott).Google Scholar
Winter, Irene J. 2002. ‘Defining “aesthetics” for non-Western studies: The case of ancient Mesopotamia’, in Holly, Michael Ann and Moxey, Keith (eds.), Art history, aesthetics, visual studies (Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute: Williamstown).Google Scholar
Žabkar, Louis V. 1968. A study of the ba concept in ancient Egyptian texts (University of Chicago Press: Chicago).Google Scholar
Zago, Silvia. 2018. ‘Imagining the beyond: The conceptualization of Duat between the Old and the Middle Kingdoms ‘, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 54: 203–17.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Seeing Perfection
  • Rune Nyord, Emory University, Atlanta
  • Online ISBN: 9781108881494
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Seeing Perfection
  • Rune Nyord, Emory University, Atlanta
  • Online ISBN: 9781108881494
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Seeing Perfection
  • Rune Nyord, Emory University, Atlanta
  • Online ISBN: 9781108881494
Available formats
×