Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-mzp66 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-10T13:54:18.930Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Corpus Linguistics

Lexical Multidimensional Analysis

Identifying Discourses and Ideologies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 February 2025

Tony Berber Sardinha  and
Shannon Fitzsimmons-Doolan
Tony Berber Sardinha
Affiliation:
Pontifical Catholic University of Sao Paulo
Shannon Fitzsimmons-Doolan
Affiliation:
Texas A & M University - Corpus Christi

Summary

Lexical Multidimensional Analysis (LMDA), an extension of Biber's (1988) Multidimensional Analysis, seeks to identify dimensions (correlated lexical features across texts in a corpus) unveiling underlying patterns of lexical co-occurrence and variation within texts that are operationalized as a variety of latent, macro-level discursive constructs. Initially developed in the 2010s, LMDA has been applied to diverse domains, including education policy, national representations, applied linguistics, music, the infodemic, religion, sustainability, and literary style. This Element introduces LMDA for the identification and analysis of discourses and ideologies, offering insights into how lexis marks discourse formations and ideological alignments. Two case studies demonstrate the application of LMDA: uncovering discourses on climate change within conservative social media and analyzing ideological discourses in migrant education.
Get access

Keywords

corpus linguisticsideologiesdiscoursesmultidimensional analysislexical system
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Corpus Linguistics
Online ISBN: 9781009335683
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 27 February 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baker, P. (2010). Sociolinguistics and Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Baker, P. (2014). Using Corpora to Analyze Gender. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Baker, P. (2016). The shapes of collocation. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 21(2), 139–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, P. (in press). Corpus-assisted discourse analysis. In Chapelle, C. (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Baker, P., & McEnery, T.. (2015). Who benefits when discourse gets democratized? Analysing a Twitter corpus around the British Benefits Street debate. In Baker, P. & McEnery, T. (Eds.), Corpora and Discourse Studies: Integrating Corpora and Discourse (pp. 244–265). London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, D. (2017). The “red door” controversy – Middlesbrough’s asylum seekers and the discursive politics of racism. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 27(2), 126–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berber Sardinha, T. (2014). On being American and Brazilian in Google Books: A multidimensional perspective – Looking at cultural shifts in English over time: A multi-dimensional perspective. Paper presented at the American Association for Corpus Linguistics (AACL) Conference, Flagstaff, AZ.Google Scholar
Berber Sardinha, T. (2017). Lexical priming and register variation. In Pace-Sigge, M. & Patterson, K. (Eds.), Lexical Priming: Applications and Advances (pp. 190–230). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berber Sardinha, T. (2019). Using multi-dimensional analysis to detect representations of national culture. In Berber Sardinha, T. & Veirano Pinto, M. (Eds.), Multi-dimensional Analysis: Research Methods and Current Issues (pp. 231–258). London: Bloomsbury.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berber Sardinha, T. (2020). A historical characterisation of American and Brazilian cultures based on lexical representations. Corpora, 15(2), 183–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berber Sardinha, T. (2021). Discourse of academia from a multi-dimensional perspective. In Friginal, E. & Hardy, J. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Approaches to Discourse Analysis (pp. 298–318). Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Berber Sardinha, T. (2022a). Corpus linguistics and historiography: Finding the major discourses in the first 50 years of TESOL Quarterly. Journal of Research Design and Statistics in Linguistics and Communication Science, 7(1), 69–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berber Sardinha, T. (2022b). Corpus linguistics and the study of social media: A case study using multi-dimensional analysis. In O’Keeffe, A. & McCarthy, M. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics (2nd ed., pp. 656–674). New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berber Sardinha, T. (2022c). A text typology of social media. Register Studies, 4(2), 138–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berber Sardinha, T. (2023). Detecting macro-discourses around the coronavirus pandemic in large corpora [online plenary talk]. 12th International Conference on Corpus Linguistics (CILC2021), University of Malaga.Google Scholar
Berber Sardinha, T. (2024). Exploring multimodal corpora in the classroom from a multidimensional perspective In Crosthwaite, P. (Ed.), Corpora for Language Learning: Bridging the Research–Practice Divide (pp. 25–36). Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berber Sardinha, T. (to appear). Corpora. In Reppen, R., Goulart, L., & Biber, D. (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of English Corpus Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Berber Sardinha, T., Delfino, M. C. N., & Collentine, J. G. (2022). Exploring a large corpus of English pop music from a multimodal perspective using lexical MD analysis. CEPRIL Talks: Lexical multidimensional analysis webinar, CEPRIL, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo.Google Scholar
Berber Sardinha, T., Romeiro, Y. T. D., Marcondes, L. N. L., Silva, C. S. d., Gerciano, N. P., Kauffmann, C., Pinto, P. T., Dutra, D., Delfino, M. C. N., Bocorny, A., & Sarmento, S. (2023). The coronavirus infodemic: A multidimensional, discourse-based perspective. Panel presented at the Corpus Linguistics 2023 International Conference, Lancaster, UK.Google Scholar
Berber Sardinha, T., & Veirano Pinto, M. (Eds.). (2019). Multi-dimensional Analysis: Research Methods and Current Issues. London: Bloomsbury Academic.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, D. (1988). Variation across Speech and Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, D. (1993a). Co-occurrence patterns among collocations: A tool for corpus-based lexical knowledge acquisition. Computational Linguistics, 19(3), 531–538.Google Scholar
Biber, D. (1993b). Representativeness in corpus design. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 8(4), 243–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, D. (1995). Dimensions of Register Variation: A Cross-Linguistic Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, D. (2012). Register as a predictor of linguistic variation. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 8(1), 9–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, D., & Conrad, S. (2004). Corpus-based comparisons of registers. In Coffin, C., Hewings, A., & O’Halloran, K. (Eds.), Applying English Grammar: Functional and Corpus Approaches (pp. 40–56). Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Biber, D., & Conrad, S. (2009). Register, Genre, and Style. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, D., & Conrad, S. (2019). Register, Genre, and Style (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Reppen, R. (1998). Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blinder, S., & Allen, W. L. (2016). Constructing immigrants: Portrayal of migrant groups in British national newspapers, 2010–2012. International Migration Review, 50(1), 3–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Brezina, V., McEnery, A., & Wattam, S. (2015). Collocations in context: A new perspective on collocation networks. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 20(2), 139–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caldas-Coulthard, C. R., & Coulthard, M. (1996). Preface. In Caldas-Coulthard, C. R. & Coulthard, M. (Eds.), Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis (pp. xi–xii). Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cini, M. (2000). Organizational culture and reform: The case of the European Commission under Jacques Santer (EUI Working Papers, 2000/25). San Domenico: European University Institute.Google Scholar
Clarke, I. (2024). The discourses of climate change denialism across conspiracy and pseudoscience websites. In Maci, S. M., Demata, M., McGlashan, M., & Seargeant, P. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Discourse and Disinformation. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Clarke, I., Brookes, G., & McEnery, T. (2022). Keywords through time: Tracking changes in press discourse of Islam. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 27(4), 399–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, I., McEnery, T., & Brookes, G. (2021). Multiple Correspondence Analysis, newspaper discourse and subregister: A case study of discourses of Islam in the British press. Register Studies, 3(1), 144–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cortes, V., & Csomay, E. (2015). Douglas Biber and the Flagstaff School of corpus-based research: An introduction. In Cortes, V. & Csomay, E. (Eds.), Corpus-Based Research in Applied Linguistics: Studies in Honor of Douglas Biber (pp. xv–xx). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crossley, S., & Louwerse, M. M. (2007). Multi-dimensional register classification using bi-grams. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 12(4), 453–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crossley, S., Varner, L. K., & McNamara, D. (2014). A multi-dimensional analysis of essay writing: What linguistic features tell us about situational parameters and the effects of language functions on judgments of quality. In Sardinha, T. Berber & Pinto, M. Veirano (Eds.), Multi-dimensional Analysis 25 Years on: A Tribute to Douglas Biber (pp. 344–411). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Danesi, M. (2017). The Semiotics of Emoji. London: Bloomsbury.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, M. (2021). The Coronavirus Corpus: Design, construction, and use. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 26(4), 583–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delfino, M. C. N., Berber Sardinha, T., & Collentine, J. G. (2023). Dimensões de variação lexical e acústica na música popular em inglês: um estudo baseado em corpus [Lexical and acoustic dimensions of variation in popular music in English: A corpus-based study]. Cadernos de Estudos Linguísticos, 65, e023025. https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/cel/article/view/8671801/33021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Dijk, T. A. (2006). Ideology and discourse analysis. Journal of Political Ideologies, 11(2), 115–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egbert, J. (2019). Corpus design and representativeness. In Berber Sardinha, T. & Veirano Pinto, M. (Eds.), Multi-dimensional Analysis: Research Methods and Current Issues (pp. 27–42). London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Egbert, J., & Biber, D. (2019). Incorporating text dispersion into keyword analyses. Corpora, 14(1), 77–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egbert, J., Biber, D., & Gray, B. (2022). Designing and Evaluating Language Corpora: A Practical Framework for Corpus Representativeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egbert, J., & Staples, S. (2019). Doing multi-dimensional analysis in SPSS, SAS, and R. In Berber Sardinha, T. & Veirano Pinto, M. (Eds.), Multi-dimensional Analysis: Research Methods and Current Issues (pp. 125–144). London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Ellis, N. (2019). Essentials of a theory of language cognition. The Modern Language Journal, 103, 39–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Firth, J. R. (1957/1968). A synopsis of linguistic theory, 1930–55. In Palmer, F. R. (Ed.), Selected Papers of J. R. Firth 1952–59 (pp. 168–205). London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons-Doolan, S. (2014). Using lexical variables to identify language ideologies in a policy corpus. Corpora, 9(1), 57–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzsimmons-Doolan, S. (2019). Language ideologies of institutional language policy: Exploring variability by language policy register. Language Policy, 18(2), 169–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzsimmons-Doolan, S. (2023). Twenty-first century ideological discourses about US migrant education that transcend registers. Corpora, 18(2), 143–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forchtner, B. (2013). Critical discourse analysis. In Chapelle, C. (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (pp. 1439–1446). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Fowler, R. (1996). On critical linguistics. In Caldas-Coulthard, C. R. & Coulthard, M. (Eds.), Texts and Practices (pp. 231–249). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Friginal, E., & Hardy, J. (2019). From factors to dimensions: Interpreting linguistic co-occurrence patterns. In Berber Sardinha, T. & Veirano Pinto, M. (Eds.), Multi-dimensional Analysis: Research Methods and Current Issues (pp. 145–164). London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Friginal, E., & Hardy, J. A. (2014). Conducting multi-dimensional analysis using SPSS. In Berber Sardinha, T. & Veirano Pinto, M. (Eds.), Multi-dimensional Analysis, 25 Years on: A Tribute to Douglas Biber (pp. 298–316). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Gabrielatos, C., & Baker, P. (2008). Fleeing, sneaking, flooding: A corpus analysis of discursive constructions of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press, 1995–2005. Journal of English Linguistics, 36(1), 5–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gal, S. (2018). Discursive struggles about migration: A commentary. Language and Communication, 59, 66–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillings, M., Mautner, G., & Baker, P. (2023). Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorsuch, R. L. (2015). Factor Analysis. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gray, B. (2013). Interview with Douglas Biber. Journal of English Linguistics, 41(4), 359–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haroche, C., Henry, P., & Pecheux, M. (1971). La Semantique et la coupure saussurienne: Langue, langage, discours. Langages, 6(24), 93–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haye, A., & Larraín, A. (2018). Field and utterance: The problem of discourse articulation / Campo e enunciado: problema da articulação do discurso. Bakhtiniana, 13(2), 75–93.Google Scholar
Hoey, M. (2005). Lexical Priming: A New Theory of Words and Language. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, A. J. (2011). The culture and discourse of climate skepticism. Strategic Organization, 9(1), 77–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunston, S. (2007). Semantic prosody revisited. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 12(2), 249–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunston, S. (2011). Corpus Approaches to Evaluation: Phraseology and Evaluative Language. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jaworska, S., & Kinloch, K. (2018). Using multiple data sets. In Taylor, C. & Marchi, A. (Eds.), Corpus Approaches to Discourse: A Critical Review (pp. 110–129). New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauffmann, C., & Berber Sardinha, T. (2021). Brazilian Portuguese literary style. In Friginal, E. & Hardy, J. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Approaches to Discourse Analysis (pp. 354–375). Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Keller, D., Gray, B., Smith, J., & Cotos, E. (2022). Zero-inflated factor analysis for short-text multi-dimensional analysis: An MD of rhetorical moves in research articles. Paper presented at the American Association for Corpus Linguistics (AACL) Conference, Flagstaff, AZ.Google Scholar
Krieg-Planque, A. (2010). A noção de “fórmula” em análise do discurso: Quadro teórico e metodológico [The notion of “formula” in discourse analysis: Theoretical and methodological framework]. São Paulo: Parábola.Google Scholar
Kroskrity, P. V. (2004). Language ideologies. In Duranti, A. (Ed.), A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology (pp. 110–129). Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lo Bianco, J. (2008). Tense times and language planning. Current Issues in Language Planning, 9(2), 155–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marchi, A. (2018). Dividing up the data: Epistemological, methodological and practical impact of diachronic segmentation. In Taylor, C. & Marchi, A. (Eds.), Corpus Approaches to Discourse: A Critical Review (pp. 174–196). New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mautner, G. (2005). The entrepreneurial university: A discursive profile of a higher education buzzword. Critical Discourse Studies, 2(2), 95–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murakami, A., Thompson, P., Hunston, S., & Vajn, D. (2017). ‘What is this corpus about?’ Using topic modelling to explore a specialised corpus. Corpora, 12(2), 243–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orpin, D. (2005). Corpus linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 10(1), 37–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Partington, A. (2004). “Utterly content in each other’s company”: Semantic prosody and semantic preference. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 9(1), 136–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Partington, A. (2010). Modern diachronic corpus-assisted discourse studies (MD-CADS) on UK newspapers: An overview of the project. Corpora, 5(2), 83–108. https://doi.org/10.3366/E1749503210000407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Partington, A., Duguid, A., & Taylor, C. (2013). Patterns and Meanings in Discourse: Theory and Practice in Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, K. (1900). Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution. VII. On the correlation of characters not quantitatively measurable. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character, 195, 262–273.Google Scholar
Pecheux, M. (1982). Language, Semantics and Ideology – Stating the Obvious. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peréz-Paredes, P., Aguado Jiménez, P., & Sanchéz Hernández, P. (2017). Constructing immigrants in UK legislation and administration informative texts: A corpus-driven study. Discourse & Society, 28(1), 81–103.Google Scholar
Phillips, M. (1985). Aspects of Text Structure: An Investigation of the Lexical Organisation of Text. Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
Santa Ana, O., Trevino, S. L., Bailey, B., & de Necochea, A. (2007). A May to remember: adversarial images of immigrants in US newspapers during the 2006 policy debate. Du Bois Review, 4(1), 207–232.Google Scholar
Schieffelin, B. B., Woolard, K. A., & Kroskrity, P. V. (1998). Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmid, H. (1994). Probabilistic part-of-speech tagging using decision trees. Proceedings of International Conference on New Methods in Language Processing, 12.Google Scholar
Scott, M. (2016). WordSmith Tools. Version 7. Stroud: Lexical Analysis Software.Google Scholar
Silverstein, M. (1998). The uses and utility of ideology: A commentary. In Schieffelin, B. B., Woolard, K. A., & Kroskrity, P. V. (Eds.), Language Ideologies: Practice and Theory (pp. 123–148). Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, C. O., Pitts, M. J, & Osborne, H. (2011). Mediated intergroup conflict: The discursive construction of “illegal immigrants” in a regional U.S. newspaper. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 30(1), 8–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stubbs, M. (1996). Text and Corpus Analysis: Computer-Assisted Studies of Language and Culture. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Stubbs, M. (1997). Whorf’s children: Critical comments on Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). In Ryan, A. & Wray, A. (Eds.), Evolving Models of Language (pp. 100–116). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Stubbs, M. (2001). Words and Phrases: Corpus-Based Studies of Lexical Semantics. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stubbs, M. (2009). The search for units of meaning: Sinclair on empirical semantics. Applied Linguistics, 30(1), 115–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stubbs, M. (2015). The textual function of lexis. In Groom, N. (Ed.), Corpora, Grammar, & Discourse: In Honor of Susan Hunston (pp. 97–115). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, C. (2014). Investigating the representation of migrants in the UK and Italian press. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 19(3), 368–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, C. (2018). Similarity. In Taylor, C. & Marchi, A. (Eds.), Corpus Approaches to Discourse: A Critical Review (pp. 97–115). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Taylor, C. (2021). Metaphors of migration over time. Discourse & Society, 32(4), 463–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Dijk, T. A. (2018). Discourse and migration. In Zapata-Barrero, R. & Yalaz, E. (Eds.), Qualitative Research in European Migration Studies (pp. 227–245). Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, G. (2003). Corporate discourse and the academy: A polemic. Industry and Higher Education, 17(2), 85–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widdowson, H. G. (1995). Discourse analysis: A critical view. Language and Literature, 4(3), 157–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wodak, W., & Meyer, M. (2009). Methods of critical discourse analysis (2nd ed.). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Xu, T., Demmer, R. T., & Li, G. (2020). Zero-inflated Poisson factor model with application to microbe read counts. Biometrics, 77(1), 91–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Lexical Multidimensional Analysis
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Lexical Multidimensional Analysis
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Lexical Multidimensional Analysis
Available formats
×