Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T05:30:29.498Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Politics and Society in Southeast Asia

Islam and Political Power in Indonesia and Malaysia

The Role of Tarbiyah and Dakwah in the Evolution of Islamism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 August 2022

Joseph Chinyong Liow
Joseph Chinyong Liow
Affiliation:
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Summary

Islamism in Indonesia and Malaysia has undergone a fascinating transformation from social movement roots to mainstream politics. How did this take place, and to what ends? Drawing on social movement theories, this Element explains this transformation by focusing on key Islamic social movements in these two countries. It argues: first, that the popularity and appeal of Islamism in Indonesia and Malaysia cannot be understood without appreciating how these social movements have enabled and facilitated mobilization; and second, that it is precisely these roots in civil societal mobilization that account for the enduring influence of Islamist politics evident in how Islamic social movements have shaped and transformed the political landscape. These arguments will be developed by unpacking how Islamist ideas took root in social movement settings, the kinds of institutional and organizational structures through which these ideas were advanced, and the changing political landscape that facilitated these processes.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Politics and Society in Southeast Asia
Online ISBN: 9781108669047
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 25 August 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Hadi Borham, Abd (2018). “Media Baharu dan Impak Terhadap Dakwah,” Sains Humanika 10(3/4): 51–60.Google Scholar
Hadi Awang, Abdul (1985). Muqadimmah Aqidah Muslimin. Petaling Jaya: Sarjana Media.Google Scholar
Nurdin, Ahmad Ali (2011). “PKS’ Democratic Experience in Recruiting Members and Leaders,” Al-Jāmi’ah 49(2): 329–360.Google Scholar
Fauzi Abdul Hamid, Ahmad (2003). “The Maturation of Dakwah in Malaysia: Divergence and Convergence in the Methods of Islamic Movements in the 1980s,” Jurnal IKIM 11(2), July/December: 59–97.Google Scholar
Fauzi Abdul Hamid, Ahmad (2009). “Transnational Islam in Malaysia,” in Transnational Islam in South and Southeast Asia, eds. Mandaville, Peter et al. Washington, DC: National Bureau of Asian Research, pp. 141–165.Google Scholar
Othman, Ahmad Lutfi (1992). Selepas Mahathir Peluang PAS. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Pemuda.Google Scholar
Permata, Ahmad Norma (2016). “A Study on the Internal Dynamics of the Prosperous Justic Party and Jamaah Tarbiyah,” in Islam, Politics, and Change: The Indonesian Experience After the Fall of Suharto, eds. van Dijk, Kees and Kaptein, Nico J. G.. Leiden: Leiden University Press, pp. 29–77.Google Scholar
Nur Fuad, Ai Fatimah (2017). “Islamism and Dakwah in Late Modern Indonesia: Official Discourses and Lived Experiences of Leaders and Members of the Tarbiyah Movement.” PhD dissertation, University of Leeds.Google Scholar
Nur Fuad, Ai Fatimah (2020). “Kajian Literatur tentang Perkembangan Historis dan Transformasi Dakwah Gerakan Tarbiyah di Indonesia,” Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan 17(2), February: 349–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aini Maznina, A. Manaf, (2018). “Dakwah Melalui Media Baharu Di Malaysia: Peluang Atau Cabaran?” Al-Hikmah 10(1): 119–128.Google Scholar
Halim Mahmud, Ali Abdul (2004). Perangkat-Perangkat Tarbiyah Ikhwanul Muslimin, trans. Wahid Ahmadi et al. Solo: Intermedia.Google Scholar
Anderson, Jon W. (2000). “New Media in the Muslim World: The Emerging Public Sphere,” ISIM Newsletter 5(1): 39.Google Scholar
Anria, Santiago (2019). When Movements Become Parties: The Bolivian MAS in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, Anwar (1989). Menangani Perubahan. Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing.Google Scholar
Awani, Astro (2014). “ABIM Calls on Dr. Mahathir to Retract Statement on Hudud Law,” Astro Awani, April 22. http://english.astroawani.com/malaysia-news/abim-calls-dr-mahathir-retract-statement-hudud-law-34439.Google Scholar
Tayeb, Azmil (2018). Islamic Education in Indonesia and Malaysia: Shaping Minds, Saving Souls. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baczko, Adam, Dorronsoro, Gilles, and Quesnay, Arthur (2018). Civil War in Syria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Effendy, Bahtiar (2003). Islam and the State in Indonesia. Singapore: ISEAS.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barendregt, Bart (2008). “Sex, Cannibals, and the Language of Cool: Indonesian Tales of the Phone and Modernity,” The Information Society 24(3): 160–170.Google Scholar
Bayat, Asef (2002). “Activism and Social Development in the Middle East,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 34(1): 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayat, Asef (2007). Making Islam Democratic: Social Movements and the Post-Islamist Turn. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennet, W. Lance (2005). “Social Movements beyond Borders: Organization, Communication, and Political Capacity in Two Eras of Transnational Activism,” in Transnational Protest and Global Activism, eds. Donatella della Porta and Sidney Tarrow. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 203–226.Google Scholar
Brown, Leon Carl (2000). Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Bubalo, Anthony and Fealy, Greg (2005). Joining the Caravan? The Middle East, Islamism and Indonesia. Double Day, NSW: Longueville Media.Google Scholar
Buechler, Steven M. (1995). “New Social Movement Theories,” The Sociological Quarterly 36(3): 441–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buehler, Michael (2008). “The Rise of Shari’a By-Laws in Indonesian Districts: An Indication for Changing Patterns of Power Accumulation and Political Corruption,” South East Asia Research 16(2): 255–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunt, Gary R. (2003). Islam in the Digital Age: E-jihad, Online Fatwas and Cyber Islamic Environments. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Bunt, Gary R. (2009). iMuslims: Rewiring the House of Islam. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Cammett, Melani and Luong, Pauline Jones (2014). “Is There an Islamist Political Advantage?” Annual Review of Political Science 17: 187–206.Google Scholar
Chernov-Hwang, Julie (2009). Peaceful Islamist Mobilisation in the Muslim World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claessen, Eric A. (2010). Stalemate: An Anatomy of Conflicts Between Democracies, Islamists, and Muslim Autocrats. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.Google Scholar
Crouch, Harold (1996). Government and Politics in Malaysia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danahar, Paul (2013). The New Middle East: The World After the Arab Spring. New York: Bloomsbury Press.Google Scholar
Fabio, De Nardis (2020). Understanding Politics and Society. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Diani, Mario (1992). “The Concept of a Social Movement,” The Sociological Review 40(1): 1–25.Google Scholar
Diani, Mario (2003). “Introduction,” in Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action, eds. Diani, Mario and McAdam., Douglas New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diani, Mario (2013). “Networks and Social Movements,” in The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Social and Political Movements, eds. Snow, David A., Donatella della Porta, Bert Klandermans, and McAdam, Doug. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 835–840.Google Scholar
Earl, Jennifer and Kimport, Katrina (2011). Digitally Enabled Social Change: Activism in the Internet Age. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Esposito, John L., Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck, Moore, Kathleen, Sawan, David, and Voll, John O. (1991). The Contemporary Islamic Revival: A Critical Survey and Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Fadzillah, Mohd. Jamil, (1988). “The Reawakening of Islamic Consciousness in Malaysia: 1970–1987.” PhD dissertation, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Munabari, Fahlesa (2017). “Reconciling Sharia with ‘Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia’: The Ideology and Framing Strategies of the Indonesian Forum of Islamic Society (FUI),” International Area Studies Review 20(3): 242–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ismail, Faisal (2011). “The Nahdlatul Ulama: Its Early History and Contribution to the Establishment of Indonesian State,” Journal of Indonesian Islam 5(2): 247–282.Google Scholar
Fealy, Greg and Hooker, Virginia (eds.) (2006). Voices of Islam in Southeast Asia: A Contemporary Sourcebook. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Saleh, Febrian Taufik (2015). “Manhaj Tarbiyah dalam Pendidikan Politik PKS,” Salam 19(1): 1–18.Google Scholar
Ajami, Fouad (1981). The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Practice since 1967. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Freeman, Karen Sabina (2013). “News Consumption Behavior of Young Adults in Malaysia,” International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 3(2), March: 121–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grand, Stephen R. (2014). Understanding Tahrir Square. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Ghanem, Hafez (2016). The Arab Spring: Five Years Later. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Halliday, Fred (2005). The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics, and Ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halpern, Manfred (1963). The Politics of Social Change in the Middle East and North Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Dabashi, Hamid (2012). The Arab Spring: The End of Postcolonialism. London: Zed Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Banna, Hassan (2001). Risalah Pergerakan 2. Solo: Intermedia.Google Scholar
Omar, Hassan (2017). “Apa Beza ABIM dengan IRC?” Lebai Haji Hassan Omar, June. https://hajihassanomar.blogspot.com/2017/06/apa-beza-abim-dengan-irc.html.Google Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. (2009). “Islamic Schools, Social Movements, and Democracy in Indonesia,” in Making Modern Muslims: The Politics of Islamic Education in Southeast Asia, ed. Hefner., Robert W. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 55–105.Google Scholar
Hew, Wai Weng (2017). “Malay Politics Meets Islamic Activism in Malaysia’s Act 355,” ISEAS Perspectives, April 3.Google Scholar
Wahid, Hidayat Nur (2005). “Islam, Democracy, and Politics in Indonesia,” Jakarta Post, September 9.Google Scholar
Hidayatullah (2000). “Profesional dari Mujahid Kampus,” April.Google Scholar
Hitti, Philips K. (1949). History of the Arabs. London: Macmillan and Co.Google Scholar
Teguh, Irfun (2018). “Rahmat Abdullah: Lambang Spiritualisme Gerakan Dakwah Tarbiyah,” Tirto.id, June 8. https://tirto.id/rahmat-abdullah-lambang-spiritualisme-gerakan-dakwah-tarbiyah-cKYn.Google Scholar
Irwandani (2016). “Potensi Media Sosial dalam Mempopulerkan Konten Sains Islam,” Tadris: Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Tarbiyah 1(2): 173–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahin, Audrey (ed.) (1985). Regional Dynamics of the Indonesian Revolution. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Kahin, Audrey R. (2012). Islam, Nationalism and Democracy: A Political Biography of Mohammad Natsir. Singapore: NUS Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahin, George McTurnan, (1952). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kementerian Agama, RI (2019/2020). “Data Statistik Pendidikan Islam,” EMIS Dashboard, 2019/2020. http://emispendis.kemenag.go.id/dashboard/?content=data-statistik.Google Scholar
Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Al-Anani, Khalil (2016). Inside the Muslim Brotherhood: Religion, Identity, and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Khatib, Line (2012). Islamic Revivalism in Syria: The Rise and Fall of Ba’ath Secularism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert P. (2006). “Movement Parties,” in Handbook of Party Politics, eds. Richard S. Katz and William J. Crotty. London: Sage Publications, pp. 278–290.Google Scholar
Kompas (2005). “Jajak Pendapat ‘Kompas’: PKS, Menuai Buah Konsistensi,” Kompas, June 25.Google Scholar
Kompasiana (2018). “Islam, Indonesia, dan Generasi Milenial,” Kompasiana, February 4. www.kompasiana.com/muhammadsultana/5a49eaaef133447eec6b9652/islam-indonesia-dan-generasi-millennials.Google Scholar
Koopmans, Ruud (2004). “Political Opportunity Structure: Some Splitting to Balance the Lumping,” in Rethinking Social Movements, eds. Goodwin, Jeff and Jasper., James M. Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 61–74.Google Scholar
Kramer, Elisabeth (2014). “A Fall from Grace? ‘Beef-gate’ and the Case of Indonesia’s Prosperous Justice Party,” Asian Politics and Policy 6(4): 555–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuru, Ahmet T. (2019). Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lapidus, Ira M. (1997). “Islamic Revival and Modernity: The Contemporary Movements and the Historical Paradigms,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 40(4): 444–460.Google Scholar
Larrson, Goran (2011). Muslims and the New Media: Historical and Contemporary Debates. London: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Liow, Joseph Chinyong (2009). Piety and Politics: Islamism in Contemporary Malaysia. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liow, Joseph Chinyong (2016). Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakiem, Lukman and Linrung, Tansil (1997). Menunaikan Panggilan Risalah: Dokumentasi Perjalan 30 Tahun DDII. Jakarta: DDII.Google Scholar
Mandaville, Peter (2001). Transnational Muslim Politics: Reimagining the Umma. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mandaville, Peter (2014). Islam and Politics, 2nd ed. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hilmy, Masdar (2009). Islamism and Democracy in Indonesia: Piety and Pragmatism. Singapore: ISEAS.Google Scholar
Malik, Maszlee and Mat, Hamidah (2014). “Pious Approach to Development: Social Capital and Pertubuhan Jemaah Islah Malaysia (JIM),” World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization 4(3): 107–118.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug, Tarrow, Sidney G., and Tilly, Charles (2001). Dynamics of Contention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mecham, Quinn and Chernov-Hwang, Julie (eds.) (2014). Islamist Parties and Political Normalization in the Muslim World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Bakar, Mohamad Abu (1981). “Islamic Revivalism and the Political Process in Malaysia,” Asian Survey 21(10): 1040–1059.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohamed Taib, Mohamed Imran (2012). “Neofundamentalist Thought, Dakwah and Religious Pluralism Among Muslims in Singapore,” International Sociological Association (ISA) e-Symposium for Sociology 2(3). https://dialogosphere.wordpress.com/2016/03/02/neofundamentalist-thought-dakwah-and-religious-pluralism-among-muslims-in-singapore/.Google Scholar
Mohamed Nawab Mohamed Osman and Saleena Saleem (2016). “The Impact of Islamic Civil Society Organisations on Malaysian Islam and Politics,” RSIS Malaysia Update, April 21.Google Scholar
Ayoob, Mohammad (2007). The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim World. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Tahir, Mohd Anuar (1993). Pendirian Politik ABIM. Petaling Jaya: Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia.Google Scholar
Hassan, Mohd Kamal (1997). “Islamic Studies in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Some Observations,” in Islamic Studies in ASEAN: Presentations of an International Seminar. Pattani: Prince of Songkla University, pp. 487–488.Google Scholar
Hassan, Mohd Kamal (2003). “The Influence of Mawdudi’s Thought on Muslims in Southeast Asia: A Brief Survey,” The Muslim World 93(3/4): 429–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muhammad Sa’id (2003). “Tarbiyah Suatu Kemestian,” in Tarbiyah Berkelanjutan, ed. Abdullah, Rahmat and Arifianto, Somo. Jakarta: Pustaka Tarbiatuna, pp. 45–52.Google Scholar
Siddiq, Muhammad Syahban, Cangara, Hafied, and Alimuddin Unde, A. (2011). “Pemanfaatan Jaringan Komunikasi dalam Rekrutmen Kader Partai Keadilan Sejahtera Sulawesi Selatan,” Jurnal Komunikasi KAREBA 1(4), October–December: 423–433.Google Scholar
Pabbajah, Mustaqim, Jubba, Hasse, Widyanti, Ratri Nurina, Pabbajah, Taufiq, and Iribaram, S. (2019). “Internet of Religion: Islam and New Media Construction of Religious Movements in Indonesia,” Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Islamic Studies, October 1–4, Jakarta, Indonesia: 1–9.Google Scholar
Nepstad, Sharon Erickson and Clifford, Bob (2006). “When Do Leaders Matter? Hypotheses on Leadership Dynamics in Social Movements,” Mobilization 11(1): 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, Richard A. (2016). “The Changing Face of Islamic Authority in the Middle East,” Middle East Brief 99: 3.Google Scholar
Nilan, Pam and Mansfield, Michelle (2014). “Youth Culture and Islam in Indonesia,” Wacana 15(1): 1–18.Google Scholar
Nisa, Eva F. (2018). “Social Media and the Birth of an Islamic Social Movement: ODOJ (One Day One Juz) in Contemporary Indonesia,” Indonesia and the Malay World 46(134): 24–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Firman, Noor (2015). Perpecahan & Soliditas, Partai Islam Di Indonesia: Kasus PKB dan PKS Di Dekade Awal Reformasi. Jakarta: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia.Google Scholar
Hasan, Noorhaidi (2007). “The Salafi Movement in Indonesia: Transnational Dynamics and Local Development,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27(1): 83–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasan, Noorhaidi (2009). “Islamist Party, Electoral Politics, and Da’wa Mobilization among Youth: The Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) in Indonesia,” RSIS Working Paper 184, October.Google Scholar
Online, NU (2020a). “Ketua PBNU: Indonesia Sudah Sesuai Syariat Islam,” NU Online, February 24. www.nu.or.id/post/read/117095/ketua-pbnu–indonesia-sudah-sesuai-syariat-islam.Google Scholar
Online, NU (2020b). “NU Menegaskan Hubungan Pancasila dengan Islam,” NU Online, July 5. www.nu.or.id/post/read/116613/nu-menegaskan-hubungan-pancasila-dengan-islam.Google Scholar
Rusli, Nurdin (2013). “Spiritualising New Media: The Use of Social Media for Da’wah Purposes within Indonesian Muslim Scholars,” Jurnal Komunikasi Islam 3(1): 1–21.Google Scholar
Őniş, Ziyah (2006). “The Political Economy of Turkey’s Justice and Development Party,” in The Emergence of a New Turkey: Islam, Democracy, and the Emergence of the AK Parti, ed. Yavuz, Hakan. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, pp. 207–234.Google Scholar
Bakar, Osman (1993). “Implikasi Gerakan Dakwah ke atas Sistem Pendidikan Negara kini,” in Gerakan Dakwah dan Orde Islam di Malaysia: Strategi Masa Depan, ed. ABIM. Petaling Jaya: ABIM, pp. 45–52.Google Scholar
PAS Pusat, Jabatan Penerangan (undated). Memahami dan Mengenali Pejuangan Parti Islam SeMalaysia (PAS). Kuala Lumpur: PAS Pusat.Google Scholar
Pernau, Margarit (2003). “The Delhi Urdu Akhbar between Persian Akhbarat and English Newspapers,” The Annual of Urdu Studies 18: 105–131.Google Scholar
Prayogi, Arditya (2019). “Masuk dan Perkembangannya Gerakan Tarbiyah, Studi Kasus: Gerakan Dakwa Kampus di Kampus Institut Teknologi bandung (ITB) 1983–1998,” Sindang: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Kajian Sejarah 1(1): 45–57.Google Scholar
Republika (2012). “Muhammadiyah: Pancasila Sesuai dengan Nilai Islam,” Republika, June 24.Google Scholar
Republika (2017). “Pertumbuhan Pesantren di Indonesia Dinilai Menakjubkan,” Republika, November 30.Google Scholar
Republika (2019). “DDII: Istilah Syariah Kerap Disalahpahami,” Republika, July 17.Google Scholar
Roald, Anne Sofie (1994). Tarbiya: Education and Politics in Islamic Movements in Jordan and Malaysia. Lund: Religionshistoriska Avdelningen, Lunds Universitet.Google Scholar
Roff, William R. (1967). The Origins of Malay Nationalism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Roff, William R. (1998). “Patterns of Islamization in Malaysia, 1980s to 1990s: Exemplars, Institutions, and Vectors,” Journal of Islamic Studies 9(2), July: 210–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, Olivier (1998). The Failure of Political Islam. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Rupp, Leila J. and Taylor, Verta (1987). Survival in the Doldrums: The American Women’s Rights Movement, 1945 to the 1960s. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sungib, Saari (1994). Aktivisme JIM 1993–1995. Kuala Lumpur: Jamaah Islah Malaysia.Google Scholar
Sungib, Saari (1995). Menggerak Gagasan 1995–2000: Bersama Menggaris Agenda Ummah. Kuala Lumpur: Pertubuhan Jamaah Islah Malaysia.Google Scholar
Hassan, Saliha (2003). “Islamic Non-governmental Organisations,” in Social Movements in Malaysia: From Moral Communities to NGOs, eds. Weiss, Meredith L. and Hassan., Saliha London: Routledge Curzon, 2003, pp. 97–114.Google Scholar
Osman, Salim (2008). “Indonesian Islamist Party Rebranding Itself before Polls,” Straits Times, February 9.Google Scholar
Salman, Salman (2006). “The Tarbiyah Movement: Why People Join This Indonesian Contemporary Islamic Movement,” Studia Islamika 13(2): 171–240.Google Scholar
Ismail, Salwa (2003). Rethinking Islamist Politics: Culture, the State and Islamism. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Schwedler, Jillian (2004). “The Islah Party in Yemen,” in Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, ed. Wiktorowicz., Quintan Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004, pp. 205–228.Google Scholar
Schwedler, Jillian (2009). Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hamid, Shadi and McCants, William (eds.) (2017). Rethinking Political Islam. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shamsul, A. B. (1997). “Identity Construction, Nation Formation and Islamic Revivalism in Malaysia,” in Islam in an Era of Nation-States: Politics and Religious Renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia, eds. Hefner, Robert W. and Horvatich, Patricia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 207–227.Google Scholar
Baba, Sidek (1991). “The Malaysian Study Circle Movement and Some Implications for Educational Development.” PhD dissertation, Northern Illinois University.Google Scholar
Fadil, Siddik (1989). Mengangkat Martabat Umat: Koleksi Ucapan Dasar Muktamar Sanawi ABIM. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Pustaka Islam.Google Scholar
Singerman, Diane (2004). “The Networked World of Islamist Social Movements,” in Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach, ed. Wiktorowicz., Quintan Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 143–193.Google Scholar
Suharto, Toto (2018). “Transnational Islamic Education in Indonesia: An Ideological Perspective,” Contemporary Islam 12: 101–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qurtuby, Sumanto Al (2018). “Indonesia’s Islamist Mobilisation,” Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia 23. https://kyotoreview.org/issue-23/indonesias-islamist-mobilization/.Google Scholar
Tagliacozzo, Eric (ed.) (2009). Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, Movement, and the Longue Durée. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar
Tanuwidjaja, Sunny (2012). “PKS in Post-Reformasi Indonesia: Catching the Catch-All and Moderation Wave,” South East Asia Research 20(4): 533–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney (1996). “States and Opportunities: The Political Structuring of Social Movements,” in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, eds. McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zaid, Mayer N.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 41–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilly, Charles (1984). “Social Movements and National Politics,” in State-Making and Social Movements: Essays in History and Theory, eds. Bright, Charles and Harding, Susan. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 297–317.Google Scholar
Indonesia, Times (2017). “NU Setuju Penegakan Syariat Islam, Tapi Tegas Menolak Khilafah,” Times Indonesia, April 26.Google Scholar
Martin, Van Bruinessen (2018). “Indonesian Muslims in a Globalising World: Westernisation, Arabisation, and Indigenising Responses,” RSIS Working Paper 311, May.Google Scholar
Halim, Wahyuddin (2018). “Young Islamic Preachers on Facebook: Pesantren As’adiyah and Its Engagement with Social Media,” Indonesia and the Malay World 46(134): 44–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, John (2006). “Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood: Understanding Centrist Islam,” Harvard International Review 24(4): 32–36.Google Scholar
Whittier, Nancy (1995). Feminist Generations: The Persistence of the Radical Women’s Movement. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky (2013). The Muslim Brotherhood: Evolution of an Islamist Movement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wiktorowicz, Quintan (2000). The Management of Islamic Activism: Salafis, the Muslim Brotherhood, and State Power in Jordan. Buffalo, NY: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Woltering, Robert (2002). “The Roots of Islamist Popularity,” Third World Quarterly 23(6): 1133–1143.Google Scholar
Worth, Robert F. (2015). A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.Google Scholar
Yeoh, Seng Guan (2014). “Actually Existing Religious Pluralism in Kuala Lumpur,” in Religious Pluralism, State and Society in Asia, ed. Formichi, Chiara. London: Routledge, pp. 153–171.Google Scholar
Machmudi, Yon (2008). Islamizing Indonesia: The Rise of Jemaah Tarbiyah and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS). Canberra: ANU E‐Press.Google Scholar
Latif, Yudi (2008). Indonesian Muslim intelligentsia and Power. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Anwar, Zainah (1987). Islamic Revivalism in Malaysia: Dakwah among the Students. Petaling Jaya: Pelanduk Publications.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Islam and Political Power in Indonesia and Malaysia
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Islam and Political Power in Indonesia and Malaysia
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Islam and Political Power in Indonesia and Malaysia
Available formats
×