Element contents
How to Study Animal Minds
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 16 June 2020
Summary
Comparative psychology, the multidisciplinary study of animal behavior and psychology, confronts the challenge of how to study animals we find cute and easy to anthropomorphize, and animals we find odd and easy to objectify, without letting these biases negatively impact the science. In this Element, Kristin Andrews identifies and critically examines the principles of comparative psychology and shows how they can introduce other biases by objectifying animal subjects and encouraging scientists to remain detached. Andrews outlines the scientific benefits of treating animals as sentient research participants who come from their own social contexts and with whom we will be in relationship. With discussions of science's quest for objectivity, worries about romantic and killjoy theories, and debates about chimpanzee cognition between primatologists who work in the field and those in the lab, Andrews shows how scientists can address the different biases through greater integration of the subdisciplines of comparative psychology.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108616522Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 25 June 2020
Bibliography
Allen, C. (2004). Is anyone a cognitive ethologist? Biology and Philosophy, 19(4), 589–607.Google Scholar
Allen, C., & Bekoff, M. (1997). Species of Mind: The Philosophy and Biology of Cognitive Ethology. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Allen, C., Fuchs, P. N., Shriver, A., & Wilson, H. D. (2005). Deciphering animal pain. In Aydede, M. (Ed.), Pain: New Essays on Its Nature and the Methodology of Its Study, 351–366. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Allen, C., & Trestman, M. (2017). Animal consciousness. In Zalta, E. N. (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2017 Edition). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/consciousness-animalGoogle Scholar
Allen, J. A. (2019). Community through culture: From insects to whales. BioEssays, 41(11), 1900060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, K. (2007). Critter psychology: On the possibility of nonhuman animal folk psychology. In Hutto, D., & Ratcliffe, M. (Eds.), Folk Psychology Re-assessed, 191–210. New York, NY: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, K. (2009). Politics or metaphysics? On attributing psychological properties to animals. Biology & Philosophy, 24(1), 51–63.Google Scholar
Andrews, K. (2011) Beyond anthropomorphism: Attributing psychological properties to animals. In Beauchamp, T., & Frey, R. G. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics, 469–494. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Andrews, K. (2012). Do Apes Read Minds? Toward a New Folk Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Andrews, K. (2015). The folk psychological spiral: Explanation, regulation, and language. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 53(S1), 50–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, K. (2016a). Snipping or editing? Parsimony in the chimpanzee mind-reading debate. Metascience, 25(3), 377–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, K. (2016b). A role for folk psychology in animal cognition research. In Blank, A. (Ed.), Animals: Basic Philosophical Concepts, 205–226. Munich, Germany: Philosophia.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, K. (2016c). Pluralistic folk psychology in humans and other apes. In Kiverstein, J. (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of the Social Mind, 133–154. London, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
Andrews, K. (2018). Do apes attribute beliefs to predict behavior? A Mengzian social intelligence hypothesis. The Harvard Review of Philosophy. doi:10.5840/harvardreview201892117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, K. (2020). Naïve normativity: The social foundation of moral cognition. Journal of the American Philosophical Association, 6(1), 36–56. doi:10.1017/apa.2019.30Google Scholar
Andrews, K. (forthcoming). The Animal Mind: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Animal Cognition, second edition. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Andrews, K., & Huss, B. (2014). Anthropomorphism, anthropectomy, and the null hypothesis. Biology & Philosophy, 29(5), 711–729.Google Scholar
Asquith, P. J. (1996) Japanese science and western hegemonies. Primatology and the limits set to questions. In Nader, L. (Ed.), Naked Science. Anthropological Inquiry into Boundaries, Power, and Knowledge, 239–256. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Avital, E., & Jablonka, E. (Eds.) (2000). Animal Traditions: Behavioural Inheritance in Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Balter, M. (2012). ‘Killjoys’ challenge claims of clever animals. Science, 335(6072), 1036–1037.Google Scholar
Barrett, L. (2011). Beyond the Brain: How Body and Environment Shape Animal and Human Minds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Barron, A. B., & Klein, C. (2016). What insects can tell us about the origins of consciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(18), 4900–4908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bekoff, M. (2007). The Emotional Lives of Animals: A Leading Scientist Explores Animal Joy, Sorrow, and Empathy – and Why They Matter. Novato, CA: New World Library.Google Scholar
Berridge, K. C., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2015). Pleasure systems in the brain. Neuron, 86(3), 646–664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bickle, J. (1998). Psychoneural Reduction: The New Wave. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Birch, J. (2017). Animal sentience and the precautionary principle. Animal Sentience, 2(16), 1.Google Scholar
Birkett, L. P., & Newton-Fisher, N. E. (2011). How abnormal is the behaviour of captive, zoo-living chimpanzees? PloS One, 6(6), e20101.Google Scholar
Boesch, C. (1994). Cooperative hunting in wild chimpanzees. Animal Behavior, 48, 653–667.Google Scholar
Boesch, C. (2002). Cooperative hunting roles among Taï chimpanzees. Human Nature, 13, 27–46.Google Scholar
Boesch, C. (2005). Joint cooperative hunting among wild chimpanzees: Taking natural observations seriously. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boesch, C. (2007). What makes us human (Homo sapiens)? The challenge of cognitive cross-species comparison. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 121, 227–240.Google Scholar
Boffey, P. M. (1987, November 24). Infants’ sense of pain is recognized, finally. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/1987/11/24/science/infants-sense-of-pain-is-recognized-finally.htmlGoogle Scholar
Boisseau, R. P., Vogel, D., & Dussutour, A. (2016). Habituation in non-neural organisms: evidence from slime moulds. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 283(1829), 20160446. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0446.Google Scholar
Bonnie, K. E., Horner, V., Whiten, A., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2007). Spread of arbitrary conventions among chimpanzees: A controlled experiment. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 274, 367–372.Google Scholar
Brosnan, S. F., Schiff, H. C., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2005). Tolerance for inequity may increase with social closeness in chimpanzees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 272(1560), 253–258.Google Scholar
Brotcorne, F., Giraud, G., Gunst, N., Fuentes, A., Wandia, I. N., Beudels-Jamar, R. C., … Leca, J. B. (2017). Intergroup variation in robbing and bartering by long-tailed macaques at Uluwatu Temple (Bali, Indonesia). Primates, 58(4), 505–516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, C. (2015). Fish intelligence, sentience and ethics. Animal Cognition, 18(1), 1–17. doi:10.1007/s10071-014-0761-0.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckner, C. (2013). Morgan’s Canon, meet Hume’s Dictum: Avoiding anthropofabulation in cross-species comparisons. Biology & Philosophy, 28(5), 853–871.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. (1991). Cognitive ethology and critical anthropomorphism: A snake with two heads and hognose snakes that play dead. In Ristau, C. A. (Ed.), Cognitive Ethology: The Minds of Other Animals: Essays in Honor of Donald R. Griffin (pp. 53–90). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. (2005). The Genesis of Animal Play. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. (2007). Critical anthropomorphism, uncritical anthropocentrism, and naive nominalism. Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews, 2, 136–138.Google Scholar
Burkhardt, R. W. (2005). Patterns of Behavior: Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the Founding of Ethology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Buttelmann, D., Buttelmann, F., Carpenter, M., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2017). Great apes distinguish true from false beliefs in an interactive helping task. PLOS ONE, 12(4), e0173793.Google Scholar
Buttelmann, D., Zmyj, N., Daum, M., & Carpenter, M. (2013). Selective imitation of in-group over out-group members in 14-month-old infants. Child Development, 84(2), 422–428.Google Scholar
Byrne, R. (1997). What’s the use of anecdotes? Distinguishing psychological mechanisms in primate tactical deception. In Mitchell, R., Thompson, N., & Miles, H. L. (Eds.), Anthropomorphism, Anecdotes, and Animals, 134–150. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (1999). A nonverbal false belief task: The performance of children and great apes. Child Development, 70, 381–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calvo, P. (2016). The Philosophy of plant neurobiology: a manifesto. Synthese, 193(5), 1323–1343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-016-1040-1Google Scholar
Carruthers, P. (2004). Suffering without subjectivity. Philosophical Studies, 121, 99–125.Google Scholar
Cheney, D. L., & Seyfarth, R. M. (1990). How Monkeys See the World: Inside the Mind of Another Species. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Chudek, M., Heller, S., Biro, S., & Henrich, J. (2012). Prestige-biased cultural learning: Bystander’s differential attention to potential models influencing children’s learning. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33, 46–54.Google Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1981). Eliminative materialism and the propositional attitudes. The Journal of Philosophy, 78, 67–90.Google Scholar
Clay, Z., & Tennie, C. (2018). Is overimitation a uniquely human phenomenon? Insights from human children as compared to bonobos. Child Development, 89(5), 1535–1544.Google Scholar
Clayton, N., & Dickinson, A., (1998). Episodic-like memory during cache recovery by scrub jays. Nature 395, 272–274. https://doi.org/10.1038/26216Google Scholar
Coulacoglou, C., & Saklofske, D. H. 2017. Perspectives and advances in personality, in Psychometrics and Psychological Assessment, 223–265. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Crick, F., & Koch, C. (1990). Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Seminars in the Neurosciences, 2, 263–275.Google Scholar
Dacey, M. 2017. A new view of association and associative models. In Andrews, K., & Beck, J. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Animal Minds, 419–426. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dawkins, M. S. (2008). The science of animal suffering. Ethology, 114(10), 937–945. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01557.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawkins, M. S. (2017). Animal welfare with and without consciousness. Journal of Zoology, 301(1), 1–10. doi:10.1111/jzo.12434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1983). Intentional systems in cognitive ethology: The “Panglossian Paradigm” defended. Behavioral and Brian Sciences, 6, 343–390.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1991). Real patterns. The Journal of Philosophy, 88(1), 27–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferdowsian, H. R., Durham, D. L., Kimwele, C., Kranendonk, G., Otali, E., Akugizibwe, T., Mulcahy, J. B., Ajarova, L., and Johnson, C. M. (2011). Signs of mood and anxiety disorders in chimpanzees. PLoS ONE, 6(6), Article e19855.Google Scholar
Ferdowsian, H., Durham, D., & Brüne, M. (2013). Mood and anxiety disorders in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes): A response to Rosati et al. (2012). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 127(3), 337–340. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032823Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, S. (2008). Doing away with Morgan’s Canon. Mind & Language, 23(2), 224–246.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, S. (2009). The primate mindreading controversy: A case study in simplicity and methodology in animal psychology. In Lurz, R. W. (Ed.), The Philosophy of Animal Minds (pp. 224–246). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, S. (2017). Against Morgan’s Canon. In Andrews, K., & Beck, J. (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Animal Minds, 437–447. New York, NY: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franks, B., Sebo, J., & Horowitz, A. (2018). Fish are smart and feel pain: What about joy? Animal Sentience, 3(21), 16.Google Scholar
Fuentes, A. (2010) Naturecultural encounters in Bali: Monkeys, temples, tourists, and ethnoprimatology. Cultural Anthropology 25(4), 600–624.Google Scholar
Gagliano, M., Renton, M., Depczynski, M., & Mancuso, S. (2014). Experience teaches plants to learn faster and forget slower in environments where it matters. Oecologia, 175(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2873-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gagliano, M., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Borbély, A. A., Grimonprez, M., & Depczynski, M. (2016). Learning by association in plants. Scientific Reports, 6, 38427. doi:10.1038/srep38427.Google Scholar
Gergely, G., Bekkering, H., & Király, I. (2002). Developmental psychology: Rational imitation in preverbal infants. Nature, 415(6873), 755.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giere, R. N. (1988). Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Giere, R. N. (2006). Scientific Perspectivism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gluck, J. P. (2016). Voracious Science and Vulnerable Animals: A Primate Scientist’s Ethical Journey. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Goodenough, W. H. (1956) Residence rules. Southwest Journal of Anthropology 12(1), 22–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, D. R. (1976). The Question of Animal Awareness: Evolutionary Continuity of Mental Experience. New York, NY: Rockefeller University Press.Google Scholar
Griffith, C. R. (1943). Principles of Systematic Psychology. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harriman, P. L. (1947). The New Dictionary of Psychology. New York, NY: Philosophical Library.Google Scholar
Healy, S. (Ed.). (1998). Spatial Representation in Animals. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Herrmann, E., Call, J., Hernàndez-Lloreda, M. V., Hare, B., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Humans have evolved specialized skills of social cognition: The cultural intelligence hypothesis. Science, 317(5843), 1360–1366.Google Scholar
Heyes, C. (2008). Beast machines? Questions of animal consciousness. In Weiskrantz, L., & Davies, M. (Eds.), Frontiers of Consciousness, 259–274. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hobaiter, C., & Byrne, R. W. (2011). The gestural repertoire of the wild chimpanzee. Animal Cognition, 14(5), 745–767.Google Scholar
Hodos, W., & Campbell, C. B. G. (1969). Scala naturae: Why there is no theory in comparative psychology. Psychological Review, 76(4), 337–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoppitt, W., & Laland, K. N. (2013). Social Learning: An Introduction to Mechanisms, Methods,and Models. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Horner, V., & Whiten, A. (2005). Causal knowledge and imitation/emulation switching in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens). Animal Cognition, 8(3), 164–181.Google Scholar
Huber, L., Popovová, N., Riener, S., Salobir, K., & Cimarelli, G. (2018). Would dogs copy irrelevant actions from their human caregiver? Learning & Behavior, 46(4), 387–397.Google Scholar
Huber, et al. forthcoming. Selective social learning in canids. Learning and Behavior.Google Scholar
Hutto, D. D., & Myin, E. (2012). Radicalizing Enactivism: Basic Minds without Content. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Imanishi, K. (1957). Social behavior in Japanese monkeys, Macaca Fuscata. Psychologia, 1, 47.Google Scholar
Jensen, K., Silk, J., Andrews, K., Bshary, R., Cheney, D., Emery, N., … Teufel, C. (2011). Social knowledge. In Menzel, R. and Fischer, J. (Eds.), Animal Thinking: Contemporary Issues in Comparative Cognition, 267–291. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, L. S. M., & Lazaridis, C. (2018). The sources of uncertainty in disorders of consciousness. AJOB Neuroscience, 9(2), 76–82.Google Scholar
Kabadayi, C., Taylor, L. A., von Bayern, A. M. P., & Osvath, M. (2016). Ravens, New Caledonian crows and jackdaws parallel great apes in motor self-regulation despite smaller brains. Royal Society Open Science, 3(4).Google Scholar
Kahlenberg, S. M., & Wrangham, R. W. (2010). Sex differences in chimpanzees’ use of sticks as play objects resemble those of children. Current Biology: CB, 20(24), R1067–1068.Google Scholar
Kahsai, L., & Zars, T. (2011). Learning and memory in Drosophila: Behavior, genetics, and neural systems. International Review of Neurobiology, 99, 139–167.Google Scholar
Kano, F., Krupenye, C., Hirata, S., Tomonaga, M., & Call, J. (2019). Great apes use self-experience to anticipate an agent’s action in a false-belief test. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116 (42), 20904–20909.Google Scholar
Keeley, B. L. (2004). Anthropomorphism, primatomorphism, mammalomorphism: Understanding cross-species comparisons. Philosophy and Biology, 19, 521–540.Google Scholar
Krupenye, C., Kano, F., Hirata, S., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2016). Great apes anticipate that other individuals will act according to false beliefs. Science, 354(6308), 110–114.Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kummer, H. (1995). In Quest of the Sacred Baboon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Laland, K. N., & Janik, V. M. (2006). The animal cultures debate. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21(10), 542–547.Google Scholar
Lapuschkin, S., Wäldchen, S., Binder, A., Montavon, G., Samek, W., & Müller, K.-R. (2019). Unmasking Clever Hans predictors and assessing what machines really learn. Nature Communications, 10(1), 1–8.Google Scholar
Leavens, D. A., Bard, K. A., & Hopkins, W. D. (2019). The mismeasure of ape social cognition. Animal Cognition, 22(4), 487–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-017-1119-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehner, P. N. (1996). Handbook of Ethological Methods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1972). Psychophysical and theoretical identifications. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 50(3), 249–258.Google Scholar
Longino, H., 1990. Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Luncz, L. V., & Boesch, C. (2014). Tradition over trend: Neighboring chimpanzee communities maintain differences in cultural behavior despite frequent immigration of adult females. American Journal of Primatology, 76(7), 649–657.Google Scholar
Lyons, D. E., Young, A. G., & Keil, F. C. (2007). The hidden structure of overimitation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(50), 19751–19756.Google Scholar
MacLean, E. L., Hare, B., Nunn, C. L., Addessi, E., Amici, F., Anderson, R. C., … Zhao, Y. (2014). The evolution of self-control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(20), E2140–E2148. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323533111Google Scholar
Malik, B. R., & Hodge, J. J. L. (2014). Drosophila adult olfactory shock learning. Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE, (90).Google Scholar
Mather, J. A., & Dickel, L. (2017). Cephalopod complex cognition. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 16, 131–137.Google Scholar
Matsuzawa, T. 2006. Sociocognitive development in chimpanzees: A synthesis of laboratory work and fieldwork. In Matsuzawa, T., Tomonaga, M., & Tanaka, M. (Eds.). Cognitive Development in Chimpanzees. Springer Japan. https://doi.org/10.1007/4-431-30248-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsuzawa, T. (2007). Comparative cognitive development. Developmental Science 10(1), 97–103.Google Scholar
McLaren, I. P. L., & Mackintosh, N. J. (2000). An elemental model of associative learning: I. latent inhibition and perceptual learning. Animal Learning & Behavior, 28(3), 211–246.Google Scholar
Meltzoff, A. N. (1988). Infant imitation after a 1-week delay: Long-term memory for novel acts and multiple stimuli. Developmental Psychology, 24(4), 470–476.Google Scholar
Mikhalevich, I. (2017). Simplicity and cognitive models: Avoiding old mistakes in new experimental contexts. In Andrews, K., & Beck, J. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Animal Minds. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Milius, S. (2010, Aug. 10). Orangutans can mime their desires. Science News Web Edition. www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/61991/title/Orangutans_can_mime_their_desires.Google Scholar
Morgan, C. L. (1891). Animal life and intelligence. London, UK: E. Arnold. http://archive.org/details/animallifeintell00morguoftGoogle Scholar
Morgan, C. L. (1903). Introduction to Comparative Psychology. London, UK: Walter Scott.Google Scholar
Morgan, C. L. (1930). Autobiography of C. Lloyd Morgan. In Murchison, C. (Ed.), History of Psychology in Autobiography, 237–264. Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.Google Scholar
Myowa-Yamakoshi, M., & Matsuzawa, T. (2000). Imitation of intentional manipulatory actions in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 114(4), 381.Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1979). What is it like to be a bat? In Mortal Questions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231–259.Google Scholar
Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108(3), 483.Google Scholar
Olds, J. (1956, October). Pleasure centers in the brain. Scientific American, 195(4), 105–117.Google Scholar
Olds, J., & Milner, P. (1954). Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 47(6), 419–427.Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (2016). Brain processes for “good” and “bad” feelings: How far back in evolution? Animal Sentience, 3(24). https://animalstudiesrepository.org/animsent/vol1/iss3/24/Google Scholar
Panksepp, J., & Burgdorf, J. (2003). “Laughing” rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy? Physiology & Behavior, 79(3), 533–547.Google Scholar
Panoz-Brown, D., Iyer, V., Carey, L. M., Sluka, C. M., Rajic, G., Kestenman, J., … Crystal, J. D. (2018). Replay of episodic memories in the rat. Current Biology, 28(10), 1628–1634.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.006Google Scholar
Pearce, J. M. (2008). Animal Learning and Cognition, 3rd Edition. Hove, NY: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Penn, D. C. (2011). How folk psychology ruined comparative psychology: And how scrub jays can save it. In Menzel, R., & Fischer, J. (Eds.), Animal Thinking: Contemporary Issues in Comparative Cognition, 253–266. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Penn, D. C., & Povinelli, D. J. (2007). On the lack of evidence that non-human animals possess anything remotely resembling a “theory of mind.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 362, 731–744.Google Scholar
Povinelli, D. J., & Bering, J. M. (2002). The mentality of apes revisited. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 115–119.Google Scholar
Povinelli, D. J. (2004). Behind the ape’s appearance: Escaping anthropocentrism in the study of other minds. Daedalus, 133(1), 29–41.Google Scholar
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 515–526.Google Scholar
Proctor, H. S., Carder, G., & Cornish, A. R. (2013). Searching for animal sentience: A systematic review of the scientific literature. Animals, 3(3), 882–906. doi:10.3390/ani3030882Google Scholar
Ramsey, G. (2017). What is animal culture? In Andrews, K., & Beck, J. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Animal Minds, 345–353. New York, NY: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rekers, Y., Haun, D. B. M., & Tomasello, M. (2011). Children, but not chimpanzees, prefer to collaborate. Current Biology, 21(20), 1756–1758.Google Scholar
Rendell, L., & Whitehead, H. (2001). Culture in whales and dolphins. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 24, 309–382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robbins, J., & Rumsey, A. (2008). Introduction: Cultural and linguistic anthropology and the opacity of other minds. Anthropological Quarterly, 81(2), 407–420.Google Scholar
Rosati, A. G., Herrmann, E., Kaminski, J., Krupenye, C., Melis, A. P., Schroepfer, K., Tan, J., Warneken, F., Wobber, V., and Hare, B. (2013). Assessing the psychological health of captive and wild apes: A response to Ferdowsian et al. (2011). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 127(3), 329–336.Google Scholar
Russon, A. E. (2018). Pantomime and imitation in great apes: Implications for reconstructing the evolution of language. Interaction Studies, 19(1–2), 200–215. https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17028.rusGoogle Scholar
Russon, A., & Andrews, K.(2010). Orangutan pantomine: Elaborating the message. Biology Letters, 7(4), 627–630. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0564Google Scholar
Russon, A., & Galdikas, B. (1993). Imitation in free-ranging rehabilitant orangutans. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 107, 147–161.Google Scholar
Salas, C., Broglio, C., Dúran, E., Gómez, A., Ocana, F. M., Jimenez-Moya, F., & Rodriguez, F. (2006). Neuropsychology of learning and memory in teleost fish. Zebrafish, 3, 157–171.Google Scholar
Schwitzgebel, Eric. 2016. Phenomenal consciousness, defined and defended as innocently as I can manage. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 23, 11–12, 224–235.Google Scholar
Setchell, J. M., & Curtis, D. J. (2011). Field and Laboratory Methods in Primatology: A Practical Guide (second edition). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Seyfarth, R. M., Cheney, D. L., & Marler, P. (1980). Vervet monkey alarm calls: Semantic communication in a free-ranging primate. Animal Behavior, 28, 1070–1094.Google Scholar
Shettleworth, S. J. (1993). Where is the comparison in comparative cognition?: Alternative research programs. Psychological Science, 4(3), 179–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shettleworth, S. J. (2010a). Clever animals and killjoy explanations in comparative psychology. Trends in Cognitive Science, 14, 477–481.Google Scholar
Shettleworth, S. J. (2010b). Cognition, Evolution, and Behavior (2nd Edition). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shettleworth, S. J. (2012). Fundamentals of Comparative Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shriver, A. (2018). The unpleasantness of pain for humans and other animals. In Bain, D., Brady, M., & Corns, J. (Eds.), Philosophy of Pain: Unpleasantness, Emotion, and Deviance, 147–162. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sneddon, L. U. (2015). Pain in aquatic animals. Journal of Experimental Biology, 218(7), 967–976. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.088823Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1998). Morgan’s Canon. In Cummins, D., & Allen, C. (Eds.), The Evolution of Mind, 224–242. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2005) Comparative psychology meets evolutionary biology: Morgan’s Canon and cladistic parsimony. In Daston, L., & Mitman, G. (Eds.), Thinking with Animals: New Perspectives on Anthropomorphism, 85–99. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2015). Ockham’s Razors: A User’s Manual. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Song, H., Fang, F., Tomasson, G., Arnberg, F.K., Mataix-Cols, D., Cruz, L. F. de la, … Valdimarsdóttir, U. A. (2018). Association of stress-related disorders with subsequent autoimmune disease. JAMA, 319(23), 2388–2400. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.7028Google Scholar
Strum, Shirley. 2019. Why natural history is important to (primate) science: A baboon case study. International Journal of Primatology, 40, 596–612.Google Scholar
Suchak, M., Eppley, T. M., Campbell, M. W., Feldman, R. A., Quarles, L. F., & Waal, F. B. M. de. (2016). How chimpanzees cooperate in a competitive world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(36), 10215–10220.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (2016). A Natural History of Human Morality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., & Call, J. (2008). Assessing the validity of ape-human comparisons: A reply to Boesch (2007). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 122(4), 449–452.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M., George, B. L., Kruger, A. C., Jeffrey, M., Farrar, , & Evans, A. (1985). The development of gestural communication in young chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution, 14(2), 175–186.Google Scholar
Tye, M. (2016). Tense Bees and Shell-Shocked Crabs: Are Animals Conscious? Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Varner, G. E. (2012). Personhood, Ethics, and Animal Cognition: Situating Animals in Hare’s Two Level Utilitarianism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
von Uexküll, J. (1957). A stroll through the worlds of animals and men: A picture book of invisible worlds. In Instinctive Behavior: The Development of a Modern Concept, edited and translated by Claire H. Schiller, New York: International Universities Press, pp. 5–80.Google Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. (1999). Anthropomorphism and anthropodenial. Philosophical Topics, 27(1), 255–280.Google Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M. (2003). Silent invasion: Imanishi’s primatology and cultural bias in science. Animal Cognition, 6, 293–299.Google Scholar
de Waal, F. B. M., Boesch, C., Horner, V., & Whiten, A. (2008). Comparing social skills of children and apes. Science, 319(5863), 569–570.Google Scholar
van de Waal, E., Renevey, N., Favre, C. M., & Bshary, R. (2010). Selective attention to philopatric models causes directed social learning in wild vervet monkeys. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 277(1691), 2105–2111.Google Scholar
Walker, B. M. (2017). Jaak Panksepp: Pioneer of affective neuroscience. Neuropsychopharmacology, 42, 2470.Google Scholar
Watson, D. (2019). The Rhetoric and Reality of Anthropomorphism in Artifical Intelligence. Minds and Machines, 29(3), 417–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-019-09506-6Google Scholar
Weintraub, P. (2012). Discover Interview: Jaak Panksepp Pinned Down Humanity’s 7 Primal Emotions. Retreived April 3, 2020, from https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/discover-interview-jaak-panksepp-pinned-down-humanitys-7-primal-emotionsGoogle Scholar
Whiten, A. (1994). Grades of mindreading. In Lewis, C., & Mitchell, P. (Eds.), Children’s Early Understanding of Mind, 277–292. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. (1996). When does smart behavior-reading become mind-reading? In Carruthers, P., & Smith, P. (Eds.), Theories of Theories of Mind, 277–292. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Whiten, A. (2013). Humans are not alone in computing how others see the world. Animal Behaviour, 86(2), 213–221.Google Scholar
Whiten, A., & Byrne, R. (1988). Tactical deception in primates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 11, 233–273.Google Scholar
Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W. C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., … Boesch, C. (1999). Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature, 399, 682–685.Google Scholar
Wynne, C. D. L., & Udell, M. A. R. (2013). Animal Cognition: Evolution, Behavior and Cognition (2nd Edition). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Yoon, C. K. (2003, November 14). Donald R. Griffin, 88, dies; argued animals can think. New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2003/11/14/nyregion/donald-r-griffin-88-dies-argued-animals-can-think.htmlGoogle Scholar
- 29
- Cited by