Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:49:11.390Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Have Repertoire, Will Travel

Nonviolence as Global Contentious Performance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 March 2024

Selina R. Gallo-Cruz
Affiliation:
Syracuse University, New York

Summary

Nonviolence is celebrated and practiced around the world, as a universal 'method for all human conflict.' This Element describes how nonviolence has evolved into a global repertoire, a patterned form of contentious political performance that has spread as an international movement of movements, systematizing and institutionalizing particular forms of protest as best claims-making practice. It explains how the formal organizational efforts of social movement emissaries and favorable and corresponding global models of state and civic participation have enabled the globalization of nonviolence. The Element discusses a historical perspective of this process to illuminate how understanding nonviolence as a contentious performance can explain the repertoire's successes and failures across contexts and over time. The Element underscores the dynamics of contention among global repertoires and suggests future research more closely examines the challenges posed by institutionalization.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009484015
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 04 April 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackerman, Peter, and Kruegler, Christopher. 1994. Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Alasuutari, Pertti, and Qadir, Ali. 2019. Epistemic Governance: Social Change in the Modern World. Cham, CH: Springer International.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ameglio, Pietro. 2010. “Civil Resistance and Nonviolence.” In International Security: Peace, Development and Environment-Vol. II, edited by Spring, Ursula Oswald, 164173. Oxford, United Kingdom: UNESCO-EOLSS.Google Scholar
Amro, Issa, and Witus, Zak. 2021. “It’s Time for Jews to Join Palestinians in Civil Resistance to the Occupation.” Forward, August 11, 2021. https://forward.com/opinion/474065/its-time-for-jews-to-join-with-palestinians-in-civil-resistance.Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Andrews, Kenneth T., and Biggs, Michael. 2006. “The Dynamics of Protest Diffusion: Movement Organizations, Social Networks, and News Media in the 1960 Sit-Ins.” American Sociological Review 71, no. 5 (October): 752777. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anisin, Alexei. 2020. “Debunking the Myths behind Nonviolent Civil Resistance.” Critical Sociology 46, no. 7–8 (November): 11211139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920520913982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melissa, Aronczyk, and Espinoza, Maria I.. 2021. A Strategic Nature: Public Relations and the Politics of American Environmentalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ash, Timothy. 2009. “A Century of Civil Resistance: Some Lessons and Questions.” In Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, edited by Adams, Robert and Ash, Timothy Garton, 371392. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Banks, Arthur S., and Wilson, Kenneth A. 2022. “Cross-National Time-Series Data (CNTS).” Databanks International. Jerusalem, Israel. Accessed January 25, 2019. www.cntsdata.com.Google Scholar
Barrett, Deborah, and Kurzman, Charles. 2004. “Globalizing Social Movement Theory: The Case of Eugenics.” Theory and Society 33: 487527. https://doi.org/10.1023/B%3ARYSO.0000045719.45687.AA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beales, A. C. F. 1931. The History of Peace; a Short Account of the Organised Movements for International Peace. New York: The Dial Press.Google Scholar
Beck, Sanderson. 2008. South Asia 1800–1950: Ethics of Civilization. Goleta, CA: World Peace Communications.Google Scholar
Beckfield, Jason. 2003. “Inequality in the World Polity: The Structure of International Organization.” American Sociological Review 68, no. 3 (June): 401424. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jason., Beckfield 2010. “The Social Structure of the World Polity.” American Journal of Sociology 115, no. 4: 10181068. https://doi.org/10.1086/649577.Google Scholar
Karen., Beckwith 2001. “Gender Frames and Collective Action: Configurations of Masculinity in the Pittston Coal Strike.” Politics & Society 29, no. 2 (June): 297330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329201029002006.Google Scholar
Beer, Michael. 2021. Civil Resistance Tactics in the 21st Century. Washington, DC: International Center on Nonviolent Conflict.Google Scholar
Beissinger, Mark R. 2002. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benavot, Aaron, and Riddle, Phyllis. 1988. “The Expansion of Primary Education 1870–1940: Trends and Issues.” Sociology of Education 61 (July): 190210.Google Scholar
Berkovitch, Nitza. 1999. From Motherhood to Citizenship: Women’s Rights and International Organizations. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Berkovitch, Nitza, and Bradley, Karen. 1999. “The Globalization of Women’s Status: Consensus/Dissensus in the World Polity.” Sociological Perspectives 42, no. 3 (September): 481498. https://doi.org/10.2307/1389699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eli, Berman, and Lake, David A.. 2019. Proxy Wars: Suppressing Violence through Local Agents. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Blumberg, Herbert H., Paul Hare, A., and Costin, Anna. 2006. Peace Psychology: A Comprehensive Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boff, Leonardo. 1991. “Active Nonviolence: The Political and Moral Power of the Poor.” In Relentless Persistence: Nonviolent Action in Latin America, edited by McManus, Philip and Schlabach, Gerald, viixi. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society.Google Scholar
Boli, John. 1987. World-Polity Sources of Expanding State Authority and Organization, 1870–1970. Newbury Park: SAGE.Google Scholar
Boli, John. 2006. “The Rationalization of Virtue and Virtuosity in World Society.” In Transnational Governance: Institutional Dynamics of Regulation, edited by Djelic, Marie-Laure and Sahlin-Andersson, Kerstin, 95118. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
John, Boli, and Lechner, Frank J.. 2005. World Culture: Origins and Consequences. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
John, Boli, and Thomas, George M.. 1997. “World Culture in the World Polity: A Century of International Non-Governmental Organization.” American Sociological Review 62, no. 2 (April): 171190. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657298.Google Scholar
John, Boli, and Thomas, George M.. 1999. Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Boli, John, Selina, Gallo-Cruz, and Matt, Mathias. 2011. “World Polity Theory.” In The International Studies Compendium Project, edited by Denemark, Robert A.. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Boston Daily Globe. 1922. “The Threat of Non-Violence.” ProQuest Historical Newspapers.Google Scholar
Boulding, Elise. 2000. Cultures of Peace: The Hidden Side of History. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Boyle, Elizabeth Heger. 2006. Female Genital Cutting: Cultural Conflict in the Global Community. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Brecke, Peter. 1999. “Violent Conflicts 1400 A.D. to the Present in Different Regions of the World.” Paper Prepared for the 1999 Meeting of the Peace Science Society (International), Ann Arbor, MI, October 8–10, 1999.Google Scholar
Bromley, Patricia, Schofer, Evan, and Wesley, Longhofer. 2018. “Organizing for Education: A Cross-National, Longitudinal Study of Civil Society Organizations and Education Outcomes.” Voluntas: International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Organizations 29: 526540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brulle, Robert J., and Werthman, Carter. 2021. “The Role of Public Relations Firms in Climate Change Politics.” Climatic Change 169, no. (1–2): 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03244-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruyn, Severyn T., and Rayman, Paula. 1979. Nonviolent Action and Social Change. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Bryant, Lisa. 2011. “Sarkozy: Critical That G8 Support Arab ‘Spring’.” VOA. www.voanews.com/a/sarkozy-critical-that-g8-support-arab-spring-122687034/139951.html. Accessed November 6, 2023.Google Scholar
Casanova, José. 1994. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Case, Benjamin. 2021. “Molotov Cocktails to Mass Marches: Strategic Nonviolence, Symbolic Violence, and the Mobilizing Effect of Riots.” Theory in Action 14, no. 1: 1838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Case, Clarence. 1923. Non-violent Coercion: A Study in the Methods of Social Pressure. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Cebul, Matthew D., and Pinckney, Jonathan. 2022. “Nonviolent Action in the Era of Digital Authoritarianism.” United States Institute of Peace Special Report. www.usip.org/publications/2022/02/nonviolent-action-era-digital-authoritarianism-hardships-and-innovations. Accessed July 6, 2023.Google Scholar
Chabot, Sean. 2000. “Transnational Diffusion and the African American Reinvention of Gandhian Repertoire.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 5, no. 2: 201216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chabot, Sean. 2011. Transnational Roots of the Civil Rights Movement: African American Explorations of the Gandhian Repertoire. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Chabot, Sean, and Sharifi, Majid. 2013. “The Violence of Nonviolence: Problematizing Nonviolent Resistance in Iran and Egypt.” Societies without Borders 8, no. 2: 205232. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/swb/vol8/iss2/2.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, Muriel Evelyn. 1999. Decolonization: The Fall of European Empires. London: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Chase-Dunn, Christopher. 1999. “Globalization: A World-Systems Perspective.” Journal of World-Systems Research 5, no. 2: 186215. https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.1999.134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatfield, Charles, ed. 1973. Peace Movements in America. New York: Schocken Books.Google Scholar
Chenoweth, Erica. 2019. “NAVCO Data Project Version History and Description Guide.” Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/CQFXXM.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chenoweth, Erica. 2021. Keynote Address: Between Peril and Potential. Dayton, OH: University of Dayton School of Law.Google Scholar
Chenoweth, Erica. 2022. “Can Nonviolent Resistance Survive COVID-19?Journal of Human Rights 21, no. 3: 304316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erica, Chenoweth, and Stephan, Maria J.. 2011. Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Erica, Chenoweth, and Stephan, Maria J.. 2021. “The Role of External Support in Nonviolent Campaigns: Poisoned Chalice or Holy Grail?Washington, DC: International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. www.nonviolent-conflict.org/external-support-for-nonviolent-campaigns.Google Scholar
Erica, Chenoweth, and Lewis, Orion A.. 2013. “Unpacking Nonviolent Campaigns: Introducing the NAVCO 2.0 Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 50, no. 3: 415423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343312471551.Google Scholar
Erica, Chenoweth, Pinckney, Jonathan, and Lewis, Orion A.. 2019. “NAVCO 3.0 Dataset.” Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/INNYEO.Google Scholar
Choi, Hyaeweol. 1999. “The Societal Impact of Student Politics in Contemporary South Korea.” Higher Education 22: 175188. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00137475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christoyannopoulos, Alexandre. 2022. “An Anarcho-Pacifist Reading of International Relations: A Normative Critique of International Politics from the Confluence of Pacifism and Anarchism.” International Studies Quarterly 66, no. 4 (December): sqac070. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqac070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chua, Lynette. 2018. The Politics of Love in Myanmar: LGBT Mobilization and Human Rights as a Way of Life. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Rob. 2010. “Technical and Institutional States: Loose Coupling in the Human Rights Sector of the World Polity.” The Sociological Quarterly 51, no. 1: 6595, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2009.01163.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, Wade M. 2017. “World Polity or World Society? Delineating the Statist and Societal Dimensions of the Global Institutional System.” International Sociology 32, no. 1: 86104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580916675526.Google Scholar
Cole, Wade M. 2020. “Working to Protect Rights: Women’s Civil Liberties in Cross-Cultural Perspective.” Social Science Research 91 (September). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2020.102461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, Wade M., and Perrier, Gaëlle. 2019. “Political Equality for Women and the Poor: Assessing the Effects and Limits of World Society, 1975–2010.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 60, no. 3: 140172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715219831422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornell, Andrew. 2011. Oppose and Propose: Lessons from Movement for a New Society. Oakland, CA: AK Press.Google Scholar
Cortright, David. 2008. Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dandeker, Christopher, ed. 1998. Nationalism and Violence. New Bruinswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Danielson, Leilah. 2014. American Gandhi: A. J. Muste and the History of Radicalism in the Twentieth Century. Politics and Culture in Modern America. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Darboe, Alieu. 2010. “Senegal: 1974-Present.” International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. www.nonviolent-conflict.org/senegal-1974-present. Accessed November 6, 2023.Google Scholar
Davies, Thomas Richard Davies. 2014. “The Failure of Strategic Nonviolent Action in Bahrain, Egypt, Libya and Syria: ‘Political ju-jitsu’ in Reverse.” Global Change, Peace & Security 26, no. 3: 299313. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2014.924916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de la Torre, Carlos, and Peruzzotti, Enrique. 2018. “Populism in Power: Between Inclusion and Autocracy.” Populism 1: 3858. https://doi.org/10.1163/25888072-01011002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richard, Devetak, and Hughes, Christopher W.. 2008. The Globalization of Political Violence: Globalization’s Shadow. New York: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Diwakar, Ranganath Ramachandra, and Smarak Nidhi, Gandhi. 1964. Gandhi: His Relevance for Our Times. Berkeley, CA: World without War Council.Google Scholar
Doward, Jamie. 2011. “UK Training Saudi Forces Used to Crush Arab Spring.” The Guardian, May 28, www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/28/uk-training-saudi-troops.Google Scholar
Downey, Gary L. 1986. “Ideology and the Clamshell Identity: Organizational Dilemmas in the Anti-Nuclear Power Movement.” Social Problems 33, no. 5: 357373. https://doi.org/10.2307/800656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drori, Gili S. 2008. “Institutionalism and Globalization Studies.” In Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, edited by Greenwood, Royston, Oliver, Christine, Sahlin-Andersson, Kerstin, and Suddaby, Roy, 798842. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.Google Scholar
Drori, Gili S., Meyer, John W., and Hwang, Hokyu. 2006. Globalization and Organization: World Society and Organizational Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duvall, Jack. 2004. “Power by the People.” Vital Speeches of the Day 71, no. 1: 2–9.Google Scholar
Easwaran, Eknath. 1999. Nonviolent Soldier of Islam: Badshah Khan, a Man to Match His Mountains. Tomales, CA: Nilgiri Press.Google Scholar
Echols, Alice. 1992. “The Taming of the Id: Feminist Sexual Politics.” In Pleasure and Danger, edited by Vance, Carol, 5072. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Echols, Alice. 2019. Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967–1975, Thirtieth Anniversary Edition. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edgarton, David. 2007. The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History since 1900. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Elliott, Michael. 2009. “A Cult of the Individual for a Global Society: The Development and Worldwide Expansion of Human Rights Ideology.” PhD diss. Emory University.Google Scholar
Engler, Mark. 2013. “The Machiavelli of Nonviolence: Gene Sharp and the Battle against Corporate Rule.” Dissent Magazine. www.dissentmagazine.org/article/the-machiavelli-of-nonviolence-gene-sharp-and-the-battle-against-corporate-rule. Accessed November 6, 2023.Google Scholar
Engle, Eric. 2014. “A New Cold War? Cold Peace. Russia, Ukraine, and NATO.” Saint Louis University Law Journal 59, no. 1 (Fall): 97173. https://scholarship.law.slu.edu/lj/vol59/iss1/5.Google Scholar
Ennis, James G. 1987. “Fields of Action: Structure in Tactical Repertoires.” Sociological Forum 2, no. 3 (Summer 1987): 520533. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01106624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eschle, Catherine, and Stammers, Neil. 2004. “Taking Part: Social Movements, INGOs, and Global Change.” Alternatives 29, no. 3: 333372. https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540402900305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eyre, Dana P., and Suchman, Mark C.. 1996. “Status, Norms and the Proliferation of Conventional Weapons: An Institutional Theory Approach.” In The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, edited by Katzenstein, Peter J., 79-113. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Ferree, Myra Marx, and Merrill, David A.. 2000. “Hot Movements, Cold Cognition: Thinking about Social Movements in Gendered Frames.” Contemporary Sociology 29, no. 3 (May): 454462. https://doi.org/10.2307/2653932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, Frederick Bohn. 1932. That Strange Little Brown Man Gandhi. New York: R. Long & R. R. Smith.Google Scholar
Florini, Ann, ed. 2000. The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society. Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Frank, David John, and McEneaney, Elizabeth H.. 1999. “The Individualization of Society and the Liberalization of State Policies on Same-Sex Sexual Relations, 1984–1995.” Social Forces 77, no. 3 (March): 911943. https://doi.org/10.2307/3005966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, David John, and Meyer, John W.. 2002. “The Profusion of Individual Roles and Identities in the Postwar Period.” Sociological Theory 20, no. 1 (March): 86105. www.jstor.org/stable/3108657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, David John, Longhofer, Wesley, and Schofer, Evan. 2007. “World Society, NGOs, and Environmental Policy Reform in Asia.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 48, no. 4: 275295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715207079530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fridman, Orli. 2011. “‘It Was Like Fighting a War with Our Own People’: Anti-War Activism in Serbia during the 1990s.” Nationalities Papers 39, no. 4: 507522. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2011.579953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friends, Service Council. 1947. “History of the Organization.” The Nobel Peace Prize Friends Service Council. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1947/friends-committee/history/. Accessed July 6, 2023.Google Scholar
Gaines, Kevin K. 2007. African Americans in Ghana: Black Expatriates and the Civil Rights Era. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Gallo-Cruz, Selina. 2012. “Organizing Global Nonviolence: The Growth and Spread of Nonviolent INGOS, 1948–2003.” In Nonviolent Conflict and Civil Resistance, Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, Vol. 34, edited by Nepstad, Sharon Erickson and Kurtz, Lester R., 213256. Bingley: Emerald Group.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallo-Cruz, Selina. 2015. “Protest and Public Relations: The Reinvention of the US Army School of the Americas” Interface: A Journal for and about Social Movements 7, no. 1: 322350.Google Scholar
Gallo-Cruz, Selina. 2016a. “More Powerful Forces? Women, Nonviolence, and Mobilization.” Sociology Compass 10, no. 9 (September): 823835. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallo-Cruz, Selina. 2016b. “Weaving Political Fields: Non-violent INGOs and the Global Grass Roots.” European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology 3, no. (2–3): 243279. https://doi.org/10.1080/23254823.2016.1210526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallo-Cruz, Selina. 2016c. “The Insufficient Imagery of Top-Down, Bottom-Up in Global Movements Analysis.” Social Movement Studies 16, no. 2: 153168. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2016.1252664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallo-Cruz, Selina. 2019. “Nonviolence beyond the State: International NGOs and Local Nonviolent Mobilization.” International Sociology 34, no. 6: 655674. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580919865100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallo-Cruz, Selina. 2021a. “Marginalization and Mobilizing Power in Nonviolent Social Movements.” In Power and Protest, Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, Vol. 44, edited by Leitz, Lisa, 91115. Bingley: Emerald.Google Scholar
Gallo-Cruz, Selina. 2021b. Political Invisibility and Mobilization: Women against State Violence in Argentina, Yugoslavia, and Liberia. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Galtung, Johan. 1956. “Institutionalized Conflict Resolution: A Theoretical Paradigm.” Journal of Peace Research 2, no. 4: 348397. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336500200404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galtung, Johan. 1969. “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research 6, no. 3: 167191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galtung, Johan. 1990. “Cultural Violence.” Journal of Peace Research 27, no. 3: 291305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343390027003005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galtung, Johan. 2011a. “Arne Næss, Peace and Gandhi.” Inquiry 54, no. 1: 3141, https://doi.org//10.1080/0020174X.2011.542948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galtung, Johan. 2011b. “Peace, Positive and Negative.” The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470672532.wbepp189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galtung, Johan, and Fisher, Dietrich. 2013. Johan Galtung: Pioneer of Peace Research. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamson, William A. 1975. The Strategy of Social Protest. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Mohandas K. 1946. “A Message for the I.N.A.” In My Non-violence, edited by Bandopadhyaya, Sailesh Kumar. Ahemadabad: Navajivan Trust. www.mkgandhi.org/mynonviolence/chap77.Google Scholar
Ganguly, Debjani, and Docker, John. 2008. Rethinking Gandhi and Nonviolent Relationality. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garraty, John A., and Gay, Peter. 1972. The Columbia History of the World. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Gelderloos, Peter. 2013. The Failure of Nonviolence: From the Arab Spring to Occupy. St. Louis, MO: Left Bank Books.Google Scholar
Gelderloos, Peter. 2020. “Debunking the Myths around Nonviolent Resistance.” ROAR, August 22, 2020. https://roarmag.org/essays/chenoweth-stephan-nonviolence-myth.Google Scholar
Giugni, Marco. 2009. “Political Opportunities: From Tilly to Tilly.” Swiss Political Science Review 15, no. 2: 361368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giugni, Marco, and Grasso, Maria. 2015. “Environmental Movements, Heterogeneity, Transformation, and Institutionalization.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 40: 337361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstone, Jack A. 2003. States, Parties, and Social Movements. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez-Upegui, Salomé. 2021. “The Amazon Rainforest’s Most Dogged Defenders Are in Peril.” Vox, September 1, 2021. www.vox.com/down-to-earth/22641038/indigenous-forest-guardians-brazil-guajajara.Google Scholar
Gregg, Richard. 1935. The Power of Non-Violence. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott.Google Scholar
Guriev, Sergei, and Treisman, Daniel. 2022. Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century. Princeton, TX: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted R., Marshall, Monty G., and Keith, Jaggers. 2010. “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2010.” The Center for Systemic Peace. www.systemicpeace.org/polityproject.html. Accessed July 6, 2023.Google Scholar
Hanbury, Shanna. 2019. “Murders of Indigenous Leaders in Brazilian Amazon Hits Highest Level in Two Decades.” Mongabay, December 14, 2019. https://news.mongabay.com/2019/12/murders-of-indigenous-leaders-in-brazil-amazon-hit-highest-level-in-two-decades.Google Scholar
Hare, A. Paul, and Blumberg, Herbert. 1968. Non-violent Direct Action. American Cases: Social Psychological Analyses. Washington, DC: Corpus Books.Google Scholar
Hare, A. Paul, and Blumberg, Herbert. 1977. Liberation without Violence. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Held, David, McGrew, Anthony, Goldblatt, David, and Perraton, Jonathan. 1999. Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, and Culture. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hemment, Julie. 2007. Empowering Women in Russia: Activism, Aid, and NGOs. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Hironaka, Ann. 2008. Neverending Wars the International Community, Weak States, and the Perpetuation of Civil War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hironaka, Ann. 2014. Greening the Globe. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holton, Paul, and Bromley, Mark. 2010. “The International Arms Trade: Difficult to Define, Measure, and Control.” Arms Control Today 40, no. 6 (July/August): 814. www.armscontrol.org/act/2010-07/international-arms-trade-difficult-define-measure-control.Google Scholar
Hope, Marjorie, and Young, James. 1977. The Struggle for Humanity: Agents of Nonviolent Change in a Violent World. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books.Google Scholar
Hunter, Robert. 2022. “The Ukraine Crisis: Why and What Now?Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 64, no. 1: 728. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2022.2032953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Innes, Michael A. 2012. Making Sense of Proxy Wars: States, Surrogates & the Use of Force. Washington, DC: Potomac Books.Google Scholar
International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. 2016. “Frequently Asked Questions.” www.nonviolent-conflict.org/frequently-asked-questions.Google Scholar
Jang, Yong Suk. 2003. “The Global Diffusion of Ministries of Science and Technology.” In Science in the Modern World Polity: Institutionalization and Globalization, edited by Drori, Gili S., Meyer, John W., Ramirez, Francisco O., and Evan Schofer, 120–135. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Janoski, Thomas, Alford, Robert, Alexander, Hicks, and Schwartz, Mildred A., eds. 2005. Handbook of Political Sociology: States, Civil Societies, and Globalization. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jepperson, Ronald L. 1991. “Institutions, Institutional Effects, and Institutionalism.” In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Powell, Walter W. and DiMaggio, Paul, 143163. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Juppé, Alain. 2011. “Arab Spring: Hopes and Challenges.” Transcript of Speech Delivered at the Arab World Institute, Paris, April 15, 2011. https://www.brookings.edu/events/the-arab-spring-hopes-and-challenges/Google Scholar
Jupille, Joseph, Jolliff, Brandy, and Wojcik, Stefan. 2013. Regionalism in the World Polity. March 28. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2242500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadivar, Mohammed Ali. 2022. Popular Politics and the Path to Durable Democracy. Princeton, TX: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kalb, Martin. 2015. Imperial Gamble: Putin, Ukraine and the New Cold War. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
King, Martin Luther Jr. 1958. Stride toward Freedom. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Kling, Blair B. 1991. “Gandhi, Nonviolence, and the Holocaust.” Peace & Change: A Journal of Peace Research 16, no. 2: 176196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koenig, Mattias. 2008. “Institutional Change in the World Polity: International Human Rights and the Construction of Collective Identities.” International Sociology 23, no. 1: 95114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580907084387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krücken, Georg, and Drori, Gili. 2009. World Society: The Writings of John W. Meyer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kubik, Jan. 1998. “Institutionalization of Protest during Democratic Consolidations in Central Europe.” In The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century, edited by Meyer, David S. and Tarrow, Sidney, 131152. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
Kuppuswamy, C. S. 2011. “Sino-Myanmar Relations and Its Impact on the Region.” Eurasia Review, March 3. www.eurasiareview.com/03032011-sino-myanmar-relations-and-its-impact-on-the-region.Google Scholar
Kurzman, Charles. 2004. “Can Understanding Undermine Explanation? The Confused Experience of Revolution.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 34, no. 3 (September): 328351. https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393104266687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gary, LaFree, Xie, Min, and Matanock, Aila M. . 2018. “Contagious Diffusion of World-Wide Terrorism: It Is Less Common Than We Might Think.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 41, no. 4: 261280.Google Scholar
Lakey, George. 1968. The Sociological Mechanisms of Non-Violent Action. Oakville: Peace Research Institute.Google Scholar
Lakey, George. 1987. Powerful Peacemaking: A Strategy for a Living Revolution. Philadelphia, PA: New Society.Google Scholar
Lakey, George. 2019. “Will the Real Gene Sharp Please Step Forward?” Waging Nonviolence: People-Powered News and Analysis. July 16. https://wagingnonviolence.org/2019/07/gene-sharp-cold-war-intellectual-marcie-smith/. Accessed July 6, 2023.Google Scholar
Lambelet, Kyle BT. 2021. “Nonviolent Struggle between Norm and Technique.” Journal of International Political Theory 18, no. 2: 148166. https://doi.org/10.1177/17550882211039747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawson, George. 2019. Anatomies of Revolutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lechner, Frank J. 2009. Globalization: The Making of World Society. Chinchester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lechner, Frank, and Boli, John. 2005. World Culture: Origins and Consequences. Malden, MA: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehoucq, Fabrice. 2016. “Review: Does Nonviolence Work?Comparative Politics 48, no. 2: 269287. https://doi.org/10.5129/001041516817037691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitt, Peggy, and Merry, Sally. 2009. “Vernacularization on the Ground: Local Uses of Global Women’s Rights in Peru, China, India and the United States.” Global Networks 9, no. 4 (October): 441461. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2009.00263.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, Michael G. 2021. We the Resistance: Documenting a History of Nonviolent Protest in the United States. San Francisco, CA: City Lights Books.Google Scholar
Longhofer, Wesley, Schofer, Evan, Miric, Natasha, and John Frank, David. 2016. “NGOs, INGOs, and Environmental Policy Reform, 1970–2010.” Social Forces 94, no. 4 (June): 17431768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Los Angeles Times. 1921. “Free Burma: The Demand.” ProQuest Historical Newspapers.Google Scholar
Louise, Christopher. 1995. “The Social Impacts of Light Weapons Availability and Proliferation.” Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.Google Scholar
Macleod, Jason. 2015. Merdeka and the Morning Star: Civil Resistance in West Papua. Saint Lucia: University of Queensland Press.Google Scholar
Mandić, Danilo. 2021. Gangsters and Other Statesmen: Mafias, Separatists, and Torn States in a Globalized World. Princeton, TX: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, Michael. 1994. “In Praise of Macro-Sociology: A Reply to Goldthorpe.” The British Journal of Sociology 45, no. 1 (March): 3754. https://doi.org/10.2307/591524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manohka, Ivan. 2009. “Foucault’s Concept of Power and the Global Discourse of Human Rights.” Global Society 23, no. 4: 429452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600820903198792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markoff, John. 1996. Waves of Democracy: Social Movements and Political Change. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, Christine. 2005. “Women, Violence and Nonviolent Resistance in East Timor.” Journal of Peace Research 42, no. 6 (November): 737749. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343305057890.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masuhara, Takaaki, Kuriyama, Toru, Yoshida, Masakazu, and Cheng, Jun. 2015. “Formal Verification of Robertson-Type Uncertainty Relation.” Journal of Quantum Information Science 5, no. 2 (June): 5870. https://doi.org/10.4236/jqis.2015.52008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAllister, Pam. 1982. Reweaving the Web of Life: Feminism and Nonviolence. Philadelphia, PA: New Society.Google Scholar
McCammon, Holly J. 2003. “Out of the Parlors and into the Streets: The Changing Tactical Repertoire of the U.S. Women’s Suffrage Movements.” Social Forces 81, no. 3 (March): 787818. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2003.0037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCammon, Holly J., and Banaszak, Lee Ann, eds. 2018. 100 Years of the Nineteenth Amendment: An Appraisal of Women’s Political Activism. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, Eli S. 2021. “What a Truly Humanitarian Response in Afghanistan Would Look Like.” Analysis. Waging Nonviolence, August 24. https://wagingnonviolence.org/2021/08/what-a-truly-humanitarian-response-in-afghanistan-would-look-like/.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John D., and McPhail, Clark. 1998. “Policing Protest in France and Italy: From Intimidation to Cooperation?” In The Social Movement Society Contentious Politics for a New Century, edited by Meyer, David and Tarrow, Sydney. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
McCully, Murray. 2011. “Murray McCully Speech: The Arab Spring.” Scoop Independent News, August 2. www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA1108/S00015/murray-mccully-speech-the-arab-spring.htm.Google Scholar
McGuinness, Kate. 1993. “Gene Sharp’s Theory of Power: A Feminist Critique of Consent.” Journal of Peace Research 30, no. 1 (February): 101115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343393030001011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McManus, Philip, and Schlabach, Gerald. 1991. Relentless Persistence: Nonviolent Action in Latin America. Philadelphia, PA: New Society.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle. 2006. Human Rights and Gender Violence Translating International Law into Local Justice. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle, and Levitt, Peggy. 2017. “The Vernacularization of Women’s Human Rights.” In Human Rights Futures, edited by Hopgood, Stephen, Snyder, Jack, and Vinjamuri, Leslie, 213236. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, David S. 1990. A Winter of Discontent: The Nuclear Freeze and American Politics. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Meyer, David S. 2019. “How the Effectiveness of Nonviolent Action is the Wrong Question for Activists, Academics, and Everyone Else” In Nonviolent Resistance and the State, edited by Johnston, Hank, 151161. Abindon: RoutledgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, David S., and Whittier, Nancy. 1994. “Social Movement Spillover.” Social Problems 41, no. 2 (May): 277298. https://doi.org/10.2307/3096934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, David S., and Tarrow, Sidney G.. 1998. The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Meyer, John W., Boli, John, Thomas, George M., and Ramirez, Francisco O.. 1997. “World Society and the Nation‐State.” American Journal of Sociology 103, no. 1 (July): 144181. https://doi.org/10.1086/231174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, John W., and Jepperson, Ron L.. 2000. “The “Actors” of Modern Society: The Cultural Construction of Social Agency.Sociological Theory 18, no. 1: 100120. https://doi.org/10.1111/0735-2751.00090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mietzner, Marcus. 2020a. “Rival Populisms and the Democratic Crisis in Indonesia: Chauvinists, Islamists and Technocrats.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 74, no. 4: 420438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus., Mietzner 2020b. “Authoritarian Innovations in Indonesia: Electoral Narrowing, Identity Politics and Executive Illiberalism.Democratization, 27, no. 6: 10211036. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1704266.Google Scholar
Morris, Aldon. 1984. The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Morton, Joe. 1998. “Fundamental Relations between Nonviolence and Human Rights.” Journal of the Gandhi-King Society 9, no. 2 (Fall): 1931. https://doi.org/10.5840/acorn1998923.Google Scholar
Moser-Puangsuwan, Yeshua, and Weber, Thomas. 2000. Nonviolent Intervention across Borders. Honolulu: Spark M. Matsunaga Institute for Peace, University of Hawai’i.Google Scholar
Mueller, Carol. 1999. “Escape from the GDR, 1961–1989: Hybrid Exit Repertoires in a Disintegrating Leninist Regime.” American Journal of Sociology 105, no. 3 (November): 697735. https://doi.org/10.1086/210358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navarro, J. G. 2023. “PR Industry Market Size Worldwide, 2022–2027.” Statista. www.statista.com/statistics/645836/public-relations-pr-revenue/. Accessed July 6, 2023.Google Scholar
Nepstad, Sharon. 2011. Nonviolent Revolutions: Civil Resistance in the Late 20th Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nesbitt, Katherine, and Zunes, Stephen. 2009. “Mali’s March Revolution (1991).” International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. Accessed December 9, 2022. www.nonviolent-conflict.org/malis-march-revolution-1991/.Google Scholar
Offen, Karen. n.d. Gandhi, the English Suffragists and Nonviolent Direct Action. San Francisco, CA: International Museum of Women.Google Scholar
Ojeme, Victoria. 2021. “PCR Calls for Non-Violent Approach to Conflict Resolution.” Vanguardngr, September 17. www.vanguardngr.com/2021/09/ipcr-calls-for-non-violent-approach-to-conflict-resolution/.Google Scholar
Olzak, Susan. 1989. “Analysis of Events in the Study of Collective Action.” Annual Review of Sociology 15: 119141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarchi, Oo, Ford, Billy, and Pinckney, Jonathan. 2021Myanmar in the Streets: A Nonviolent Movement Shows Staying Power.” US Institute of Peace, March 31. www.usip.org/publications/2021/03/myanmar-streets-nonviolent-movement-shows-staying-power.Google Scholar
Oreskes, Naomi, and Conway, Erik M.. 2010. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. New York: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Paxton, Robin. 2011. “INTERVIEW-Kazakh PM Says Opposition Needed in Parliament.” Reuters, April 2. https://jp.reuters.com/article/kazakhstan-election-pm-idAFLDE73100D20110402.Google Scholar
Peace Brigades International 1981. Founding Statement.Google Scholar
Peck, Tom. 2011. “Arab Spring Refugees Not Welcome Here, Says William Hague.” Independent, May 23. www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/arab-spring-refugees-not-welcome-here-says-william-hague-2287795.Google Scholar
Pinckney, Jonathan. 2020. From Dissent to Democracy: The Promise and Peril of Civil Resistance Transitions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polo, Sara M. T. 2020. “How Terrorism Spreads: Emulation and the Diffusion of Ethnic and Ethnoreligious Terrorism.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 64, no. 10 (November): 19161942. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002720930811.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poonawalla, Aziz. 2011. “Transcript and Word Cloud of Obama’s ‘Moment of Opportunity’. ” Beliefnet. www.beliefnet.com/columnists/cityofbrass/2011/05/transcript-and-word-cloud-of-obamas-moment-of-opportunity-mespeech.html.Google Scholar
Pruijt, Hans, and Roggeband, Conny. 2014. “Autonomous and/or Institutionalized Social Movements? Conceptual Clarification and Illustrative Cases.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 55, no. 2 (April): 144165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715214537847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramachandran, G. and Mahadevan, T. K., eds. 1967. Gandhi: His Relevance for Our Times. Berkeley, CA: World without War Council.Google Scholar
Ramirez, Francisco O., and McEneaney, Elizabeth H.. 1997. “From Women’s Suffrage to Reproduction Rights? Cross-National Considerations.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 38: 2426. https://doi.org/10.1177/002071529703800102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randle, Michael. 1994. Civil Resistance. London: Fontana Press.Google Scholar
Ray, Raka. 1999. Fields of Protest: Women’s Movements in India. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Reilly, James. 2013. “China and Japan in Myanmar: Aid, Natural Resources and Influence.” Asian Studies Review 37, no. 2: 141157. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2013.767310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dietrich, Reuschemeyer, and Stephens, John D.. 1997. “Comparing Historical Sequences: A Powerful Tool for Causal Analysis.” Comparative Social Research 16: 5572.Google Scholar
Rist, Gilbert. 2019. The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Ritter, Daniel. 2015. The Iron Cage of Liberalism: International Politics and Unarmed Revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Robertson, Roland. 1992. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: SAGE.Google Scholar
Roy, Olivier. 2004. Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Rucht, Dieter, and Neidhardt, Friedhelm. 2002. “Towards a ‘Movement Society’? On the Possibilities of Institutionalizing Social Movements.” Social Movement Studies 1, no. 1: 730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudd, Kevin. 2011. “Keep the Faith with the Arab Spring.” The Australian, 8.Google Scholar
Kumar, Rupesinghe, Rubio, Marcial C., and University, UN. 1994. The Culture of Violence. Tokyo, New York, Paris: United Nations University Press. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/198767.Google Scholar
Salla, Michael. 1995. “East Timor’s Nonviolent Resistance.” Peace Review 7, no. 2: 191197. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659508425875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salla, Michael. 1995. “Kosovo, Non-Violence and the Break-Up of Yugoslavia.” Security Dialogue 26, no. 4 (December): 427438. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010695026004008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarkees, Meredith Reid, and Schafer, Phil. 2000. “The Correlates of War Data on War: An Update to 1997.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 18, no. 1 (February): 123144. https://doi.org/10.1177/073889420001800105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sasaran, Eli. 2006. “A Consistent Ethic of Dignity in the Philippines.” PeacePower 2, no. 1 (Winter): 20–21. www.calpeacepower.org/0201/philippines_people_power.htm.Google Scholar
Scalmer, Sean. 2011. Gandhi in the West: The Mahatma and the Rise of Radical Protest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schell, Jonathan. 2000. The Fate of the Earth and the Abolition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheuerman, William E. 2022. “‘Good-Bye to Nonviolence?’.Political Research Quarterly 75, no. 4 (December): 12841296. https://doi.org/10.1177/10659129211038611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schock, Kurt. 2005. Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Judith, and John-Andrew McNeish, . 2021. Our Extractive Age: Expressions of Violence and Resistance. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharp, Gene. 1960. Gandhi Wields the Weapon of Moral Power. Ahmedabad, IN: Navajivan.Google Scholar
Sharp, Gene. 1970. Exploring Nonviolent Alternatives. Boston: Porter Sargent.Google Scholar
Sharp, Gene. 1973. The Politics of Nonviolent Action. Boston: Porter Sargent.Google Scholar
Sharp, Gene. 2005. Waging NonViolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential. Boston, MA: Extending Horizons Books.Google Scholar
Sharp, Gene. 2008. From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation. 3rd ed. East Boston, MA: Albert Einstein Institution.Google Scholar
Sheehan, Joanne. 2021. “The Roots of Revolutionary Nonviolence in the United States Are in the Black Community.” War Resisters, February 15. https://wagingnonviolence.org/wr/2021/02/roots-revolutionary-nonviolence-united-states-are-in-the-black-community/.Google Scholar
Shepard, Mark. 1987. Gandhi Today: A Report on Mahatma Gandhi’s Successors. Arcata, CA: Simple Productions.Google Scholar
Shiva, Vandana. 2022. Terra Viva: My Life in a Biodiversity of Movements. Chelsea: Chelsea Green.Google Scholar
Sibley, Mulford Q. 1963. The Quiet Battle: Writings on the Theory and Practice of Non-Violent Resistance. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Sibley, Mulford Q. 1967. “Aspects of Nonviolence in American Culture.” In Gandhi: His Relevance for Our Times, edited by Ramachandran, G. and Mahadevan, T. K., 231245. Berkeley, CA: World without War Council.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda, ed. 1984. Vision and Method in Historical Sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Jackie, and Wiest, Dawn. 2005. “The Uneven Geography of Global Civil Society: National and Global Influences on Transnational Association.” Social Forces 84, no. 2 (December): 621652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Marcie. 2019a. “Change Agent: Gene Sharp’s Neoliberal Nonviolence (Part One).” Nonsite.org, May 10. https://nonsite.org/change-agent-gene-sharps-neoliberal-nonviolence-part-one/.Google Scholar
Smith, Marcie. 2019b. “Getting Gene Sharp Wrong (Part Two).” Jacobin https://jacobin.com/2019/12/gene-sharp-george-lakey-neoliberal-nonviolence. Accessed July 6, 2023.Google Scholar
Sombatpoonsiri, Janjira. 2019. Postprotest Pathways in Thailand: Between the Street and the Ballots. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieeurope.eu/2019/10/24/after-protest-pathways-beyond-mass-mobilization-pub-80135.Google Scholar
Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoğlu. 2012. “Citizenship, Immigration, and the European Social Project: Rights and Obligations of Individuality.” The British Journal of Sociology 63, no. 1: 121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2011.01404.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu. 2021a. “Citizenship’s Double-Edged Sword: Locating Liberalism and Illiberalism in Citizenship.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 18, no. 4: 15191522. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moaa106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu. 2021b. “Institutional Underpinnings, Global Reach, and the Future of Ordinal Citizenship.” The British Journal of Sociology 72, no. 2: 174180. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spence, Steve. 2011. “Cultural Globalization and the US Civil Rights Movement.” Public Culture 23, no. 3 (Fall): 551572. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-1336417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spilerman, Seymour. 1970. “The Causes of Racial Disturbances: A Comparison of Alternative Explanations.” American Sociological Review 35, no. 4 (August): 627649. https://doi.org/10.2307/2093941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Springhall, John. 2001. Decolonization since 1945: The Collapse of European Overseas Empires. London: Red Globe Press.Google Scholar
Staggenborg, Suzanne. 2013. “Institutionalization of Social Movements.” In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, edited by Snow, David A., Donatella della Porta, McAdam, Doug, and Bert, Klandermans. London: Blackwell. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm113.Google Scholar
Stiehm, Judith. 1968. “Nonviolence Is Two. Sociological Inquiry 38, no. 1: 2330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strang, David. 1990. “From Dependency to Sovereignty: An Event History Analysis of Decolonization 1870–1987.” American Sociological Review 55, no. 6 (December): 846860. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, Strang, and Soule, Sarah A.. 1998. “Diffusion in Organizations and Social Movements: From Hybrid Corn to Poison Pills.” Annual Review of Sociology 24: 265290. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.265.Google Scholar
Suárez, David, and Bromley, Patricia. 2012. “Professionalizing a Global Social Movement: Universities and Human Rights.” American Journal of Education 118, no. 3 (May): 253280. https://doi.org/10.1086/664740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutherland, Bill, and Meyer, Matt. 2000. Guns and Gandhi in Africa: Pan-African Insights on Nonviolence, Armed Struggle, and Liberation. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Swarthmore College. 2022. “Global Nonviolent Action Database.” https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/.Google Scholar
Swerdlow, Amy. 1993. Women Strike for Peace: Traditional Motherhood and Radical Politics in the 1960s. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Swiss, Liam. 2009. “Decoupling Values from Action: An Event-History Analysis of the Election of Women to Parliament in the Developing World, 1945–90.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 50, no. 1: 6995. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715208100981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szilard, Leo. 1945. “A Petition to the President of the United States.” Atomic Heritage Foundation. www.atomicheritage.org/key-documents/szilard-petition.Google Scholar
Szmigiera, . “Military Spending as GDP Share by Country 2021.” Statista. December 10, 2022. www.statista.com/statistics/266892/military-expenditure-as-percentage-of-gdp-in-highest-spending-countries/.Google Scholar
Tamayo, Sergio. 1999. Los Veintes Octubres Mexicanos: La transicíon a la modernizacion y la democracia, 1968–1988: Ciudadanías e identidades colectivas. Mexico: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco.Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney. 2001. “Transnational Politics: Contention and Institutions in International Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 4: 120. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Verta, Kimport, Katrina, Van Dyke, Nella, and Ann Anderson, Ellen. 2009. “Culture and Mobilization: Tactical Repertoires, Same-Sex Weddings, and the Impact on Gay Activism.” American Sociological Review 74, no. 6 (December): 865890. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1993. “Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758–1834.” Social Science History 17, no. 2 (Summer): 253280. https://doi.org/10.2307/1171282.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1977. “Getting It Together in Burgundy, 1675–1975.” Theory and Society 4, no. 4 (Winter): 479504. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00187423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 2004. Social Movements, 1768–2004. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 2006. Regimes and Repertoires. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 2008. Contentious Performances. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilly, Charles, and Tarrow, Sidney. 2007. Contentious Politics. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.Google Scholar
The Times of India. 1919. “The Satyagraha: Mr. Gandhi Suspends It. Growing Protests against It.” April 19. Page 9. ProQuest Historical Newspapers Times of India (1838–2002).Google Scholar
Traugott, Mark, ed. 1995. Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Tsurumi, Kazuko. 1970. “Some Comments on the Japanese Student Movement in the Sixties.” Journal of Contemporary History 5, no. 1 (January): 104112. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200947000500107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsutsui, Kiyoteru. 2017. “Human Rights and Minority Activism in Japan: Transformation of Movement Actorhood and Local-Global Feedback Loop1.” American Journal of Sociology 122, no. 4 (January): 10501103. https://doi.org/10.1086/689910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsutsui, Kiyoteru. 2018. Rights Make Might Global Human Rights and Minority Social Movements in Japan. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tsutsui, Kiyoteru, and Ji Shin, Hwa. 2008. “Global Norms, Local Activism, and Social Movement Outcomes: Global Human Rights and Resident Koreans in Japan.” Oxford Academic, Social Problems 55, no. 3 (August): 391418. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2008.55.3.391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Union of International Associations. 2012. Union of International Associations. https://uia.org/yearbook. Accessed July 6, 2023.Google Scholar
UN General Assembly. 1960. Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. December 14, UN Doc. A/RES/1514 (XV). www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f06e2f.html. Accessed July 6, 2023.Google Scholar
United Nations. n.d. “Decolonization.” Accessed December 10, 2022. www.un.org/en/global-issues/decolonization.Google Scholar
US Department of State. 2018. “Conventional Arms Transfer Policy.” www.state.gov/conventional-arms-transfer-cat-policy. Accessed July 6, 2023.Google Scholar
Van den Berk, Jorrit. 2018. “The Promise of Democracy for the Americas: U.S. Diplomacy and the Meanings of World War II in El Salvador, 1941–1945.” In Politics and Cultures of Liberation: Media, Memory, and Projections of Democracy, edited by Mehring, Frank, Bak, Hans, and Rosa, Mathilde, 241264. Leiden: The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Wada, Takeshi. 2004. “Event Analysis of Claim Making in Mexico: How are Social Protests Transformed into Political Protests?Mobilization: An International Quarterly 9, no, 3: 241257. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.9.3.7wx2pt66130718v3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wada, Takeshi. 2012. “Modularity and Transferability of Repertoires of Contention.” Social Problems 59, no. 4 (November): 544571. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2012.59.4.544.Google Scholar
Wagner-Pacifici, Robin, and Schwartz, Barry. 1991. “The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: Commemorating a Difficult Past.” American Journal of Sociology 97, no. 2 (September): 276420. https://doi.org/10.1086/229783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Charles. 1967. “The Impact of Gandhi on the U.S. Peace Movement.” In Gandhi: His Relevance for Our Times, edited by Ramachandran, G. and Mahadevan, T. K.. Berkeley: World without War Council.Google Scholar
Watanabe, Chika. 2019. Becoming One: Religion, Development, and Environmentalism in a Japanese NGO in Myanmar. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Weber, Thomas. 2004. “The Impact of Gandhi on the Development of Johan Galtung’s Peace Research.” Global Change, Peace & Security 16, no. 1: 3143. https://doi.org/10.1080/1478115042000176166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiest, Dawn, and Smith, Jackie. 2007. “Explaining Participation in Regional Transnational Social Movement Organizations.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 48, no. 2–3: 137166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715207075398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittner, Lawrence S. 2009. Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
York, Steve, director. 2002. Bringing Down a Dictator. York Zimmerman, 56 min.Google Scholar
Zucker, Lynne G. 1987. “Institutional Theories of Organization.” Annual Review of Sociology 13: 443464. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.13.080187.002303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zunes, Stephen, Kurtz, Lester R., and Asher, Sarah Beth, eds. 1999. Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Zunes, Stephen. 2022. “People-Powered and Non-Violent Social Movements: Forcing Gradualist Democratic Reforms in Authoritarian Societies.” Frontiers in Political Science 3: 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Have Repertoire, Will Travel
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Have Repertoire, Will Travel
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Have Repertoire, Will Travel
Available formats
×