Element contents
Beyond 'plata o plomo'
Drugs and State Reconfiguration in Colombia
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 October 2022
Summary
This Element introduces the concept of oligopoly of coercion to interpretate the interaction between drug trafficking and reconfiguration of the state in Colombia. Three elements are central to this interpretation: corruption in oligopolies of coercion must be understood as a payment by drug traffickers for acting like a parallel state; the state criminalizes more drug as merchandise than drug as capital – its equivalent in money; the politics and war around drug trafficking in Colombia should be understood as the way in which peripheral societies access global markets through the ruling institutions of private armies. With these elements, the author focuses on the dynamics of the reconfiguration of the state in Colombia after the cocaine boom in the mid-70s and the evolution of the private armies in Colombia.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781108893909Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 06 October 2022
References
Aguilera, Mario (2013). “Las FARC: Auge y quiebre del modelo de guerra.” Análisis Político, January–April, pp. 85–111.Google Scholar
Aguilera, Mario (2014). Contrapoder y justicia guerrillera: fragmentación política y orden insurgente en Colombia (1952–2003). Bogotá: IEPRI.Google Scholar
Alarcon, Cesar (2014). “Ciudad Juárez: Sociedad, criminalidad y violencia trasnacional.” In Jaramillo, A. M, Ciudades en la encrucijada: violencia y poder criminal en Río de Janeiro, Medellín, Bogotá y Ciudad Juárez, 249. Medellín: Corporación Región.Google Scholar
Andreas, Peter and Nadelmann, Ethan (2013). Policing the Globe: Criminalization and Crime Control in International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Angarita, Pablo, Gallo, Hector, and Jimenez, Blanca (2008). Dinámicas de guerra y construcción de paz: Estudio interdisciplinario del conflicto armado en la Comuna 13 de Medellín. Medellín: University of Antioquia, University of Medellín, IPC Region.Google Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun (1991). “Introducción: las mercancías y la política del valor.” In La vida social de las cosas. Perspectiva cultural de las mercancías, edited by Appadurai, Arjun, 13–17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Editorial; Mexico City: Grijalbo.Google Scholar
Arango Jaramillo, Mario (1988). Impacto del narcotráfico en Antioquia. Medellín: Editorial J. M. Arango.Google Scholar
Arias, Desmond (2017). Criminal Enterprises and Governance in Latin America and the Caribbean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Arjona, Ana (2017). Rebelocracy: Social Order in the Colombian Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Astorga, Luis (1995). Mitologia del narcotraficante en Mexico. Mexico City: Plaza y Janés.Google Scholar
Auyero, Javier (2007). Routine Politics and Violence in Argentina: The Gray Zone of State Power. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barnes, Nicholas (2017). “Criminal Politics: An Integrated Approach to the Study of Organized Crime, Politics, and Violence.” Perspectives on Politics 15, no. 4 (December): 967–87.Google Scholar
Bernal, Fernando (2004). Crisis algodonera y violencia en el departamento del Cesar. Bogotá: Cuadernos PNUD–MPS.Google Scholar
Betancourt, Dario (1998). Mediadores, rebuscadores, traquetos y narcos: Valle del Cauca 1890–1997. Bogotá: Ediciones Antropos.Google Scholar
Boone, Catherine (2003). Political Topographies of the African State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Camacho, Alvaro (2010). “Mafia: los usos de un concepto polisémico y su aplicabilidad al caso colombiano. (a propósito del libro de Diego Gambetta).” Historia Crítica 41 (May/August).Google Scholar
Centeno, Miguel (2003). Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin America. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press.Google Scholar
Chepesiuk, Ron (2005). Drug Lords: The Rise and Fall of the Cali Cartel. Preston: Milo Books.Google Scholar
Civico, Aldo (2010). No divulgar hasta que los implicados estén muertos: las guerras de “Doblecero.” Bogotá: Intermedio Editores.Google Scholar
Claver Tellez, Pedro (1993). La guerra verde: Treinta años de conflicto entre los esmeralderos. Bogotá: Intermedio Editores.Google Scholar
Matías, Dewey (2015). El orden clandestino: política, fuerzas de seguridad y mercados ilegales en la Argentina. Buenos Aires: Katz Editores.Google Scholar
Dudley, Steven (2008). Armas y urnas: Historia de un genocidio politico. Bogotá: Planeta.Google Scholar
Duffield, Mark (1998). “Post-Modern Conflict: Warlords, Post-Adjustment States and Private Protection.” Civil Wars 1, no. 1: 65-102.Google Scholar
Duncan, Gustavo (2013). “Una lectura politica de Pablo Escobar.” Co-Herencia 10, no. 19: 235–62.Google Scholar
Duran, Angelica (2017). The Politics of Drug Violence: Criminals, Cops and Politicians in Colombia and Mexico. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eaton, Kent (2006). “The Downside of Decentralisation: Armed Clientelism in Colombia.” Security Studies 15: 533–62.Google Scholar
Camilo, Echandia (2006). Dos decadas de escalamiento del conflicto armado en Colombia (1986–2006). Bogotá: Editorial Universidad Externado de Colombia.Google Scholar
Edberg, Mark (2004). El Narcotraficante: Narcocorridos and the Construction of a Cultural Persona on the US–Mexican Border. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Fajardo, Dario (2002). Para sembrar la paz, hay que aflojar la tierra: Comunidades, tierras y territorios en la construccion de un pais. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.Google Scholar
Flores, Carlos (2013). Historia de polvo y sangre: génesis y evolución del tráfico de drogas en el estado de Tamaulipas. Mexico City: CIESAS.Google Scholar
Gaitan, Fernando (1995). “Una indagacion sobre las causas de la violencia.” In Dos ensayos especulativos sobre la violencia en Colombia, edited by Deas, M. and Daza, F. Gaitán, 13–99. Bogotá: Fonade.Google Scholar
Gallant, Thomas (1999). “Brigandage, Piracy, Capitalism, and State-Formation: Transnational Crime from a Historical World-Systems Perspective.” In States and Illegal Practices, edited by Heyman, Josiah, 25–61. London: Berg.Google Scholar
Gambetta, Diego (2007). La mafia siciliana: El negocio de la proteccion privada. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Economica.Google Scholar
Garcia Villegas, Mauricio, and Espinosa Restrepo, Jose Rafael (2012). “Crimen, conflicto armado y Estado en Colombia, México y Guatemala.” Bogotá: Documentos de discusión, DEJUSTICIA.Google Scholar
Gibson, Edward (2004). “Subnational Authoritarianism: Territorial Strategies of Political Control in Democratic Regimes.” Paper prepared for delivery at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Giraldo, Jorge (2008). Seguridad en Medellín: El exito, sus explicaciones, limitaciones y fragilidades. Washington, DC: Wilson Center.Google Scholar
Giraldo, Jorge, Fortou, Jose, and Gomez, Maria (2019). “200 años de guerra y paz en Colombia: numeros y rasgos estilizados.” Co-Herencia 16, no.31: 357–71.Google Scholar
Giraudy, Agustina, Moncada, Eduardo, and Snyder, Richard (eds.) (2019). Inside Countries: Subnational Research in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, Fernan (2003). “Colapso parcial o presencia diferenciada del estado en Colombia? Una mirada desde la historia?” Colombia Internacional 58: 124–58.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, Fernan, Ingrid, Bolivar, and Vazquez, Teofilo y (2003). Violencia politica en Colombia: De la nacion fragmentada a la construccion del Estado. Bogotá: Cinep.Google Scholar
Gootenberg, Paul (2008). Andean Cocaine: The Making of a Global Drug. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Gouëset, Vincent (1998). Bogota, nacimiento de una metropoli: La originalidad del proceso de concentración urbana en Colombia en el siglo XX. Bogotá: Tercer Mundo Editores.Google Scholar
Gutierrez Sanin, Francisco (2019). Clientelistic Warfare: Paramilitaries and the State in Colombia (1982–2007). Oxford: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Henderson, James (2006). La modernizacion en Colombia: Los años de Laureano Gomez, 1889–1965. Medellín: University of Antioquia.Google Scholar
Henderson, James (2012). Víctima de la globalización. La historia de como el narcotráfico destruyo la paz en Colombia. Bogotá: Siglo del Hombre Editores.Google Scholar
Hincapie, Edilberto and Correa, Leonardo (2005). “Testimonio del comercio en Guayaquil.” Doctoral thesis, University of Medellín.Google Scholar
Jansson, Oscar (2008). The Cursed Leaf: An Anthropology of the Political Economy of Cocaine Production in Southern Colombia. Uppsala: Uppsala University.Google Scholar
Jaramillo, Jaíme, Mora, Leónidas, and Cubides, Fernando (1989). Colonizacion, coca y guerrilla, 3rd ed. Bogotá: Alianza Editorial Colombiana.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis (2006). The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kenney, Michael C. (2007). From Pablo to Osama: Trafficking and Terrorist Networks, Government Bureaucracies, and Competitive Adaptation. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press.Google Scholar
Krauthausen, Ciro (1998). Padrinos y mercaderes, crimen organizado en Italia y Colombia. Bogotá: Editorial Espasa.Google Scholar
Leal, Francisco, and Davila, Andres (1990). Clientelismo: El sistema politico y su expresion regional. Bogotá: Instituto de Estudios Politicos y Relaciones Internacionales (IEPRI).Google Scholar
Lee, Martyn J. (1993) Consumer Culture Reborn: The Cultural Politics of Consumption. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Legarda, Astrid (2005). El verdadero Pablo: Sangre, traicion y muerte … En las confesiones de Alias “Popeye” su principal lugarteniente. Bogotá: Ediciones Dipon.Google Scholar
Lemaitre, Julieta (2011). La paz en cuestion: La guerra y la paz en la Asamblea Constituyente de 1991. Bogotá: Ediciones Uniandes.Google Scholar
Lessing, Benjamin (2017). Making Peace in Drug Wars: Crackdowns and Cartels in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lessing, Benjamin (2020). Conceptualizing Criminal Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Londoño, Oscar (1989). Colonizacion del Ariari, 1950–1970: Aproximacion a una historia regional. Villavicencio: Centro de Estudios Sociales para el Desarrollo de los Llanos.Google Scholar
Mann, Michael (1984). The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms, and Results. In States in History, edited by Hall, John A., 185–213. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Martin, Gerard (2012). Medellín tragedia y resurrección: Mafia, ciudad y estado: 1975–2012. Bogotá: Editorial Planeta.Google Scholar
Medina Gallego, Carlos (1990). Autodefensas, paramilitares y narcotráfico en Colombia: Origen, desarrollo y consolidación: El caso “Puerto Boyacá.” Bogotá: Editorial Documentos Periodísticos.Google Scholar
Mejia, Daniel, and Rico, Daniel (2011). “La microeconomía de la producción y tráfico de cocaína en Colombia.” In Políticas antidrogas en Colombia: Éxitos, fracasos y extravíos, edited by Gaviria, Alejandro, and Mejia, Daniel, 15–40. Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes.Google Scholar
Migdal, Joel (1988). Strong Societies and Weak States: State–Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Misse, Michel (2007). “Illegal Markets, Protection Rackets and Organized Crime in Rio de Janeiro.” Estudos Avançados 21, no. 61: 139–57.Google Scholar
Moncada, Eduardo (2013). “The Politics of Urban Violence: Challenges for Development in the Global South.” Studies in Comparative International Development 48, no. 3: 217–39.Google Scholar
Molano, Alfredo (1987). Selva adentro: Una historia oral sobre la colonizacion del Guaviare. Bogotá: Ancora Editores.Google Scholar
Moore, Barrington (1978). Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt. New York: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, Guillermo (1993). “On the State, Democratization and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries.” World Development 21, no. 8: 1355–69.Google Scholar
Olson, Mancur (1993). “Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development.” American Political Science Review 87, no. 3: 567–76.Google Scholar
Pizarro, Eduardo (1991). Las FARC (1949–1966): De la autodefensa a la combinacion de todas las formas de lucha. Bogotá: UN, Instituto de Estudios Politicos y Relaciones Internacionales (IEPRI).Google Scholar
Pizarro, Eduardo (2002). “La atomizacion partidista en Colombia: el fenomeno de las micro-empresas electorales.” In Degradación o cambio: Evolución del sistema político colombiano, edited by Francisco Gutiérrez, 359–401. Bogotá: IEPRI/Norma.Google Scholar
Pizarro, Eduardo and Bejarano, Maria (2003). “Colombia: A Failed State?” Revista: Harvard Review of Latin America 2, no. 3 (2003): 1–6.Google Scholar
Rangel, Alfredo (1998). Colombia: Guerra de fin de siglo. Bogotá: Tercer Mundo Editores.Google Scholar
Rempel, William (2012). En la boca del lobo: La historia jamas contada del hombre que hizo caer al cartel de Cali. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Reno, William (2002). “Mafia Troubles, Warlord Crises.” In Beyond State Crisis? Postcolonial Africa and Post-Soviet Eurasia in Comparative Perspective, edited by Beissinger, M. and Young, C., 105–29. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Reyes, Alejandro (2009). Guerreros y campesinos: El despojo de la tierra en Colombia. Bogotá: Editorial Norma.Google Scholar
Romero, Mauricio (2003). Paramilitares y autodefensas, 1982–2003. Bogotá: Instituto de Estudios Politicos y Relaciones Internacionales (IEPRI).Google Scholar
Sanchez, Fabio, and Chacon, Mario (2005). “Conflicto, Estado y descentralizacion: Del progreso social a la disputa armada por el control local, 1974–2002.” Working Paper Series 1, Documento de Trabajo No. 70, Crisis States Programme, Bogotá.Google Scholar
Sanchez, Toño Jr. (2010). Cronicas que da miedo contar. Montería: Codice Producciones Limitada.Google Scholar
Scott, James (2000). Los dominados y el arte de la resistencia: Discursos ocultos. Mexico: Ediciones Era.Google Scholar
Shils, Edward. (1974). Centre and Periphery: Essays in Macrosociology (Selected Papers of Edward Shils, 2). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Skaperdas, Stergios (1995). “The Political Economy of Organized Crime: Providing Protection When the State Does Not.” Economics of Governance 2: 173–202.Google Scholar
Skaperdas, Stergios, and Syropoulos, Constantinos (1995). “Gangs as Primitive States.” In The Economics of Organized Crime, edited by Fiorentini, G. and Peltzman, S., 61–81. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Soifer, Hillel David (2015). State Building in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stauffer, Eric (2001). Homicides in Miami Dade County, Florida. Miami: Scholarly Forum, Florida International University.Google Scholar
Thoumi, Francisco (1994). Economia politica y narcotrafico. Bogotá: Tercer Mundo Editores.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles (1985). “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime.” In Bringing the State Back In, edited by Evans, Peter, Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, and Skocpol, Theda, 169–91. New York: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles (2001). Coercion, Capital and European States: AD 990–1992. Cambridge, MA: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Tobon, Santiago (2012). “Do Institutions Affect the Expansion of Illicit Crops?” (Master’s thesis in Economic Sciences, Economics School of Louvain).Google Scholar
Torres, Maria Clara (2012). “Coca, politica y Estado: El caso de Putumayo, 1978–2006.” (Master’s thesis in Political Studies and International Relations, Universidad Nacional de Colombia)Google Scholar
Trejos, Guillermo and Ley, Sandra (2020). Votes, Drugs, and Violence: The Political Logic of Criminal Wars in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Uribe Alarcon, Maria Victoria (1992). Limpiar la tierra: Guerra y poder entre esmeralderos. Bogotá: CINEP.Google Scholar
Vanegas, Martin, Duncan, Gustavo, and Tobon, Santiago (2021). Más allá de la codicia y el agravio: El caso de la formación de mercados en la periferia colombiana. Medellín: Ediciones Universidad EAFIT.Google Scholar
Varese, Federico (2001). The Russian Mafia: Private Protection in a New Market Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Varese, Federico (2017). Mafia Life: Love, Death and Money at the Heart of Organised Crime. London: Profile Books.Google Scholar
Vargas, Mauricio, Lesmes, Jorge, and Tellez, Edgar (1996). El presidente que se iba a caer: Diario secreto de tres periodistas sobre el 8000. Bogotá: Planeta Colombiana Editorial S. A.Google Scholar
Velazquez, Jorge E. (1992). Como me infiltre y engañe al cartel. Bogotá: Editorial Oveja Negra.Google Scholar
Volkov, Vadim (2002). Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism. New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Wickham-Crowley, Timothy (1992). Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes since 1956. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
- 17
- Cited by