Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-03T10:57:47.190Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
Series:   Elements in Global Philosophy of Religion

Afro-Brazilian Religions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 November 2024

José Eduardo Porcher
José Eduardo Porcher
Affiliation:
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)

Summary

This Element introduces Afro-Brazilian religions and underscores the necessity for an expanded methodological framework to encompass these traditions in the philosophy of religion. It emphasizes the importance of incorporating overlooked sources like mythic narratives and ethnographies while acknowledging the pivotal role of material culture in cognitive processes. Furthermore, it advocates for adopting an embodiment paradigm to facilitate the development of a philosophy of religious practice. The Element illustrates this approach by examining phenomena often neglected in philosophical discussions on religion, such as sacrifice and spirit possession, and delves into the ontological commitments and implications of these practices. It also stresses the significance of employing thick descriptions and embracing interdisciplinary dialogue to cultivate a globally inclusive philosophy of religion, capable of engaging with phenomena frequently sidelined within the mainstream.
Get access

Keywords

Afro-Brazilian religionsphilosophy of religious practicesacrificespirit possessionembodied knowledge
Type
Element
Information
Series: Elements in Global Philosophy of Religion
Online ISBN: 9781009469029
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 02 January 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agada, A and Attoe, AD (2023) Shifting perspectives in African philosophy of religion. Religious Studies 59, 291–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akintoye, SA (2010) A History of the Yoruba People. Dakar: Amalion.Google Scholar
Amaral, R (2002) Xirê!: O Modo de Crer e de Viver no Candomblé. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas.Google Scholar
Aróstegui, NB (1994) Los orichas em Cuba, 2nd ed. La Habana: Unión.Google Scholar
Augras, M (1983/2008) O duplo e a metamorfose: A identidade mítica em comunidades Nagô. Petrópolis: Vozes.Google Scholar
Augras, M (1986) Transe e construção de identidade no Candomblé. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 2(3), 191–200.Google Scholar
Awolalu, JỌ and Dọpamu, A (1979) West African Traditional Religion. Ibadan: Onibonoje Press.Google Scholar
Balogun, OA (2009) The nature of evil and human wickedness in traditional African thought: Further reflections on the philosophical problem of evil. Lumina 20, 1–20.Google Scholar
Banerjee, M (2021) Cultivating Democracy: Politics and Citizenship in Agrarian India. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bastide, R (1945) Imagens do Nordeste Místico em Branco e Preto. Rio de Janeiro: Cruzeiro.Google Scholar
Bastide, R (1958/2010) O Candomblé da Bahia: Rito Nagô. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.Google Scholar
Bateson, G (1972) Steps to an Ecology of Mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Beniste, J (2006) Mitos Yorubás: o outro lado do conhecimento. Rio de Janeiro: Bertrand Brasil.Google Scholar
Bergad, L (2007) The Comparative Histories of Slavery in Brazil, Cuba, and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bewaji, J (1998) Olodumare: God in Yoruba belief and the theistic problem of evil. African Studies Quarterly 2, 1–17.Google Scholar
Bishop, J (1998) Can there be alternative concepts of God? Noûs 32, 174–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyer, P and Liénard, P (2020) Ingredients of “rituals” and their cognitive underpinnings. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society B375, 20190439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burley, M (2012) Contemplating Religious Forms of Life: Wittgenstein and Phillips, D. Z.. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Burley, M (2020) A Radical Pluralist Philosophy of Religion: Cross-Cultural, Multireligious, Interdisciplinary. London: Bloomsbury.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burley, M (2022) African religions, mythic narratives, and conceptual enrichment in the philosophy of religion. Religious Studies 58, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burley, M (2023) Ethnographically informed philosophy of religion in a study of Assamese goddess worship. In Loewen, NRB and Rostalska, A (eds.), Diversifying Philosophy of Religion: Critiques, Methods, and Case Studies. London: Bloomsbury, pp. 177–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burley, M (2024) ”Not so much thought out as danced out”: Expanding philosophy of religion in the light of Candomblé. Religious Studies, 1–13.Google Scholar
Burton, RF (1864) A Mission to Gelele, King of Dahome. London: Tinsley Brothers.Google Scholar
Cardoso, ANN (2006). A Linguagem dos Tambores. PhD dissertation, Universidade Federal da Bahia.Google Scholar
da C M, Carneiro (1983) Arte Afro-Brasileira. In Zanini, W. (Org.). História geral da arte no Brasil, vol. 2. São Paulo: Instituto Walter Moreira Salles, pp. 1973–1033.Google Scholar
Carneiro, E (1948/2019) Candomblés da Bahia. São Paulo: Martins Fontes.Google Scholar
Castree, N, Kitchin, R, and Rogers, A (2013) A Dictionary of Human Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cossard, G (1970) Contribution à l’Étude des Candomblés du Brésil: Le Rite Angola. PhD dissertation, École des Hautes Études en Science Sociales.Google Scholar
Cossard, G (1981) A Filha de Santo. In Moura, CEM (ed.), Olóòrisà: Escritos sobre a Religião dos Orixás. São Paulo: Ágora, pp. 129–151.Google Scholar
Courlander, H (1973) Tales of Yoruba Gods and Heroes. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett.Google Scholar
Cruz, RR (1995) Carrego de Egum: Contribuição aos Estudos do Rito Mortuário no Candomblé. PhD dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.Google Scholar
Cruz, RR (2003) O saber medicinal dos terreiros. In Silva, JM (ed.), Religiões Afro-Brasileiras e Saúde. São Luís: Projeto Ató-Ire–Centro de Cultura Negra do Maranhão.Google Scholar
Cruz, RR (2018) Orô e Axé – a lógica e a função do sacrificio animal no Candomblé. YouTube. https://youtu.be/IoJ2kWaoDYg.Google Scholar
Csordas, TJ (1990) Embodiment as a paradigm for anthropology. Ethos 18, 5–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunha, MC (1980) Arte afro-brasileira. In Zanini, W (ed.), História Geral da Arte no Brasil. São Paulo: Instituto Moreira Sales.Google Scholar
Cunha, MO (1986) Em busca de um espaço: a linguagem gestual no Candomblé de Angola. PhD dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo.Google Scholar
Daniel, Y (2005) Dancing Wisdom: Embodied Knowledge in Haitian Vodou, Cuban Yoruba, and Bahian Candomblé. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
De Cruz, H (2018) Etiological challenges to religious practices. American Philosophical Quarterly 55, 329–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elbein dos Santos, J (1976/2012) Os Nàgô e a morte: pàde, àsèsè e o culto ègun na Bahia. Petrópolis: Vozes.Google Scholar
Engler, S (2019) Book Review / Comptes rendu: The Fetish Revisited: Marx, Freud, and the Gods Black People Make. Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 48(2), 306–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engler, S and Brito, E (2016) Afro-Brazilian and indigenous-influenced religions. In Schmidt, BE and Engler, S (eds.), Handbook of Contemporary Religions in Brazil. Leiden: Brill, pp. 142–169.Google Scholar
Engler, S and Isaia, AC (2016) Kardecism. In Schmidt, BE and Engler, S (eds.), Handbook of Contemporary Religions in Brazil. Leiden: Brill, pp. 186–203.Google Scholar
Fayemi, AK (2012) Philosophical problem of evil: Response to E. O. Oduwole. Philosophia: International Journal of Philosophy 4, 1–15.Google Scholar
Flaksman, C (2016) Relações e narrativas: o enredo no Candomblé da Bahia. Religião e Sociedade, 36, 13–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flood, G (2013) Sacrifice as refusal. In Zachhuber, J and Meszaros, J (eds.), Sacrifice and Modern Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 115–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, CJ (2004) The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gama, LB (2009) Kosi Ejé Kosi Orixá: Simbolismo e Representações do Sangue no Candomblé. PhD dissertation, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.Google Scholar
Gbadegesin, S (2013) African religions. In Taliaferro, C, Harrison, VS and Goetz, S (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Theism. London: Routledge, pp. 102–113.Google Scholar
Geertz, C (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Gell, A (1998) Art and Agency: An Anthropological Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, JJ (1979) The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Goldman, M (2007) How to learn in an Afro-Brazilian spirit possession religion: Ontology and multiplicity in Candomblé. In Berliner, D and Sarró, R (eds.), Learning Religion: Anthropological Approaches. New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 103–119.Google Scholar
Goldman, M (2009) An Afro-Brazilian theory of the creative process: An essay in anthropological symmetrization. Social Analysis 53(2), 108–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, M (2012) O dom e a iniciação revisitados: o dado e o feito em religiões de matriz africana no Brasil. Mana 8(2), 269–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomberg, E (2011) Hospital de Orixás: Encontros terapêuticos em um terreiro de Candomblé. Salvador: Edufba.Google Scholar
Griffiths, P and Scarantino, A (2008) Emotions in the wild: The situated perspective on emotions. In Robbins, P and Aydede, M (eds.) The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 437–453.Google Scholar
Hallowell, AI (1960) Ojibwa ontology, behavior, and world view. In Diamond, S (ed.), Culture in History. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 19–52.Google Scholar
Halloy, A (2012) Gods in the Flesh: Learning Emotions in the Xangô Possession Cult (Brazil). Ethnos 77 (2), 177–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halloy, A (2013) Objects, bodies and gods: A cognitive ethnography of an ontological dynamic in the Xangô cult (Recife, Brazil). In Espirito Santo, D & Tassi, N (eds.), Making Spirits: Materiality and Transcendence in Contemporary Religions. London: Bloomsbury, pp. 133–158.Google Scholar
Halloy, A (2021) Transe de possession et affordances affectives. Ethnographie d’un mode d’interaction inter- et intra-personnelles. In Chauvaud, S, Defiolle, R and Valetopoulos, F (eds.), La palette des émotions. Comprendre les émotions en sciences sociales. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, pp. 207–231.Google Scholar
Harding, RE (2006) É a Senzala: Slavery, women, and embodied knowledge in Afro-Brazilian Candomblé. In Griffith, RM and Savage, BD (eds.), Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 3–18.Google Scholar
Hedley, D (2011) Sacrifice Imagined: Violence, Atonement, and the Sacred. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Hick, J (2004) An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent, 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickson, M (2013) A brief history of problems of evil. In McBrayer, JP and Howard-Snyder, D (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to the Problem of Evil. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 3–18.Google Scholar
Hubert, H and Mauss, M (1899) Essai sur la nature et la function du sacrifice. L’Année sociologique 2, 29–138.Google Scholar
Hufendiek, R (2016) Affordances and the normativity of emotions. Synthese 194 (11), 4455–4476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idowu, EB (1962) Olódùmarè: God in Yoruba Belief. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Ingold, T (2001). From the transmission of representations to the education of attention. In Whitehouse, H (ed.), The Debated Mind: Evolutionary Psychology versus Ethnography. London: Routledge, pp. 114–153.Google Scholar
Johnson, PC (2002) Secrets, Gossip, and Gods: The Transformation of Brazilian Candomblé. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kato, BH (1975) Theological Pitfalls in Africa. Kisumu: Evangel.Google Scholar
Knepper, TD (2013) The Ends of Philosophy of Religion: Terminus and Telos. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krueger, J and Colombetti, G (2018) Affective affordances and psychopathology. Discipline Filosofiche 2(18), 221–247.Google Scholar
Latour, B (1987) Science in Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Latour, B (1996/2010) On the Modern Cult of the Factish Gods. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Léo Neto, N, Brooks, SE and Alves, RRN (2009) From Eshu to Obatala: Animals used in sacrificial rituals at Candomblé ‘terreiros’ in Brazil. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 5, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liénard, P (2003) Le comportement rituel: Communication, cognition et action. PhD dissertation, Université Libre de Bruxelles.Google Scholar
Liénard, P (2006) The making of peculiar artifacts: Living kind, artifact and social order in the Turkana sacrifice. Journal of Cognition and Culture 6(3–4), 343–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lima, VC (1977) A família-de-santo nos candomblés Jeje-Nagôs da Bahia: Um estudo de relações intra-grupais. Master’s dissertation, Universidade Federal da Bahia.Google Scholar
Marques, L (2018) Fazendo orixás: sobre o modo de existência das coisas no Candomblé Religião e Sociedade 38(2), 221–243.Google Scholar
Marques, L (2022) Learning to learn in Candomblé: Notes on paths, knowledge, and the “education of distraction.” Religion 52(1), 122–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marques, L (2023) On the art of forging gods: Techniques, forces and materials in an Afro-Brazilian religion. In Jallo, Z (ed.), Material Culture in Transit. London: Routledge, pp. 185–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matory, JL (2018) The Fetish Revisited: Marx, Freud, and the Gods Black People Make. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Mbiti, J (1970) Concepts of God in Africa. London: SPCK.Google Scholar
Merleau-Ponty, M (1945) Phénomenologie de la perception. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Miller, D (2005) Materiality: An introduction. In Miller, D (ed.), Materiality. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp. 1–52.Google Scholar
Motta, R (1991) Edje Bale: Alguns Aspectos do Sacrifício no Xangô Pernambucano. Recife: Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.Google Scholar
Motta, R (2005) Body trance and word trance in Brazilian religion. Current Sociology 53(2), 293–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagasawa, Y (2008) A new defence of Anselmian theism. The Philosophical Quarterly 58, 577–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nina Rodrigues, R (1935) O Animismo Fetichista dos Negros Baianos. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.Google Scholar
Oduwole, EO (2007) The dialectics of ire (goodness) and ibi (evilness): An African understanding of the philosophical problem of evil. Philosophia: International Journal of Philosophy 31, 1–13.Google Scholar
Ogunnaike, A (2020) What’s really behind the mask: A reexamination of syncretism in Brazilian Candomblé. Journal of Africana Religions 8, 146–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oladipo, O (2004) Religion in African Culture: Some Conceptual Issues. In Wiredu, K (ed.), A Companion to African Philosophy. Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 355–363.Google Scholar
Oliveira, AB (2009) Elégùn: A Iniciação no Candomblé, 3rd ed. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas.Google Scholar
p’Bitek, O (1971) African Religions in Western Scholarship. Nairobi: Literature Bureau.Google Scholar
Paton, D (2009). Obeah acts: Producing and policing the boundaries of religion in the Caribbean. Small Axe 13(1), 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pérez, E (2022) The Gut: A Black Atlantic Alimentary Tract. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, DZ (2001) Religion and the Hermeneutics of Contemplation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porcher, JE (2021) Abrindo caminhos em filosofia da religião pela incorporação de tradições afro-brasileiras. Revista Brasileira de Filosofia da Religião 8(2), 72–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porcher, JE and Carlucci, F (2023) Afro-Brazilian religions and the prospects for a philosophy of religious practice. Religions 14(2), 146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porcher, JE (2024) The mythic narratives of Candomblé Nagô and what they imply about its Supreme Being. Religious Studies, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prandi, R (2001) Mitologia dos Orixás. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.Google Scholar
Rabelo, MCM (2011) Estudar a religião a partir do corpo: algumas questões teórico-metodológicas. Caderno CRH 24(61), 15–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabelo, MCM (2015) Aprender a ver no candomblé. Horizontes Antropológicos 21 (44), 229–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabelo, MCM and Santos, RMB (2011) Notas sobre o aprendizado no candomblé. Revista da FAEEBA – Educação e Contemporaneidade 20(35), 187–200.Google Scholar
Ramstead, MJD, Veissière, SPL and Kirmayer, LJ (2016) Cultural affordances: Scaffolding local worlds through shared intentionality and regimes of attention. Frontiers in Psychology 7,1090.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ray, BC (1976) African Religions: Symbol, Ritual, and Community. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Rocha, AM (2000) Caminhos de Odu. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas.Google Scholar
Rorty, R (1991) Solidarity or objectivity? In Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth: Philosophical Papers, vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–34. www.cambridge.org/core/books/objectivity-relativism-and-truth/04DFAEAC5991EC3C403C50B83C6F4086.Google Scholar
Rowe, W (1979) The problem of evil and some varieties of atheism. American Philosophical Quarterly 16, 335–341.Google Scholar
Russell, B (1910–1911) Knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, n.s. 11, 108–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryle, G (1945–1946) Knowing how and knowing that. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, n.s. 46, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryle, G (2009) Collected Papers, Vol. 2: Collected Essays, 1929–1968. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sansi-Roca, R (2005) The hidden life of stones: Historicity, materiality and the value of Candomblé objects in Bahia. Journal of Material Culture 10(2), 139–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sansi, R (2009) “Fazer o santo”: dom, iniciação e historicidade nas religiões afro-brasileiras. Análise Social 44(1), 139–160.Google Scholar
Schilbrack, K (2002) Introduction: On the use of philosophy in the study of myths. In Schilbrack, K (ed.), Thinking Through Myths: Philosophical Perspectives. London: Routledge, pp. 1–17.Google Scholar
Schilbrack, K (2014) Philosophy and the Study of Religions: A Manifesto. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schilbrack, K (2021) Religious practices and the formation of subjects. In Eckel, MD, Speight, CA and DuJardin, T (eds.), The Future of the Philosophy of Religion. Cham: Springer, pp. 43–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schilbrack, K (2023) The danger in diversifying philosophy of religion. In Loewen, NRB and Rostalska, A (eds.), Diversifying Philosophy of Religion: Critiques, Methods, and Case Studies. London: Bloomsbury, 297–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, BE (2013) Animal sacrifice as symbol of the paradigmatic other in the 21st century: Ebó, the offerings to African Gods, in the Americas. In Zachhuber, J and Meszaros, J (eds.), Sacrifice and Modern Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 197–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, BE (2016) Spirits and Trance in Brazil: An Anthropology of Religious Experience. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Schmidt, BE (2024) Axé as the cornerstone of Candomblé philosophy and its significance for an understanding of well-being (bem estar). Religious Studies, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, BE and Engler, S (2016) Handbook of Contemporary Religions in Brazil. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segato, RL (2005) Santos e Daimones, 2nd ed. Brasília: Editora UnB.Google Scholar
Seligman, R (2014) Possessing Spirits and Healing Selves: Embodiment and Transformation in an Afro-Brazilian Religion. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sikka, S (2023) Is philosophy of religion racist? In Loewen, NRB and Rostalska, A (eds.), Diversifying Philosophy of Religion: Critiques, Methods, and Case Studies. London: Bloomsbury, 81–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silva, VG and Brumana, FG (2016) Candomblé: Religion, world vision and experience. In Schmidt, BE and Engler, S (eds.), Handbook of Contemporary Religions in Brazil. Leiden: Brill, pp. 170–185.Google Scholar
Silveira, APL (2008) Batuque de Mulheres: Aprontando Tamboreiras de Nação nas Terreiras de Pelotas e Rio Grande, RS. Master’s dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.Google Scholar
Smart, N (1996) Dimensions of the Sacred: An Anatomy of the World’s Beliefs. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Stewart, J (2008) Cosmopolitan communication ethics understanding and action: Religion and dialogue. In Roberts, KG and Arnett, RC (eds.), Communication Ethics: Between Cosmopolitanism and Provinciality. New York: Peter Lang, pp. 105–119.Google Scholar
Swinburne, R (2004) The Existence of God, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomasello, M (1999) The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M (2006) Why Don’t Apes Point? In Enfield, NJ and Levinson, SC (eds.), Roots of Human Sociality: Culture, Cognition, and Interaction. Oxford: Berg, pp. 506–524.Google Scholar
Van Eyghen, H (2023) The Epistemology of Spirit Beliefs. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verger, PF (1985/2019) Lendas Africanas dos Orixás. Salvador: Fundação Pierre Verger.Google Scholar
Viveiros de Castro, E (2011) Zeno and the art of anthropology: Of lies, beliefs, paradoxes, and other truths. Common Knowledge 17(1), 128–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogel, A, Mello, MAS and Barros, JFP (1993) A Galinha-d’Angola: Iniciação e Identidade na Cultura Afro-Brasileira. Niterói: EDUFF.Google Scholar
Wafer, J (1991) The Taste of Blood: Spirit Possession in Brazilian Candomblé. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiredu, K (1998) Toward decolonizing African philosophy and religion. African Studies Quarterly 1, 17–46.Google Scholar
Zagzebski, L (2011) Epistemic self-trust and the consensus gentium argument. In Clark, KJ and VanArragon, RJ (eds.), Evidence and Religious Belief. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 22–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Afro-Brazilian Religions
  • José Eduardo Porcher, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)
  • Online ISBN: 9781009469029
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Afro-Brazilian Religions
  • José Eduardo Porcher, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)
  • Online ISBN: 9781009469029
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Afro-Brazilian Religions
  • José Eduardo Porcher, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)
  • Online ISBN: 9781009469029
Available formats
×