References
Abraham, I. and van Schendel, W.. 2005. ‘Introduction: the making of illicitness’, in Abraham, I. and van Schendel, W. (eds), Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: states, borders, and the other side of globalisation. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Addison, L. 2006. ‘Frontier Farm Labour: a study of neoliberal restructuring and Zimbabwean migrant farm workers in Limpopo Province, South Africa’. MA dissertation, Carleton University, Ottawa.
Addison, L. 2013. ‘Factions in the field: social divisions and gendered survival strategies on a South African border farm’, in Derman, B. and Kaarhus, R. (eds), In the Shadow of a Conflict: crisis in Zimbabwe and its effects in Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia. Harare: Weaver Press.
Alden, C. and Anseeuw, W.. 2009. Land, Liberation and Compromise in Southern Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Alexander, J. 2003. ‘“Squatters”, veterans and the state in Zimbabwe’, in Hammar, A., Raftopoulos, B., and Jensen, S. (eds), Zimbabwe's Unfinished Business: rethinking land, state and nation in the context of crisis. Harare: Weaver Press.
Alexander, J. McGregor, J., and Ranger, T.. 2000. Violence and Memory: one hundred years in the ‘dark forests’ of Matabeleland. Oxford: James Currey.
Alvarez Jr., R. R. 1995. ‘The Mexican-US border: the making of an anthropology of borderlands’, Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 447–70.
Andersson, J. A. 2006. ‘Informal moves, informal markets: international migrants and traders from Mzimba District, Malawi’, African Affairs 105 (420): 375–97.
Arrighi, G. 1970. ‘Labour supplies in historical perspective: a study of the proletarianisation of the African peasantry in Rhodesia, Journal of Development Studies 6 (3): 197–234.
Augé, M. 1995. Non-Places: introduction to an anthropology of supermodernity, translated by Howe, John. London: Verso.
Bakewell, O. 2008. ‘“Keeping them in their place”: the ambivalent relationship between development and migration in Africa’, Third World Quarterly 29 (7): 1341–58.
Ballard, R. 2003. ‘A case of capital-rich under-development: the paradoxical consequences of successful transnational entrepreneurship from Mirpur’, Contributions to Indian Sociology, N.S. 37 (1 and 2): 49–81.
Bank, L. 1999. ‘Men with cookers: transformations in migrant culture, domesticity and identity in Duncan Village, East London’, Journal of Southern African Studies 25 (3): 393–416.
Barchiesi, F. 2011. Precarious Liberation: workers, the state, and contested social citizenship in postapartheid South Africa. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Barnes, T. 1999. ‘We Women Worked So Hard’: gender, urbanisation and social reproduction in colonial Harare, 1930–1956. Oxford: James Currey.
Bauman, Z. 2007. Liquid Times: living in an age of uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity.
Bayart, J.-F. 2000. ‘Africa in the world: a history of extraversion’, African Affairs 99 (395): 217–67.
Beinart, W. 2001. Twentieth Century South Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Beinart, W., Delius, P., and Trapido, S.. 1986. ‘Introduction’, in Beinart, W., Delius, P., and Trapido, S. (eds), Putting a Plough to the Ground: accumulation and dispossession in rural South Africa 1850–1930. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
Beremauro, R. 2013. ‘Living Between Compassion and Domination? An Ethnographic Study of Institutions, Interventions and the Everyday Practices of Poor Black Zimbabwean Migrants in South Africa’. PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
Bernstein, H. 1996. ‘South Africa's agrarian question: extreme and exceptional?’, Journal of Peasant Studies 23 (2): 1–52.
Bernstein, H. 2004. ‘The boys from Bothaville, or the rise and fall of King Maize: a South African story’, Journal of Agrarian Change 4 (4): 492–508.
Bernstein, H. 2007. ‘Agrarian questions of capital and labour: some theory about land reform (and a periodisation)’, in Ntsebeza, L. and Hall, R. (eds), The Land Question in South Africa: the challenge of transformation and redistribution. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Beynon, H. 1973. Working for Ford. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Bhebe, N. and Ranger, T. (eds). 1995a. Soldiers in Zimbabwe's Liberation War. London: James Currey.
Bhebe, N. and Ranger, T. 1995b. ‘Volume introduction: soldiers in Zimbabwe's Liberation War’, in Bhebe, N. and Ranger, T. (eds), Soldiers in Zimbabwe's Liberation War. London: James Currey.
Bhebe, N. and Ranger, T. (eds). 1996. Society in Zimbabwe's Liberation War. Oxford: James Currey.
Blum, J. 2000. ‘Degradation without deskilling: twenty-five years in the San Francisco shipyards’, in Burawoy, M. (ed.), Global Ethnography: forces, connections, and imaginations in a postmodern world. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Boeyens, J. C. A. 1994. ‘“Black ivory”: the indenture system and slavery in Zoutpansberg, 1848–1869’, in Eldridge, E. A. and Morton, F. (eds), Slavery in South Africa: captive labour on the Dutch frontier. Oxford: Westview Press.
Bohannan, P. 1955. ‘Some principals of exchange and investment among the Tiv’, American Anthropologist 57 (1): 60–70.
Bolt, M. 2010. ‘Camaraderie and its discontents: class consciousness, ethnicity and divergent masculinities among Zimbabwean migrant farmworkers in South Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies 36 (2): 377–93.
Bolt, M. 2012. ‘Waged entrepreneurs, policed informality: work, the regulation of space and the economy of the Zimbabwean-South African border’, Africa 82 (1): 111–30.
Bolt, M. 2013. ‘Producing permanence: employment, domesticity and the flexible future on a South African border farm’, Economy and Society 42 (2): 197–225.
Bolt, M. 2014. ‘The sociality of the wage: money rhythms, wealth circulation and the problem with cash on the Zimbabwean-South African border’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute N.S. 20 (1): 113–30.
Bond, P. 2000. Elite Transition: from apartheid to neoliberalism in South Africa. London: Pluto Press.
Bonner, P. 2003a. ‘The hunting frontier in the west’, in Bonner, P. and Carruthers, E. J., The Recent History of the Mapungubwe Area. Mapungubwe Cultural Heritage Resources Survey. Commissioned by the South African Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
Bonner, P. 2003b. ‘Reconsolidating white power in the far north 1877–1899’, in Bonner, P. and Carruthers, E. J., The Recent History of the Mapungubwe Area. Mapungubwe Cultural Heritage Resources Survey. Commissioned by the South African Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
Bonner, P. 2003c. ‘Mining in the Messina/Mapungubwe area’, in Bonner, P. and Carruthers, E. J., The Recent History of the Mapungubwe Area. Mapungubwe Cultural Heritage Resources Survey. Commissioned by the South African Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
Bonner, P. 2003d. ‘Introduction’, in Bonner, P. and Carruthers, E. J., The Recent History of the Mapungubwe Area. Mapungubwe Cultural Heritage Resources Survey. Commissioned by the South African Dept of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
Bonner, P. Delius, P., and Posel, D.. 1993. ‘The shaping of apartheid: contradiction, continuity and popular struggle’, in Bonner, P., Delius, P., and Posel, D. (eds), Apartheid's Genesis, 1935–1962. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
Bourdillon, M. F. C. 1987. ‘Guns and rain: taking structural analysis too far?’, Africa 57 (2): 263–73.
Bozzoli, B. 1991. ‘The meaning of informal work: some women's stories’, in Preston-Whyte, E. and Rogerson, C. (eds), South Africa's Informal Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bozzoli, B. with Nkotsoe, M.. 1991. Women of Phokeng: consciousness, life strategy and migrancy in South Africa, 1900–1983. London: James Currey.
Bradford, H. 1991. ‘Highways, byways and culs-de-sac: the transition to agrarian capitalism in revisionist South African history’, in Brown, J. (ed.), History from South Africa: alternative visions and practices. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Bradford, H. 1993. ‘Getting away with murder: “mealie kings”, the state and foreigners in the Eastern Transvaal, c. 1918–1950’, in Bonner, P., Delius, P. and Posel, D. (eds), Apartheid's Genesis, 1935–1962. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
Braun, L. F. 2013. ‘The returns of the king: the case of Mphephu and Western Venda, 1899–1904’, Journal of Southern African Studies 39 (2): 271–91.
Breman, J. 2009. ‘The Great Transformation in the setting of Asia’. Address delivered on the occasion of the award of the degree Doctor Honoris Causa on the 57th Anniversary of the International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands, 29 October.
Burawoy, M. 1979. Manufacturing Consent: changes in the labour process under monopoly capitalism. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
Burke, T. 1996. Lifebuoy Men, Lux Women: commodification, consumption and cleanliness in modern Zimbabwe. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Campbell, C. 2001. ‘“Going underground and going after women”: masculinity and HIV transmission amongst black workers on the gold mines’, in Morrell, R. (ed.), Changing Men in Southern Africa. London: Zed Books.
Castells, M. and Henderson, J.. 1987. ‘Introduction: techno-economic restructuring, socio-political processes and spatial transformation: a global perspective’, in Henderson, J. and Castells, M. (eds), Global Restructuring and Territorial Development. London: Sage.
Castree, N. 2009. ‘The spatio-temporality of capitalism’, Time and Society 18 (1): 26–61.
Chabal, P. and Daloz, J.-P.. 1999. Africa Works: disorder as a political instrument. Oxford: James Currey.
Cliffe, L., Alexander, J., Cousins, B., and Gaidzanwa, R.. 2011. ‘An overview of Fast Track Land Reform in Zimbabwe: editorial introduction’, Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (5): 907–38.
Coetzee, J. M. 2004 [1976]. In the Heart of the Country. London: Vintage.
Collinson, D. L. 1988. ‘Engineering humour: masculinity, joking and conflict in shopfloor relations’, Organization Studies 9 (2): 181–99.
Comaroff, J. 1985. Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: the culture and history of a South African people. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Comaroff, J. and Comaroff, J. L.. 1987. ‘The madman and the migrant: work and labour in the historical consciousness of a South African people’, American Ethnologist 14 (2): 191–209.
Comaroff, J. 1989. ‘The colonisation of consciousness in South Africa’. Economy and Society 18 (3): 267–96.
Comaroff, J. 1990. ‘Goodly beasts, beastly goods: cattle and commodities in a South African context’. American Ethnologist 17 (2): 195–216.
Comaroff, J. 1999. ‘Occult economies and the violence of abstraction: notes from the South African postcolony’, American Ethnologist 26 (2): 279–303.
Comaroff, J. 2000. ‘Millennial capitalism: first thoughts on a second coming’, Public Culture 12 (2): 291–343.
Connell, R. W. 2005. Masculinities (2nd Edition). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Cooper, F. 2005. Colonialism in Question: theory, knowledge, history. London: University of California Press.
Coplan, D. B. 1987. ‘Eloquent knowledge: Lesotho migrants' songs and the anthropology of experience’, American Ethnologist 14 (3): 413–33.
Coplan, D. B. 1991. ‘Fictions that save: migrants’ performance and Basotho national culture’, Cultural Anthropology 6 (2): 164–92.
Coplan, D. B. 2001. ‘A river runs through it: the meaning of the Lesotho-Free State border’, African Affairs 100 (398): 81–116.
Crapanzano, V. 1985. Waiting: the Whites of South Africa. New York, NY: Random House.
Crush, J. 2000. ‘Introduction: making hay with foreign farmworkers’, in Crush, J. (ed.), Borderline Farming: foreign migrants in South African commercial agriculture. Southern African Migration Project Migration Policy Series No. 16. Cape Town: Idasa.
Dangarembga, T. 2004. Nervous Conditions. Banbury: Ayebia Clarke.
Day, S., Papataxiarchis, E., and Stewart, M.. 1998. ‘Consider the lilies of the field’, in Day, S., Papataxiarchis, E., and Stewart, M. (eds), Lilies of the Field: marginal people who live for the moment. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Delius, P. 1980. ‘Migrant labour and the Pedi, 1840–80’, in Marks, S. and Atmore, A. (eds), Economy and Society in Pre-Industrial South Africa. London: Longman.
Delius, P. and Trapido, S.. 1982. ‘Inboekselings and oorlams: the creation and transformation of a servile class’, Journal of Southern African Studies 8 (2): 214–42.
Derman, B. 2013. ‘Governing the South African/Zimbabwean border: immigration, criminalisation and human rights’, in Derman, B. and Kaarhus, R. (eds), In the Shadow of a Conflict: crisis in Zimbabwe and its effects in Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia. Harare: Weaver Press.
Derman, B. and Kaarhus, R. 2013. ‘Introduction: crisis in Zimbabwe and its regional effects’, in Derman, B. and Kaarhus, R. (eds), In the Shadow of a Conflict: crisis in Zimbabwe and its effects in Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia. Harare: Weaver Press.
Donnan, H. and Wilson, T. M.. 1999. Borders: frontiers of identity, nation and state. Oxford: Berg.
Dorman, S. R. 2003. ‘NGOs and the constitutional debate in Zimbabwe: from inclusion to exclusion’, Journal of Southern African Studies 29 (4): 845–63.
du Toit, A. 1993. ‘The micro-politics of paternalism: the discourses of management and resistance on South African fruit and wine farms’, Journal of Southern African Studies 19 (2): 314–36.
Elder, G. S. 2003. Hostels, Sexuality, and the Apartheid Legacy: malevolent geographies. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
Englund, H. 2002. From War to Peace on the Mozambique-Malawi Borderland. Edinburgh: International African Institute and Edinburgh University Press.
Epprecht, M. 1998. ‘The “unsaying” of indigenous homosexualities in Zimbabwe: mapping a blindspot in an African masculinity’, Journal of Southern African Studies 24 (4): 631–51.
Epstein, A. L. 1958. Politics in an Urban African Community. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Erlmann, V. 1992. ‘“The past is far and the future is far”: power and performance among Zulu migrant workers’, American Ethnologist 19 (4): 688–709.
Ewert, J. and Hamman, J.. 1999. ‘Why paternalism survives: globalisation, democratization and labour on South African wine farms’, Sociologia Ruralis 39 (2): 202–21.
Ewert, J. and du Toit, A.. 2005. ‘A deepening divide in the countryside: restructuring and rural livelihoods in the South African wine industry’, Journal of Southern African Studies 31 (2): 315–32.
Ferguson, J. 1985. ‘The bovine mystique: power, property and livestock in rural Lesotho’, Man N.S. 20 (4): 647–74.
Ferguson, J. 1992. ‘The cultural topography of wealth: commodity paths and the structure of property in rural Lesotho’, American Anthropologist 94 (1): 55–73.
Ferguson, J. 1999. Expectations of Modernity: myths and meanings of urban life on the Zambian Copperbelt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Ferguson, J. 2007. ‘Formalities of poverty: thinking about social assistance in neoliberal South Africa’, African Studies Review 50(2): 71–86.
Ferguson, J. 2013. ‘Declarations of dependence: labor, personhood, and welfare in southern Africa’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 19 (2): 223–42.
Fernandez-Kelly, P. 2006. ‘Introduction’, in Fernandez-Kelly, P. and Shefner, J. (eds), Out of the Shadows: political action and the informal economy in Latin America. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Feuchtwang, S. 2004. ‘Theorising place’, in Feuchtwang, S. (ed.), Making Place: state projects, globalisation and local responses in China. London: UCL Press.
Finnström, S. 2008. Living with Bad Surroundings: war, history, and everyday moments in northern Uganda. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Flynn, D. K. 1997. ‘“We are the border”: identity, exchange and the state along the BÈnin-Nigeria border, American Ethnologist 24 (2): 311–30.
Fuller, A. 2002. Don't Let's Go to the Dogs Tonight: an African childhood. New York, NY: Random House.
Gamburd, M. 2004. ‘Money that burns like oil: a Sri Lankan cultural logic of morality and agency’, Ethnology 43 (2): 167–84.
GAPWUZ (General Agricultural and Plantation Workers’ Union of Zimbabwe). 2010. If Something is Wrong: the invisible suffering of farmworkers due to ‘land reform’. Harare: Weaver Press.
Gardner, K. and Osella, F.. 2003. ‘Migration, modernity and social transformation in South Asia: an overview’, Contributions to Indian Sociology 37 (1 and 2): v–xxviii.
Geschiere, P. and Nyamnjoh, F.. 2000. ‘Capitalism and autochthony: the seesaw of mobility and belonging’, Public Culture 12 (2): 423–52.
Gibbon, P. 1995. ‘Introduction: structural adjustment and the working poor in Zimbabwe’ in Gibbon, P. (ed.), Structural Adjustment and the Working Poor in Zimbabwe: studies on labour, women informal sector workers and health. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
Gilliomee, H. 2003. The Afrikaners: biography of a people. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
Ginsberg, R. 1996. ‘“Now I stay in a house”: renovating the matchbox in apartheid-era Soweto’, African Studies 55 (2): 127–39.
Gluckman, M. 1961. ‘Anthropological problems arising from the African Industrial Revolution’, in Southall, A. (ed.), Social Change in Modern Africa: studies presented and discussed at the First International African Seminar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Godwin, P. and Hancock, I.. 1993. Rhodesians Never Die: the impact of war and political change on White Rhodesia, c.1970–1980. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gordon, R. J. 1977. Mines, Masters and Migrants: life in a Namibian compound. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
Gudeman, S. 2010. ‘A cosmopolitan anthropology?’ in James, D., Plaice, E., and Toren, C. (eds), Culture Wars: context, models, and anthropologists’ accounts. Oxford: Berghahn.
Guy, J. and Thabane, , 1987. ‘The Ma-Rashea: a participant's perspective’, in Bozzoli, B. (ed.), Class, Community and Conflict: South African perspectives. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
Guy, J. and Thabane, , 1991. ‘Basotho miners, ethnicity and workers' strategies’, in Brandell, I. (ed.), Workers in Third-World Industrialization. London: Macmillan.
Guyer, J. I. 2004. Marginal Gains: monetary transactions in Atlantic Africa. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press.
Hall, R. 2003. Farm Tenure. Evaluating Land and Agrarian Reform in South Africa Series No. 3. Cape Town: Programme for Land and Agrarian Studies.
Hall, R. 2007. ‘Transforming rural South Africa? Taking stock of land reform’, in Ntsebeza, L. and Hall, R. (eds), The Land Question in South Africa: the challenge of transformation and redistribution. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
Hall, R. 2013. ‘Hierarchies, violence, gender: narratives from Zimbabwean migrants on South African farms’, in Derman, B. and Kaarhus, R. (eds), In the Shadow of a Conflict: crisis in Zimbabwe and its effects in Mozambique, South Africa and Zambia. Harare: Weaver Press.
Hammar, A. 2003. ‘The making and unma(s)king of local government in Zimbabwe’, in Hammar, A., Raftopoulos, B., and Jensen, S. (eds), Zimbabwe's Unfinished Business: rethinking land, state and nation in the context of crisis. Harare: Weaver Press.
Hammar, A. 2010. ‘Ambivalent mobilities: Zimbabwean commercial farmers in Mozambique’, Journal of Southern African Studies 36 (2): 395–416.
Hammar, A. 2014. ‘The paradoxes of class: crisis, displacement and repositioning in post-2000 Zimbabwe, in Hammar, A. (ed.), Displacement Economies in Africa: paradoxes of crisis and creativity. London: Zed Books.
Hammar, A. McGregor, J., and Landau, L.. 2010. ‘Introduction. Displacing Zimbabwe: crisis and construction in southern Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies 36 (2): 263–83.
Hammar, A. and Raftopoulos, B.. 2003. ‘Zimbabwe's unfinished business: rethinking land, state and nation’ in Hammar, A., Raftopoulos, B., and Jensen, S. (eds), Zimbabwe's Unfinished Business: rethinking land, state and nation in the context of crisis. Harare: Weaver Press.
Hammond-Tooke, W. D. 1997. Imperfect Interpreters: South Africa's anthropologists 1920–1990. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
Hart, G. 2002. Disabling Globalization: places of power in post-apartheid South Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Hart, K. 1973. ‘Informal income opportunities and urban employment in Ghana’, Journal of Modern African Studies 11 (1): 61–89.
Harvey, D. 1990. The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
HRW (Human Rights Watch). 2006a. Unprotected Migrants: Zimbabweans in South Africa's Limpopo Province. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, Volume 18, No. 6 (A).
Hughes, D. M. 2010. Whiteness in Zimbabwe: race, landscape and the problem of belonging. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hull, E. and James, D.. 2012. ‘Introduction: popular economies in South Africa’, Africa 82 (1): 1–20.
ILO (International Labour Office). 1998. ‘Labour migration to South Africa in the 1990s’. Policy Paper Series No.4. Harare: International Labour Office.
James, D. 1990. ‘A question of ethnicity: Ndundza Ndebele in a Lebowa village’, Journal of Southern African Studies 16 (1): 33–54.
James, D. 1999. Songs of the Women Migrants: performance and identity in South Africa. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
James, D. 2001. ‘Land for the landless: conflicting images of rural and urban in South Africa's land reform programme’, Journal of Contemporary African Studies 19 (1): 93–109.
James, D. 2007. Gaining Ground? ‘Rights’ and ‘property’ in South African land reform. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
James, D. 2009. ‘Burial sites, informal rights and lost kingdoms: contesting land claims in Mpumalanga, South Africa’, Africa 79 (2): 228–51.
James, D. n.d. ‘“Music of origin”: class, social category and the performers and audience of Kiba, a South African migrant genre’, unpublished paper.
James, D. and Hull, E. (eds). 2012. Popular Economies in South Africa. Special Issue of Africa 82 (1).
Jeeves, A. H. 1983. ‘Over-reach: the South African gold mines and the struggle for the labour of Zambesia, 1890–1920’, Canadian Journal of African Studies 17 (3): 393–412.
Jensen, S. and Buur, L., 2007. ‘The nationalist imperative: South Africanisation, regional integration and mobile livelihoods’, in Buur, L., Jensen, S., and Stepputat, F. (eds), The Security-Development Nexus: expressions of sovereignty and securitisation in southern Africa. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
Jing, J. 2003. ‘A return to the homeland movement in northwest China’, in Stafford, C. (ed.), Living with Separation in China: anthropological accounts. London: Routledge Curzon.
Johnston, D. 2007. ‘Who needs immigrant farm workers? A South African case study’, Journal of Agrarian Change 7 (4): 494–525.
Jones, J. L. 2010. ‘“Nothing is straight in Zimbabwe”: the rise of the kukiya-kiya economy 2000–2008’, Journal of Southern African Studies 36 (2): 285–99.
Jones, J. L. 2014. ‘“No move to make”: the Zimbabwe crisis, displacement-in-place and the erosion of “proper places”’, in Hammar, A. (ed.), Displacement Economies in Africa: paradoxes of crisis and creativity. London: Zed Books.
Koelble, T. A. and LiPuma, E.. 2005. ‘Traditional leaders and democracy: cultural politics in the age of globalisation’ in Robins, S. L. (ed.), Limits to Liberation after Apartheid: citizenship, governance and culture. Oxford: James Currey.
Kosmin, B. 1977. ‘The Inyoka tobacco industry of the Shangwe people: the displacement of a pre-colonial economy in Southern Rhodesia 1898–1938, in Palmer, R. and Parsons, N. (eds) The Roots of Rural Poverty in Central and Southern Africa. London: Heinemann.
Kriger, N. 1992. Zimbabwe's Guerrilla War: peasant voices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kriger, N. 2010. ‘The politics of legal status for Zimbabweans in South Africa’, in McGregor, J. and Primorac, R. (eds), Zimbabwe's New Diaspora: displacement and the cultural politics of survival. Oxford: Berghahn.
Lan, D. 1985. Guns and Rain: guerrillas and spirit mediums in Zimbabwe. Oxford: James Currey.
Lee, R. 2005. ‘Reconstructing “home” in apartheid Cape Town: African women and the process of settlement’, Journal of Southern African Studies 31 (3): 611–30.
Lessing, D. 2007 (1950). The Grass Is Singing. London: Harper Perennial.
Lincoln, D. and Maririke, C.. 2000. ‘Southward migrants in the far north: Zimbabwean farmworkers in Northern Province’, in Crush, J. (ed.), Borderline Farming: foreign migrants in South African commercial agriculture. Southern African Migration Project Migration Policy Series No. 16. Cape Town: Idasa.
Lindquist, J. 2009. The Anxieties of Mobility: migration and tourism in the Indonesian borderlands. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.
Lodge, T. 2003. Politics in South Africa: from Mandela to Mbeki. Oxford: James Currey.
Loizos, P. 2008. Iron in the Soul: displacement, livelihood and health in Cyprus. Oxford: Berghahn.
MacDonald, A. 2012. ‘Colonial Trespassers in the Making of South Africa's International Borders 1900 to c.1950’. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge.
MacGaffey, J. 1991. The Real Economy of Zaire: the contribution of smuggling and other unofficial activities to national wealth. London: James Currey.
MacGaffey, J. and Bazenguissa-Ganga, R.. 2000. Congo-Paris: transnational traders on the margins of the law. Oxford: James Currey.
Malkki, L. 1992. ‘National geographic: the rooting of peoples and the territorialization of national identity among scholars and refugees’, Cultural Anthropology 7 (1): 24–44.
Mamadi, M. F. 1942. ‘The copper miners of Musina’, in Warmelo, N.J. van (ed.), The Copper Miners of Musina and the Early History of the Zoutpansberg, Union of South Africa Ethnological Publications Vol. VIII. Pretoria: Union of South Africa Government Printer.
Maphosa, F. 2005. ‘The impact of remittances from Zimbabweans working in South Africa on rural livelihoods in the southern districts of Zimbabwe’, Forced Migration Working Paper Series 14, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
Mate, R. 2005. Making Ends Meet at the Margins? Grappling with economic crisis and belonging in Beitbridge town, Zimbabwe. Dakar: CODESRIA.
Matondi, P. B. 2012. Zimbabwe's Fast Track Land Reform. London: Zed Books.
Mayer, P. 1980. ‘The origin and decline of two rural resistance ideologies’, in Mayer, P. (ed.), Black Villagers in an Industrial Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mazzucato, V., Kabki, M., and Smith, L.. 2006. ‘Transnational migration and the economy of funerals: changing practices in Ghana’. Development and Change 37 (5): pp.1047–72.
Mbembe, A. and Roitman, J.. 1995. ‘Figures of the subject in times of crisis’, Public Culture 7 (2): 323–52.
McAllister, P. 1980. ‘Work, homestead and the shades: the ritual interpretation of labour migration among the Gcaleka’, in Mayer, P. (ed.), Black Villagers in an Industrial Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McAllister, P. 1985. ‘Beasts to beer pots: migrant labour and ritual change in Willowvale District, Transkei’, African Studies 44 (2): 121–35.
McAllister, P. 1991. ‘Using ritual to resist domination in the Transkei’, in Spiegel, A. D. and McAllister, P. A. (eds), Tradition and Transition in Southern Africa: African Studies Fiftieth Anniversary Volume 50 (1 and 2): 129–44.
McGregor, J. 2008. ‘Abject spaces, transnational calculations: Zimbabweans in Britain navigating work, class and the law’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 33 (4): 466–82.
McGregor, J. 2010. ‘Introduction: the making of Zimbabwe's new diaspora’, in McGregor, J. and Primorac, R. (eds), Zimbabwe's New Diaspora: displacement and the cultural politics of survival. Oxford: Berghahn.
McKay, D. 2003. ‘Cultivating new local futures: remittance economies and land-use patterns in Ifugao, Philippines’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 34 (2): 285–306.
McNamara, J. K. 1978. ‘Social Life, Ethnicity and Conflict in a Gold Mine Hostel’. MA dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
McNamara, J. K. 1985. ‘Black Worker Conflicts on South African Gold Mines: 1973–1982’. PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
McNeill, F. G. 2009. ‘“Condoms cause AIDS”: poison, prevention and denial in Venda, South Africa’, African Affairs 108 (432): 353–70.
Meagher, K. 2010. Identity Economics: social networks and the informal economy in Nigeria. Woodbridge: James Currey.
Meillassoux, C. 1981. Maidens, Meals and Money: capitalism and the domestic economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Messina (Transvaal) Development Company. 1954a. Copper Cavalcade: 50 years of the Messina Copper Mine. Messina (Transvaal) Development Company.
Messina (Transvaal) Development Company 1954b. A Brief History. Messina (Transvaal) Development Company.
Messina Publicity Association. c.1961. Messina: the most northern town in the Republic. Messina Publicity Association.
Mills, J. A. G. 1952. Messina, Northern Transvaal: a short history. Messina Mail-Coach Organising Committee of the Van Riebeeck Festival.
Mollona, M. 2005. ‘Factory, family and neighbourhood: the political economy of informal labour in Sheffield’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 11 (3): 527–48.
Moodie, T. D. 1980. ‘The formal and informal structure of a South African gold mine’, Human Relations 33 (8): 555–74.
Moodie, T. D. 1983. ‘Mine culture and miners’ identity on the South African gold mines’ in Bozzoli, B. (ed.), Town and Country in the Transvaal: capitalist penetration and popular response. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
Moodie, T. D. with Ndatshe, V.. 1994. Going For Gold: mines, men and migration. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Morreira, S. 2010. ‘Seeking solidarity: Zimbabwean undocumented migrants in Cape Town, 2007’, Journal of Southern African Studies 36 (2): 433–48.
Morrell, R. 2001. ‘The times of change: men and masculinity in South Africa’, in Morrell, R. (ed.), Changing Men in Southern Africa. London: Zed Books.
Motenda, M. M. 1942. ‘History of the western Venda and of the Lemba’, in van Warmelo, N. J. (ed.), The Copper Miners of Musina and the Early History of the Zoutpansberg, Union of South Africa Ethnological Publications Vol. VIII. Pretoria: Union of South Africa Government Printer.
Mtisi, J., Nyakudya, M., and Barnes, T.. 2009. ‘War in Rhodesia, 1965–1980’, in Raftopoulos, B. and Mlambo, A. S. (eds), Becoming Zimbabwe: a history from the pre-colonial period to 2008. Harare: Weaver Press.
Murray, C. 1981. Families Divided: the impact of migrant labour in Lesotho. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Murray, M. 1995. ‘Blackbirding at “Crooks' Corner”: illicit labour recruitment in the Northeastern Transvaal 1910–1940’, Journal of Southern African Studies 21 (3): 373–97.
Muzondidya, J. 2009. ‘From buoyancy to crisis, 1980–1997’, in Raftopoulos, B. and Mlambo, A. S. (eds), Becoming Zimbabwe: a history from the pre-colonial period to 2008. Harare: Weaver Press.
Muzvidziwa, V. 2001. ‘Zimbabwe's cross-border women traders: multiple identities and responses to new challenges’. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 19 (1): 67–80.
Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. 2009. Do ‘Zimbabweans’ Exist?: trajectories of nationalism, national identity formation and crisis in a postcolonial state. Oxford: Peter Lang.
Newman, K. S. 1988. Falling from Grace: the experience of downward mobility in the American middle class. London: The Free Press (Collier Macmillan).
Norman, W. O. 2005. ‘Living on the Frontline: politics, migration and transfrontier conservation in the Mozambican villages of the Mozambique-South Africa borderland.’ PhD thesis, University of London (LSE), London.
Nyamnjoh, F. B. 2006. Insiders and Outsiders: citizenship and xenophobia in contemporary Southern Africa. London: Zed Books.
Oomen, B. 2005. Chiefs in South Africa: law, power and culture in the post-apartheid era. Oxford: James Currey.
Orner, P. and Holmes, A. (eds). 2011. Don't Listen to What I'm About to Say: voices of Zimbabwe. Jeppestown: Jonathan Ball.
Ortiz, S. 2002. ‘Laboring in the factories and in the fields’, Annual Review of Anthropology 31: 395–417.
Palmer, R. 1977. Land and Racial Domination in Rhodesia. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press
Parry, J. P. 1999. ‘Lords of labour: working and shirking in Bhilai’, Contributions to Indian Sociology 33 (1): 107–40.
Parry, J. P. 2003. ‘Nehru's dream and the village “waiting room”: long distance labour migrants to a central Indian town’, Contributions to Indian sociology 37 (1 and 2): 49–81.
Parry, J. P. and Bloch, M.. 1989. ‘Introduction’, in Parry, J. P. and Bloch, M. (eds), Money and the Morality of Exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pelkmans, M. 2006. Defending the Border: identity, religion, and modernity in the Republic of Georgia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Phimister, , 1988. An Economic and Social History of Zimbabwe 1890–1948: capital accumulation and class struggle. London: Longman.
Pilossof, R. 2011. The Unbearable Whiteness of Being: farmers’ voices from Zimbabwe. Harare: Weaver Press.
Polanyi, K. 2001[1944]. The Great Transformation: the political and economic origins of our time. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Potts, D. 2006. ‘“Restoring order”? Operation Murambatsvina and the urban crisis in Zimbabwe’, Journal of Southern African Studies 32 (2): 273–91.
Preston-Whyte, E. 1991. ‘Invisible workers: domestic service and the informal economy’, in Preston-Whyte, E. and Rogerson, C. (eds), South Africa's Informal Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rabe, M. 2006. ‘Black workers, fatherhood and South Africa's gold mines’, in Alexander, P., Dawson, M.C., and Ichharam, M. (eds), Globalisation and New Identities: a view from the middle. Johannesburg: Jacana.
Raftopoulos, B. 2003. ‘The state in crisis: authoritarian nationalism, selective citizenship and distortions of democracy in Zimbabwe’, in Hammar, A., Raftopoulos, B., and Jensen, S. (eds), Zimbabwe's Unfinished Business: rethinking land, state and nation in the context of crisis. Harare: Weaver Press.
Raftopoulos, B. 2009. ‘The crisis in Zimbabwe, 1998–2008’, in Raftopoulos, B. and Mlambo, A. S. (eds), Becoming Zimbabwe: a history from the pre-colonial period to 2008. Harare: Weaver Press.
Raftopoulos, B. and Phimister, I.. 2004. ‘Zimbabwe now: the political economy of crisis and coercion’, Historical Materialism 12 (4): 355–82.
Rajak, D. 2008. ‘“Uplift and empower”: the market, the gift and Corporate Social Responsibility on South Africa's platinum belt’, in Neve, G. De, Luetchford, P., Pratt, J., and Wood, D. C. (eds), Hidden Hands in the Market: ethnographies of fair trade, ethical consumption, and corporate social responsibility (Research in Economic Anthropology, Volume 28). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
Ramphele, M. 1993. A Bed Called Home: life in the migrant labour hostels of Cape Town. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Ranger, T. 1982. ‘The death of Chaminuka: spirit mediums, nationalism and the guerilla war in Zimbabwe’, African Affairs 81 (324): 349–69.
Ranger, T. 1985. Peasant Consciousness and Guerilla War in Zimbabwe: a comparative study. London: James Currey
Ranger, T. 1995. Are We Not Also Men? The Samkange family and African politics in Zimbabwe 1920–64. London: James Currey.
Ranger, T. 2004. ‘Nationalist historiography, patriotic history and the history of the nation: the struggle over the past in Zimbabwe’, Journal of Southern African Studies 30 (2): 215–34.
Robins, S. L. 2005. ‘Introduction’ in Robins, S. L. (ed.), Limits to Liberation after Apartheid: citizenship, governance and culture. Oxford: James Currey.
Rogerson, C. 1991. ‘Home-based enterprises of the urban poor: the case of spazas’, in Preston-Whyte, E. and Rogerson, C. (eds), South Africa's Informal Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Roitman, J. 2004. ‘Productivity in the margins: the reconstitution of state power in the Chad basin’, in Das, V. and Poole, D. (eds), Anthropology in the Margins of the State. Oxford: James Currey.
Rutherford, B. 2001. Working on the Margins: black workers, white farmers in postcolonial Zimbabwe. London: Zed Books.
Rutherford, B. 2003. ‘Belonging to the farm(er): farm workers, farmers, and the shifting politics of citizenship’, in Hammar, A., Raftopoulos, B., and Jensen, S. (eds), Zimbabwe's Unfinished Business: rethinking land, state and nation in the context of crisis. Harare: Weaver Press.
Rutherford, B. 2006. ‘Borderline projects: Zimbabwean farm workers and (im)mobile resource strategies in South Africa’. Paper presented at the LSE Anthropology Department Africa Seminar, 22 June.
Rutherford, B. 2008. ‘An unsettled belonging: Zimbabwean farm workers in Limpopo Province, South Africa’, Journal of Contemporary African Studies 26 (4): 401–15.
Rutherford, B. 2010. ‘Zimbabwean farmworkers in Limpopo Province, South Africa’, in McGregor, J. and Primorac, R. (eds), Zimbabwe's New Diaspora: displacement and the cultural politics of survival. Oxford: Berghahn.
Rutherford, B. 2011. ‘The uneasy ties of working and belonging: the changing situation for undocumented Zimbabwean migrants in northern South Africa’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 34 (8): 1303–19.
Rutherford, B. and Addison, L.. 2007. ‘Zimbabwean farm workers in northern South Africa’, Review of African Political Economy 34 (114): 619–35.
Sampson, A. 2005. Drum: the making of a magazine. Jeppestown: Jonathan Ball.
Sassen-Koob, S. 1987. ‘Issues of core and periphery: labour migration and global restructuring’, in Henderson, J. and Castells, M. (eds), Global Restructuring and Territorial Development. London: Sage.
Scarnecchia, T. 1999. ‘The mapping of respectability and the transformation of African residential space’, in Raftopoulos, B. and Yoshikuni, T. (eds), Sites of Struggle: essays in Zimbabwe's urban history. Harare: Weaver Press.
Scoones, I., Marongwe, N., Mavedzenge, B., Mahenehene, J., Murimbarimba, F., and Sukume, C.. 2010. Zimbabwe's Land Reform: myths and realities. Woodbridge: James Currey.
Sennett, R. 1998. The Corrosion of Character: the personal consequences of work in the new capitalism. London: Norton.
SPT (Solidarity Peace Trust). 2004. No War in Zimbabwe: an account of the exodus of a nation's people. 15 November 2004. Port Shepstone: Solidarity Peace Trust.
SPT (Solidarity Peace Trust) 2005. Discarding the Filth: Operation Murambatsvina. Interim report on the Zimbabwean government's ‘urban cleansing’ and forced eviction campaign May/June 2005. 27 June 2005. Port Shepstone: Solidarity Peace Trust.
Sylvain, R. 2001. ‘Bushmen, boers and baasskap: patriarchy and paternalism on Afrikaner farms in the Omaheke region, Namibia’, Journal of Southern African Studies 27 (4): 717–37.
Tevera, D. and Chikanda, A.. 2009. Migrant Remittances and Household Survival in Zimbabwe. Southern African Migration Project Migration Policy Series No. 51. Cape Town: Idasa.
Thompson, E. P. 1967. ‘Time, work-discipline and industrial capitalism’, Past and Present 38: 56–97.
Tibaijuka, A. K. 2005. Report of the Fact-Finding Mission to Zimbabwe to Assess the Scope and Impact of Operation Murambatsvina by the UN Special Envoy on Human Settlements Issues in Zimbabwe. <http://ww2.unhabitat.org/documents/ZimbabweReport.pdf> (Accessed 18 November 2010).
Trapido, S. 1978. ‘Landlord and tenant in a colonial economy: the Transvaal 1880–1910’, Journal of Southern African Studies 5 (1): 26–58.
Turton, D. 2005. ‘The meaning of place in a world of movement: lessons from long-term field research in southern Ethiopia’, Journal of Refugee Studies 18 (3): 258–80.
Ulicki, T. and Crush, J.. 2000. ‘Gender, farmwork, and women's migration from Lesotho to the new South Africa’. Canadian Journal of African Studies 34 (1): 64–79.
Valencius, C. B. 2002. The Health of the Country: how American settlers understood themselves and their land. New York, NY: Basic Books.
van Onselen, C. 1976. Chibaro: African mine labour in Southern Rhodesia 1900–1933. London: Pluto Press.
van Onselen, C. 1992. ‘The social and economic underpinning of paternalism and violence on the maize farms of the South-Western Transvaal’, Journal of Historical Sociology 5 (2): 127–60.
van Onselen, C. 1996. The Seed is Mine: the life of Kas Maine, a South African sharecropper 1894–1985. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball.
van Schendel, W. 2005. ‘Spaces of engagement: how borderlands, illegal flows and territorial states interlock’, in Abraham, I. and van Schendel, W. (eds), Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: states, borders, and the other side of globalisation. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
van Warmelo, N. J. 1942. ‘Introduction’, in van Warmelo, N. J. (ed.), The Copper Miners of Musina and the Early History of the Zoutpansberg, Union of South Africa Ethnological Publications Vol. VIII. Pretoria: Union of South Africa Government Printer.
Vaughan, M. 2010. ‘The history of romantic love in Sub-Saharan Africa: between interest and emotion’, Proceedings of the British Academy 167: 1–23.
Veit-Wild, F. 2009. ‘“Zimbolicious” – the creative potential of linguistic innovation: the case of Shona-English in Zimbabwe’, Journal of Southern African Studies 35 (3): 683–97.
Ventura, R. 2006. Underground in Japan. Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Vigh, H. 2008. ‘Crisis and chronicity: anthropological perspectives on continuous conflict and decline’, Ethnos 73 (1): 5–24.
von Holdt, K. and Webster, E.. 2005. ‘Work restructuring and the crisis of social reproduction: a southern perspective’, in Webster, E. and von Holdt, K. (eds), Beyond the Apartheid Workplace: studies in transition. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
Wagner, R. 1980. ‘Zoutpansberg: the dynamics of a hunting frontier, 1848–67’, in Marks, S. and Atmore, A. (eds), Economy and Society in Pre-Industrial South Africa. London: Longman.
Waldman, L. 1996. ‘Monkey in a spiderweb: the dynamics of farmer control and paternalism’, African Studies 55 (1): 63–86.
Weber, M. 1992 (1930). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London: Routledge.
Werbner, R. 1991. Tears of the Dead: the social biography of an African family. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
West, M. 2002. The Rise of an African Middle Class: colonial Zimbabwe, 1898–1965. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
White, H. 2012. ‘A post-Fordist ethnicity: insecurity, authority, and identity in South Africa’, Anthropological Quarterly 85 (2): 397–428.
Wilson, F. 1972. Labour in the South African Gold Mines, 1911–1969. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wilson, T. D. 2005. Subsidising Capitalism: brickmakers on the U.S.-Mexican border. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Wolpe, H. 1972. ‘Capitalism and cheap labour-power in South Africa: from segregation to apartheid’, Economy and Society 1 (4): 425–56.
Worby, E. 1998. ‘Tyranny, parody and ethnic polarity: ritual engagements with the state in northwestern Zimbabwe’, Journal of Southern African Studies 24 (3): 561–78.
Worby, E. 2010. ‘Address unknown: the temporality of displacement and the ethics of disconnection among Zimbabwean migrants in Johannesburg’, Journal of Southern African Studies 36 (2): 417–31.
Zinyama, L. M. 2000. ‘Who, what, when and why: cross-border movement from Zimbabwe to South Africa’, in McDonald, D. (ed.), On Borders: perspectives on international migration in Southern Africa. New York, NY: St Martin's Press.