Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Women and Power in Postconflict Africa
  • Cited by 189
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
November 2015
Print publication year:
2015
Online ISBN:
9781316336014
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316336014
Subjects:
Area Studies, Politics: General Interest, African Studies, Politics and International Relations, African Government, Politics and Policy
Series:
Cambridge Studies in Gender and Politics
Information

Book description

The book explains an unexpected consequence of the decrease in conflict in Africa after the 1990s. Analysis of cross-national data and in-depth comparisons of case studies of Uganda, Liberia and Angola show that post-conflict countries have significantly higher rates of women's political representation in legislatures and government compared with countries that have not undergone major conflict. They have also passed more legislative reforms and made more constitutional changes relating to women's rights. The study explains how and why these patterns emerged, tying these outcomes to the conjuncture of the rise of women's movements, changes in international women's rights norms and, most importantly, gender disruptions that occur during war. This book will help scholars, students, women's rights activists, international donors, policy makers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and others better understand some of the circumstances that are most conducive to women's rights reform today and why.

Awards

Winner, 2015 Best Book Award, African Politics Conference Group, American Political Science Association

Finalist, 2016 Melville J. Herskovitz Prize, African Studies Association

Reviews

'Among the most notable outcomes of civil conflicts has been the expansion of women's roles and rights, particularly in the political sphere. Studies and theories abound, but Tripp (Univ. of Wisconsin–Madison) takes them to a new level. She seeks to explain why women enjoy greater social, political, constitutional, and legislative prominence in post-conflict states and how they achieved this so quickly under difficult circumstances … Highly recommended for university and larger public library systems and collections specializing in African studies, international affairs, comparative politics, and war and peace studies.'

J. P. Smaldone Source: Choice

'… Tripp’s book examines a decade-long pattern of high participation of women in parliament and leadership along with women’s rights policies in postconflict African countries.'

Manisha Desai Source: Mobilization: An International Quarterly

'This book provides a rich, historical, and comparative account of the impact of women and conflicts in shaping evolving gender regimes. One of the book’s greatest strengths is its disruptions of the essentialist arguments often tied to sub-Saharan Africa via its recognition of African women’s agency in shaping their own destiny as well as international, mainstream discourses of gender equality and empowerment. … it calls for more geographic studies on development and gendered activism. Women and Power in Postconflict Africa is a powerful contribution to the scholarship on gender and development in its attention to historical and contextual analyses of women’s rights and empowerment. It also extends the literature on civil society through its attention to the heterogeneity of women’s organizing in the region and the spaces of possibilities that exist even in dire circumstances.'

Oceane Jasor Source: H-Diplo

'Women and Power in Postconflict Africa offers an impressively rich and comprehensive picture of gender regime change in post-1990s Africa. Using case studies and cross-national analytical data, Aili Tripp’s new book provides insights into key causal processes that enable a shift in gender norms and roles in the postconflict environment, and highlights the roles that women play as agents of change in a variety of conflict, peace, and postconflict processes.'

Sarah Shair-Rosenfield Source: Perspectives on Politics

'Tripp’s Women and Power in Post-Conflict Africa provides an impressively detailed analysis of [postconflict and gender] dynamics in Angola, Liberia, and Uganda.'

Marie E. Berry and Milli Lake Source: Politics and Gender

'Tripp has performed a great service in pulling together a wide range of research and analysis on women and political power. In the end, she has brought us a thoughtful assessment of an issue that should be at the top of every nation’s agenda - what can be done to improve the role and influence of women in politics, not only in Africa, but around the world.'

Kathleen Sheldon Source: African Studies Review

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

Contents

Contents
  • 9 - Women's Rights and Postconflict Legislative Reform
    pp 218-232
      • You have access
    • PDF
    • Export citation
References
References
“Government, Women's Groups Decry Post-War Sexual Violence.” UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, 15 January 2007 Google Scholar.
“Human Rights Problems Persist, Says UN Report.” 22 March 2007 Google Scholar.
“Officials Adopt Legislation on Land, Property Ownership,” UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, 8 September 2006 Google Scholar.
“Paper Hails Liberian Women for Holding Peace Talks Delegates ‘Hostage’.” Accra Mail, BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 24 July 2003 Google Scholar.
“Speaker Wants Women Bill Passed – Proposes Citizens Political Covenant.” The News, 15 January 2003 Google Scholar.
“Uganda Women to Form Lobby against War.” Africa Network News Bulletin 9 October 1996 Google Scholar.
“UIA in New Push for Women Investors.” The Monitor, 21 June 2001 Google Scholar.
“UN Informed About Government's Measures on Women (Angola).” Angola Press 12 March 2014 Google Scholar.
“Violence against Women, Abandoning Female Genital Mutilation: The Role of National Parliaments.” African Parliamentary Conference. 2005 Google Scholar.
“Women Want International Force Deployed …Concerned About Escalating Crisis.” The News (Monrovia), 4 April 2003 Google Scholar.
“Women in Uganda Stage March for Peace,” Globe and Mail 7 September 1985 Google Scholar.
“Women, Speaker Fuss over Appointment …As WIPNET Presents Position to Lawmakers.” The News 17, April 2003 Google Scholar.
Abbas, Sara. “The Sudanese Women's Movement and the Mobilisation for the 2008 Legislative Quota and Its Aftermath.” IDS Bulletin 41.5 (2010 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 100–08.
Abdi, Hawa, and Robbins, Sarah J.. Keeping Hope Alive: One Woman, 90,000 Lives Changed. New York: Grand Central Pub., 2013 Google Scholar.
Action Against Hunger. Food Security Assessment Gulu IDP Camps, 2003 Google Scholar.
Abdullah, Hussaina J., and Fofana-Ibrahim, Aisha. “The Meaning and Practice of Women's Empowerment in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone.” Development 53.2 (2010 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 259–66.
Abdullahi, Abdurahman M. “Women and the Constitutional Debate in Somalia.” Unpublished paper. 2009 Google Scholar.
Abramowitz, Sharon, and Moran, Mary H.. “International Human Rights, Gender-Based Violence, and Local Discourses of Abuse in Post-conflict Liberia: A Problem of “Culture”?” African Studies Review 55.2 (2012 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 119–46.
Ahmed, Leila. “Feminism and Feminist Movements in the Middle East, a Preliminary Exploration: Turkey, Egypt, Algeria, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen’.” Women's Studies International Forum 5.2 (1982 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 153–68.
Akallo, Grace, and McDonnell, Faith J. H.. Girl Soldier: A Story of Hope for Northern Uganda's Children. Grand Rapids, MI: Chosen, 2007 Google Scholar.
Akello, Grace. Self Twice-Removed: Ugandan Women (Change (UK) International Reports: Women and Society)London: CHANGE International 1982 Google Scholar.
Akesson, Lisa. Angola Country Gender Analysis: Prepared for the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA), Luanda, Angola, 1992 Google Scholar.
Ali, Nada Mustafa. Gender and Statebuilding in South Sudan. Washington. DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 2011 Google Scholar.
All-Party Burundi Women's Peace Conference. Final Declaration. Arusha. 2000 Google Scholar.
Amnesty International. Sierra Leone: Women Face Human Rights Abuses in the Informal Legal Sector. Amnesty International, 2006 Google Scholar.
Amony, Evelyn, and Baines, Erin (editor). I Am Evelyn Amony: Reclaiming My Life from the Lord's Resistance Army. Madison: University of Wisconsin-Press, 2015 Google Scholar.
Amundsen, Inge, and Abreu, Cesaltina. Civil Society in Angola: Inroads, Space and Accountability. Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute, 2006 Google Scholar.
Anderlini, Sanam Naraghi. “Translating Global Agreement into National and Local Commitments.” Women and War: Power and Protection in the 21st Century. Eds. Kuehnast, Kathleen R., de Jonge Oudraat, Chantal, and Hernes, Helga Maria. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2011 Google Scholar. 19–36.
Anderson, Miriam. “Considering Local Versus International Norms on Women's Rights in Contemporary Peace Processes.” Presented at Conference on Gender, Peace and Security: Local Interpretations of International Norms. Davis Institute, Hebrew University, Israel. 2010 Google Scholar.
Anderson, Miriam J., and Swiss, Liam. “Peace Accords and the Adoption of Electoral Quotas for Women in the Developing World, 1990–2006.” Politics & Gender 10 (2014 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 33–61.
Aning, Emmanuel Kwesi. “Women and Civil Conflict: Liberia and Sierra Leone.” African Journal of International Affairs 1.2 (1998 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 45–58.
Ankrah, Maxine E. “Conflict: The Experience of Ugandan Women in Revolution and Reconstruction.” Unpublished paper. 1987 Google Scholar.
Annan, Jeannie, Blattman, Christopher, Mazurana, Dyan, and Carlson, Khristopher. “Civil War, Reintegration, and Gender in Northern Uganda.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 55.6 (2011 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 877–908.
Arabi, Asha. “‘In Power without Power’: Women in Politics and Leadership Positions in South Sudan.” Hope, Pain & Patience: The Lives of Women in South Sudan. Eds. Bubenzer, Friederike and Stern, Orly. Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana Media, 2011 Google Scholar.
Association for Women's Rights in Development. Association of Women in Development 2011 Global Survey: Where Is the Money for Women's Rights? 2011 Google Scholar.
Autesserre, Severine. “Dangerous Tales: Dominant Narratives on the Congo and Their Unintended Consequences.” African Affairs 111.443 (2012 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 202–22.
AWPSG, African Women and Peace Support Group. Liberian Women Peacemakers. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2004 Google Scholar.
Ayiera, Eva. “Sexual Violence in Conflict: A Problematic International Discourse.” Feminist Africa 14 (2010 Google Scholar): 7–20.
Badmus, Isiaka Alani. “Explaining Women's Roles in the West African Tragic Triplet: Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte D'Ivoire in Comparative Perspective.” Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences 1.3 (2009 Google Scholar): 808–39.
Bainomugisha, A. “The Empowerment of Women.” Uganda's Age of Reforms: A Critical Overview. Ed. Mugaju, Justus. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers, 1999 Google Scholar.
Ball, Jennifer. In Their Own Voices: Learning from Women Peacebuilders in Uganda. Guelph, ON: University of Guelph, 2009 Google Scholar.
Banda, Fareda. Women, Law and Human Rights: An African Perspective. Oxford; Portland, OR: Hart Publishing, 2005 Google Scholar.
Bannerman, Lucy. “We Are Women, Hear Us Roar.” Time Magazine 12 January 2008 Google Scholar.
Barnes, Catherine. Owning the Process: Mechanisms for Political Participation of the Public in Peacemaking. London: Conciliation Resources, 2002 Google Scholar.
Bashir, Halima, and Lewis, Damien. Tears of the Desert: A Memoir of Survival in Darfur. New York: One World Ballantine Books, 2008 Google Scholar.
Bath, Tony. “Civil Society Take Maternal Mortality Fight to Supreme Court.” URN 20 September 2013 Google Scholar.
Bauer, Gretchen, and Britton, Hannah Evelyn. Women in African Parliaments. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006 Google Scholar.
Bauer, Gretchen, and Burnet, Jennie E.. “Gender Quotas, Democracy, and Women's Representation in Africa: Some Insights from Democratic Botswana and Autocratic Rwanda.” Women's Studies International Forum 41.2(2013 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 103–12.
Bauer, Gretchen. “‘What Is Wrong with a Woman Being Chief?’ Women Chiefs and Symbolic and Substantive Representation in Botswana.” Journal of Asian and African Studies: August 21 (2014 Google Scholar).
Bauer, Jacqui. “Women and the 2005 Election in Liberia.” Journal of Modern African Studies 47.2 (2009 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 193–211.
Beah, Ishmael. A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007 Google Scholar.
Beckwith, Karen. “Gendered Competitive Interaction and Women's Executive Electoral Success.” Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. 2009 Google Scholar.
Bell, Christine, and O'Rourke, Catherine. “Does Feminism Need a Theory of Transitional Justice? An Introductory Essay.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 1.1 (2007 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 23–44.
Belloni, Roberto. “Civil Society and Peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Journal of Peace Research 38.2 (2001 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 163–80.
Benderly, Jill. “A Women's Place Is at the Peace Table.” SAIS Review 20.2 (2000 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 79–83.
Bennett, Elizabeth. “Rwanda Strides Towards Gender Equality in Government.” Kennedy School Review (2014 Google Scholar).
Bennett, T. W., and Vermeulen, T.. “Codification of Customary Law.” Journal of African Law 24.2 (1980 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 206–19.
Binder, Christina, Lukas, Karin, and Schweiger, Romana. “Empty Words or Real Achievement? The Impact of Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women in Armed Conflicts.” Radical History Review 101 (2008 Google Scholar): 22–41.
Birabiro, Meti. Blue Daughter of the Red Sea: A Memoir. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004 Google Scholar.
Black, Renee. “Mainstreaming Resolution 1325? Evaluating the Impact on Security Council Resolution 1325 on Country-Specific UN Resolutions.” Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 11.4 (2009 Google Scholar): 1–30.
Böhme, Jeannette. Literature Research on the Implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325. Berlin, Germany: Heinrich Böll Stiftung, 2011 Google Scholar.
Bouta, Tsjeard, Bannon, Ian, and Frerks, Georg. Gender, Conflict, and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005 Google Scholar.
Boyd, Rosalind. “Empowerment of Women in Contemporary Uganda: Real or Symbolic?” Labour, Capital and Society 22.1 (1989 Google Scholar).
Boye, Abd-el K., Hill, Kathleen, Isaacs, Stephen, and Gordis, Deborah. “Marriage Law and Practice in the Sahel.” Studies in Family Planning 22.6 (1991 CrossRef | Google Scholar | PubMed): 343–9.
Brassard, Geneviève. “From Private Story to Public History: Irene Rathbone Revises the War in the Thirties.” NWSA Journal (Special Issue: Gender and Modernism between the Wars, 1918–1939) 15.3 (2003 Google Scholar): 43–63.
Britton, Hannah Evelyn. Women in the South African Parliament: From Resistance to Governance. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2005 Google Scholar.
Bruthus, Lois Lewis. Expert Group Meeting On Gender Equality and Ensuring Participation of Women. Ottawa, Canada: United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW), 2003 Google Scholar.
Bumiller, Kristin. In an Abusive State: How Neoliberalism Appropriated the Feminist Movement against Sexual Violence. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008 Google Scholar.
Burnet, Jennie E. “Gender Balance and the Meanings of Women in Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” African Affairs 107.428 (2008 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 361–86.
Burnet, Jennie E.Genocide Lives in Us: Women, Memory, and Silence in Rwanda. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012 Google Scholar.
Burnet, Jennie E. “Women Have Found Respect: Gender Quotas, Symbolic Representation, and Female Empowerment in Rwanda.” Politics & Gender 7.3 (2011 Google Scholar): 303–34.
Bush, Sarah Sunn. “International Politics and the Spread of Quotas for Women in Legislatures.” International Organization 65.1 (2011 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 103–37.
Busharizi, Paul, and Emasu, Alice. “Tilting the Balance.” Women's Vision (1995 Google Scholar): 1.
Caesar, Ruth, Garlo, Cerue Konah, Nagarajan, Chitra and Schoofs, Steven. “Implementing Resolution 1325 in Liberia: Reflections of Women's Associations.” International Alert, IFP GenderCluster, 2010 Google Scholar.
Campbell, Horace. Militarism, Warfare, and the Search for Peace in Angola: The Contribution of Angolan Women. Pretoria: African Institute of South Africa. 2001 Google Scholar.
Campbell-Nelson, Karen. Liberia Is Not Just a Man-Thing: Transitional Justice Lessons for Women, Peace and Security. London: International Center for Transitional Justice. 2008 Google Scholar.
Candia, Steven. “Ugandan Appointed Interpol Boss for Africa.” New Vision 12 January 2012 Google Scholar.
Carroll, Rory. “‘Everyone's Afraid of Her’.” The Guardian 23 August 2003 Google Scholar.
Castillejo, Clare. Strengthening Women's Citizenship in the Context of State-Building: The Experience of Sierra Leone. Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE), 2008 Google Scholar.
Chatham House. “Angola: Drivers of Change.” Civil Society. London: Chatham House, 2005 Google Scholar.
Chibita, Monica Balya. “On God's Call.” Women's Vision 30 January 1996 Google Scholar.
Chingwete, A., Richmond, S., and Alpin, C.. Support for African Women's Equality Rises: Education, Jobs & Political Participation Still Unequal. 2014 Google Scholar, Afrobarometer.
Chishugi, Leah. A Long Way from Paradise: Surviving the Rwandan Genocide. London: Hachette Digital, Little, Brown Book Group, 2010 Google Scholar.
Coalition for International Justice. Following Taylor's Money: A Path of War and Destruction. Washington, DC: Coalition for International Justice. 2005 Google Scholar.
Cohen, Dara K., and Green, Amelia H.. “Dueling Incentives: Sexual Violence in Liberia and the Politics of Human Rights Advocacy.” Journal of Peace Research 49.3 (2012 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 445–58.
Collier, Paul, et al. Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. Washington, DC; Oxford: World Bank; Oxford University Press, 2003 Google Scholar.
Comerford, Michael G.The Peaceful Face of Angola: Biography of a Peace Process (1991 to 2002). Windhoek, Namibia: John Meinert Printing, 2005 Google Scholar.
Conaway, Camille Pampell, and Shoemaker, Jolynn. Women in United Nations Peace Operations: Increasing the Leadership Opportunities. Washington, DC: Women in International Security, Georgetown University, 2008 Google Scholar.
Connell, Raewyn. Gender. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2002 Google Scholar.
Cooper, Barbara. “The Politics of Difference and Women's Associations in Niger: Of ‘Prostitutes,’ the Public and Politics.” Signs 20.4 (1995 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 851–82.
Cooper, Helene. The House at Sugar Beach: In Search of a Lost African Childhood. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008 Google Scholar.
Copelon, Rhonda. “Gender Crimes as War Crimes: Integrating Crimes against Women into International Criminal Law.” McGill Law Journal 46 (2000 Google Scholar): 217–40.
Corrin, Chris. “Developing Democracy in Kosova: From Grass Roots to Government.” Women, Politics, and Change. Ed. Ross, Karen. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002 Google Scholar. 99–108.
D'Awol, Anyieth M. “‘Sibu Ana, Sibu Ana’ (‘Leave Me, Leave Me’): Survivors of Sexual Violence in South Sudan.” Hope, Pain & Patience: The Lives of Women in South Sudan. Eds. Bubenzer, Friederike and Stern, Orly. Auckland Park, South Africa: Fanele/Jacana Media, 2011 Google Scholar. xxxi, 259p.
Dahlerup, Drude. Women, Quotas and Politics. New York: Routledge, 2006 Google Scholar.
Dallaire, Roméo. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2004 Google Scholar.
Dann, Philipp, and Al-Ali, Zaid. “The Internationalized Pouvoir Constituant – Constitution-Making under External Influence in Iraq, Sudan and East Timor.” Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 10. Eds. von Bogdandy, A. and Wolfrum, R.. Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill, 2006 Google Scholar. 423–63.
Daoud, Zakya. Féminisme et Politique au Maghreb: Sept Décennies De Lutte. Casablanca: Editions Eddif, 1996 Google Scholar.
Davies, Alberta. Raw Edge of Purgatory: I Survived the Liberian Pogrom. Xlibris, 2011 Google Scholar.
de Watteville, Nathalie. Addressing Gender Issues in Demobilization and Reintegration Programs. World Bank, 2002 Google Scholar.
Decker, Alicia C.In Idi Amin's Shadow: Women, Gender, and Militarism in Uganda. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2014 Google Scholar.
Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). Monrovia, Liberia: Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS) Monrovia, Liberia. 2007 Google Scholar. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Monrovia, Liberia. National AIDS Control Program Monrovia, Liberia. Macro International Inc. Calverton, Maryland, USA, 2007.
Denzer, LaRay. “Women in Freetown Politics, 1914–61: A Preliminary Study.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 57.4 (1987 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 439–56.
Devlin, Claire, and Elgie, Robert. “The Effect of Increased Women's Representation in Parliament: The Case of Rwanda.” Parliamentary Affairs 61.2 (2008 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 237–54.
Diggs, Mwamini Thambwe Mwamba. The Untold Story of the Women and Children of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Analysis of Violence in Eastern DRC. Houston, TX: Strategic Book Publishing, 2012 Google Scholar.
Dini, Shukria. Clan Leaders: Major Obstacle to Somali Women's Political Participation, 2012 Google Scholar.
Dirasse, Laketch. “The Gender Dimension of Making Peace in Africa.” Disarmament Diplomacy 48. July (2000 Google Scholar).
Disney, Jennifer. Women's Activism and Feminist Agency in Mozambique and Nicaragua. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008 Google Scholar.
Dolan, Kerry. “Daddy's Girl: How an African ‘Princess’ Banked $3 Billion in a Country Living on $2 a Day.” Forbes 2 September 2013 Google Scholar.
Doyle, Michael W., and Sambanis, Nicholas. “International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis.” American Political Science Review 94.4 (2000 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 779–801.
DPA, United Nations Department of Political Affairs. Women & Elections: Guide to Promoting the Participation of Women in Elections, 2004 Google Scholar.
Duany, Julia Aker. Making Peace and Nurturing Life: An African Woman's Journey of Struggle and Hope. Bloomington, IN: 1st Books, 2003 Google Scholar.
Ducados, Henda. “An All Men's Show? Angolan Women's Survival in the 30-Year War.” Agenda Feminist Media 43 (2000 Google Scholar): 11–22.
Dukulé, Abdoulaye W. “Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Speaks on Governance, Elections and Other Issues (Interview).” The Perspective 6 May 2005 Google Scholar.
Ebila, Florence. “Women Watering the Literary Desert.” The Women's Movement in Uganda. Eds. Tripp, Aili Mari and Kwesiga, Joy. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers, 2002 Google Scholar.
El-Bushra, Judy. “Fused in Combat: Gender Relations and Armed Conflict.” Development in Practice 13.2/3 (2003 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 252–65.
Elmi, Halimo. “Testimony 5.” Somalia–the Untold Story: The War through the Eyes of Somali Women. Eds. Gardner, Judith and El-Bushra, Judy. London; Sterling, VA: CIIR; Pluto Press; Catholic Institute for International Relations, 2004 Google Scholar. 127–38.
Enloe, Cynthia. Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives. Austin, TX: Women's International News Gathering Service, 2000 Google Scholar.
Essof, Shereen. “She-Murenga: Challenges, Opportunities and Setbacks of the Women's Movement in Zimbabwe.” Feminist Africa. 4 (2005 Google Scholar).
Fallon, Kathleen, Swiss, Liam, and Viterna, Jocelyn. “Resolving the Democracy Paradox: Democratization and Women's Legislative Representation in Developing Nations, 1975 to 2009.” American Sociological Review 77.3 (2012 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 380–408.
Farah, Ahmed Y., and Lewis, Ioan M.. Somalia, the Roots of Reconciliation: Peace Making Endeavors of Contemporary Lineage Leaders: A Survey of Grassroots Peace Conferences in Somaliland, 1993 Google Scholar.
Fearon, James D., Humphreys, Macartan, and Weinstein, Jeremy M.. “Can Development Aid Contribute to Social Cohesion after Civil War? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Post-Conflict Liberia.” American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings 99.2 (2009 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 287–91.
Femmes Africa Solidarité. Peace Agreements as a Means for Promoting Gender Equality and Ensuring Participation of Women. 10–13 November 2003 Google Scholar. United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW) Expert Group Meeting.
Fernando, Pacheco. “Civil Society in Angola: Fiction or Agent of Change?” Southern Africa. Civil Society, Politics and Donor Strategies Eds. Vidal, Nuno and Chabal, Patrick. Brussels & Luanda: Media XXI & Firmamento with Angolan Catholic University, University of Coimbra & Wageningen University, 2009 Google Scholar. 123–34.
Forna, Aminatta. The Devil That Danced on the Water: A Daughter's Quest. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2002 Google Scholar.
Fortna, Virginia Page. Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004 Google Scholar.
Friedrich Ebert Foundation. Women's Landmarks in the Democratisation Process in Uganda. Kampala, Uganda, 1995 Google Scholar.
Fuest, Veronika. “‘This Is the Time to Get in Front’: Changing Roles and Opportunities for Women in Liberia.” African Affairs 107.427 (2008 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 201–24.
Fuest, Veronika “Contested Inclusions: Pitfalls of NGO Peace-Building Activities in Liberia.” Afrika Spectrum 45.2 (2010 Google Scholar): 3–33.
Galtung, Johann. “Preface.” Communication and Culture in War and Peace. Ed. Roach, C.London: Sage Publications, 1993 Google Scholar.
Garland, David. The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001 Google Scholar.
Gayflor, Hon. Vabah. “Comments Made.” Women and Political Participation in Africa: Lessons from Southern and Eastern Africa. International IDEA, Abantu for Development, Centre Pour Gouvernance Democratique, Burkina Faso, 2005 Google Scholar.
Gbowee, Leymah, and Mithers, Carol Lynn. Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer, and Sex Changed a Nation at War: A Memoir. New York, London: Beast, 2011 Google Scholar.
Geiser, Alexandra. Social Exclusion and Conflict Transformation in Nepal: Women, Dalit and Ethnic Groups. Swiss Peace, 2005 Google Scholar.
Geisler, Gisela. “Sisters Under the Skin: Women and the Women's League in Zambia.” Journal of Modern African Studies 25.1 (1987 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 43–66.
Geisler, Gisela G.Women and the Remaking of Politics in Southern Africa: Negotiating Autonomy, Incorporation and Representation. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2004 Google Scholar.
Gilbert, Sandra M. “Soldier's Heart: Literary Men, Literary Women, and the Great War.” Signs (Special issue: Women and Violence) 8.3 (1983 Google Scholar): 422–50.
Gilman, Lisa. “Purchasing Praise: Women, Dancing, and Patronage in Malawi Party Politics.” Africa Today 48.4 (2001 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 43–64.
Glassmyer, Katherine, and Sambanis, Nicholas. “Rebel−Military Integration and Civil War Termination.” Journal of Peace Research 45.3 (2008 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 365–84.
Gleditsch, Kristian. “A Revised List of Wars between and within Independent States, 1816–2002.” International Interactions 30 (2004 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 231–62.
Global Network of Women Peacebuilders. Women Count: Security Council Resolution 1325: Civil Society Monitoring Report. 2012 Google Scholar.
Goetz, Anne-Marie. “No Shortcuts to Power: Constraints on Women's Political Effectiveness in Uganda.” Journal of Modern African Studies 40.4 (2002 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 549–75.
Goetz, Anne-Marie, and Hassim, Shireen. No Shortcuts to Power: African Women in Politics and Policy Making. Democratic Transition in Conflict-Torn Societies; V. 3. London: Zed Books, 2003 Google Scholar.
Gogineni, Roopa. “Rwandan Parliament's Female Majority Focuses on Equality.” Voice of America 26 September 2013 Google Scholar.
Goldstein, Joshua. Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide. New York: Dutton/Penguin, 2011 Google Scholar.
Government of Liberia. State Party Report on the Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Monrovia: Minister of Gender Development, 2008 Google Scholar.
Government of Liberia. 2008 Google Scholar. Poverty Reduction Strategy.
Government of Somalia. Implementation of The Beijing Platform for Action Beijing+20 Review: Somalia Country Report 2014 Google Scholar, United Nations Committee on the Status of Women.
Government of South Sudan. National Evaluation Report on the Implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) and the United Nations General Assembly (2000): South Sudan April 2014 Google Scholar, United Nations Committee on the Status of Women.
Grill, Bartholomäus. “Culture in Angola: Luanda Is Luminous.” Website of the Goethe Institut, May 22, 2012 Google Scholar. Accessed June 19, 2015, http://mucz-lbv-002.goethe.de/uun/bdu/en9329686.htm
Gray, L., and Kevane, M.. “Diminished Access, Diverted Exclusion: Women and Land Tenure in Sub-Saharan Africa.” African Studies Review 42.2 (1999 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 15–39.
Grobbelaar, Neuma, and Sidiropoulos, Elizabeth. Observer or Participant? The Role of Civil Society in Angola. Pretoria: South African Institute of International Affairs, 2002 Google Scholar.
Guwatudde, Christine R. N. “Church Affiliated NGOs Addressing Rural Women in Uganda: A Case of Two Development Projects.” M.A. Development Studies, Institute of Social Studies, 1987 Google Scholar.
Hari, Daoud. The Translator: A Tribesman's Memoir of Darfur. New York: Random House, 2008 Google Scholar.
Hariir, Shukri. “Testimony 4.” Somalia–the Untold Story: The War through the Eyes of Somali Women. Eds. Gardner, Judith and El-Bushra, Judy. Sterling, VA: CIIR; Pluto Press; Catholic Institute for International Relations, 2004 Google Scholar. 142–52.
Hassim, Shireen. “Terms of Engagement: South African Challenges.” Feminist Africa. 4 (2005 Google Scholar): 10–28.
Heywood, Linda. “Angola and the Violent Years 1975–2008: Civilian Casualties.” Portuguese Studies Review 19.1–2 (2011 Google Scholar): 311–32.
Hillier, Debbie, and Wood, Brian. Shattered Lives: The Case for Tough International Arms Control. London and Oxford: Amnesty International and Oxfam, 2003 CrossRef | Google Scholar. http://controlarms.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Shattered-lives-the-case-for-tough-international-arms-control.pdf
Hogg, Carey Leigh. “Women's Political Representation in Post-Conflict Rwanda: A Politics of Inclusion or Exclusion?” Journal of International Women's Studies 11.3 (2009 Google Scholar): 34–54.
Hughes, Melanie M. “Armed Conflict, International Linkages, and Women's Parliamentary Representation in Developing Nations.” Social Problems 56.1 (2009 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 174–204.
Hughes, Melanie, and Tripp, Aili Mari. “Civil War and Trajectories of Change in Women's Political Representation in Africa, 1985–2010.” Social Forces 93.4 (2015 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 1513–1540.
Human Rights Watch. Struggling to Survive: Barriers to Justice to Rape Victims in Rwanda. New York, 2004 Google Scholar.
Human Security Centre. Human Security Report. Vancouver, BC: Simon Fraser University, 2005 Google Scholar.
Human Security Report Project. Human Security Report. Vancouver, BC: Human Security Report Project, Simon Fraser University, 2006 Google Scholar.
I Am Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Taliban by Yousafzai, Malala (2013) New York Google Scholar: Little, Brown and Company.
Ibrahim, Jibrin. “The First Lady Syndrome and the Marginalisation of Women from Power: Opportunities or Compromises for Gender Equality?” Feminist Africa 3 (2004 Google Scholar).
Ilibagiza, Immaculée, and Erwin, Steve. Left to Tell: Discovering God Amidst the Rwandan Holocaust. Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, Inc., 2006 Google Scholar.
Inglehart, Ronald, and Norris, Pippa. Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change around the World. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Inglehart, Ronald, Norris, Pippa, and Welzel, Chris. “Gender Equality and Democracy.” Comparative Sociology 1.3–4 (2002 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 321–45.
International Crisis Group. “Liberia: Resurrecting the Justice System.” Africa Report 107.6 (2006 Google Scholar).
Interparliamentary Union. Women in Politics: 2015. www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/wmnmap15_en.pdf Google Scholar
Isse, Dahabo. “Testimony 6.” Somalia–the Untold Story: The War through the Eyes of Somali Women. Eds. Gardner, Judith and El-Bushra, Judy. Sterling, VA: CIIR; Pluto Press; Catholic Institute for International Relations, 2004 Google Scholar. 179–89.
Itano, Nicole. “The Sisters-in-Arms of Liberia's War.” Christian Science Monitor 23 August 2003 Google Scholar.
Iteka, Blaire Marcel. Mother in My Mind: Memoir of a Teen Girl in the Killing Fields of Africa. Amazon Digital Services, 2012 Google Scholar.
Jacobs, Susie, Jacobson, Ruth, and Marchbank, Jennifer, eds. States of Conflict: Gender, Violence and Resistance. London and New York: Zed Books, 2000 Google Scholar.
Jacobson, Ruth. “Mozambique and the Construction of Gendered Agency in War.” Women's Studies International Forum 29 (2006 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 499–509.
Jalalzai, Farida. “Women Rule: Shattering the Executive Glass Ceiling.” Politics & Gender 4.2 (2008 Google Scholar): 205–31.
Jarkloh, Bill K. “Liberia: Gov't Stays Away from Peace Rally – as Women Vent out Anger.” The News 16 April 2003 Google Scholar.
Jennings, Yves-Renée. The Impact of Gender Mainstreaming on Men: The Case of Liberia. PhD Dissertation, George Mason University, 2012 Google Scholar.
Jetter, Alexis, Orleck, Annelise, and Taylor, Diana. The Politics of Motherhood: Activist Voices from Left to Right. Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1997 Google Scholar.
Jirira, Ona. “Gender, Politics and Democracy: Kuvaka Patsva (Reconstructing) the Discourse.” Safere 1.2 (1995 Google Scholar): 1–29.
Johnson, K.Asher, J., Rosborough, S., Raja, A., Panjabi, R., Beadling, C., and Lawry, L.. “Association of Combatant Status and Sexual Violence with Health and Mental Health Outcomes in Postconflict Liberia.” Journal of the American Medical Association 300.6 (2008 Google Scholar | PubMed): 676–90.
Johnson Sirleaf, Ellen. This Child Will Be Great: Memoir of a Remarkable Life by Africa's First Woman President. New York: Harper, 2009 Google Scholar.
Kabira, Wanjiku. Time for Harvest: Women and Constitution Making in Kenya. Nairobi: University of Nairobi Press, 2012 Google Scholar.
Kafeero, Stephen. “Women Who Defined 2013.” The Independent 15 November 2013 Google Scholar.
Kakwenzire, Joan. “Ugandan Women Suffer Discrimination.” New Vision 26 September 1990 Google Scholar.
Kamara, Tom. “Carter's Sad Liberia Goodbye.” The Perspective 9 November 2000 Google Scholar.
Kamara-Umunna, Agnes, and Holland, Emily. And Still Peace Did Not Come: A Memoir of Reconciliation. New York: Hyperion, 2011 Google Scholar.
Kamau, Jean Njeri. Assessment Report on Women's Participation in the Peace Process: Mid-Decade Review of the Implementation of the Dakar and Beijing Platforms for Action in the African Region. Addis Ababa: Economic Commission for Africa, Sixth African Regional Conference on Women, 1999 Google Scholar.
Kamau-Rutenberg, Wanjiru N., Feuding in the Family: Ethnic Politics and the Struggle for Women's Rights Legislation. PhD Dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 2008 Google Scholar.
Kang, Alice. “Studying Oil, Islam and Women As If Political Institutions Mattered.” Politics & Gender 5.4 (2009 Google Scholar): 560–68.
Kanyeihamba, G. W. “What Others Say.” Gender, Politics, and Constitution Making in Uganda. Ed. Matembe, Miria. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers, 2002 Google Scholar. 198–208.
Kapinga, Marithe. “Africa: Women in Congo Form Common Front for Peace.” Ms. Magazine 13.1 (2003 Google Scholar): 25–26.
Karmo, Henry. “Liberian Women Hold Conference on Constitutional Review.” FrontPage Africa 6 June 2014 Google Scholar.
Katumba, Rebecca. “Woman Leader Answers Critics.” Uganda Times 2 August 1979 Google Scholar.
Keitetsi, China. Child Soldier. London: Souvenir Press, 2004 Google Scholar.
Kellow, Tim. Women, Elections and Violence in West Africa: Assessing Women's Political Participation in Liberia and Sierra Leone. International Alert, 2010 Google Scholar.
Kelly, Liz. “Wars against Women: Sexual Violence, Sexual Politics and the Militarised State.” States of Conflict: Gender, Violence and Resistance. Eds. Jacobs, S., Jacobson, R., and Marchbank, J.. London: Zed Books, 2000 Google Scholar.
Kenworthy, Lane, and Malami, Melissa. “Gender Inequality in Political Representation: A Worldwide Comparative Analysis.” Social Forces 78.1 (1999 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 235–68.
Kindervater, Lisa. Seize the Day: Gender Politics in Liberia's Transition to Peace and Democracy. MA Dissertation, Dalhousie University, 2013 Google Scholar.
Kiplagat, Bethuel. “Reaching the 1985 Nairobi Agreement. Protracted Conflict, Elusive Peace: Initiatives to End the Violence in Northern Uganda.” 2010 Google Scholar.
Kitschelt, Herbert. “Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science 16.1 (1986 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 57–85.
Kristof, Nicholas. “After Wars, Mass Rapes Persist.” New York Times 20 May 2009 Google Scholar.
Krook, Mona. Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Krook, Mona. “Reforming Representation: The Diffusion of Candidate Gender Quotas Worldwide.” Politics & Gender 2.3 (2006 Google Scholar): 303–27.
Kumar, Krishna, ed. Women and Civil War: Impact, Organizations and Action. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001 Google Scholar.
Kunovich, Sheri, and Paxton, Pamela. “Pathways to Power: The Role of Political Parties in Women's National Political Representation.” American Journal of Sociology 111.2 (2005 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 505–52.
Kwibuka, Eugene. “Gender Violence Law to Be Passed in Two Weeks.” New York Times 11 February 2009 Google Scholar.
Lacy, Marc. “A Mother's Bitter Choice: Telling Kidnappers No.” New York Times 25 January 2003 Google Scholar.
Ladu, Ismail Mus. “Uganda's First Female Bank Md Bows Out.” Daily Monitor 15 April 2014 Google Scholar.
Lahai, John Idriss. “Gendered Battlefields: A Contextual and Comparative Analysis of Women's Participation in Armed Conflicts in Africa.” Peace & Conflict Review 4.2 (2010 Google Scholar): 1–16.
Lake, Milli. Building the Rule of Law in Fragile States: The Role of External Actors in Shaping Institutional Responses to Mass Violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo and South Africa. PhD Dissertation, Political Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 2014 Google Scholar.
Levitsky, Steven, and Way, Lucan. “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 13.2 (2002 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 51–65.
Liebling-Kalifani, Helen Jane. A Gendered Analysis of the Experiences of Ugandan Women War Survivors. PhD Dissertation, University of Warwick, 2004 Google Scholar.
Lindberg, Staffan I. “Women's Empowerment and Democratization: The Effects of Electoral Systems, Participation and Experience in Africa.” Studies in Comparative International Development 39.1 (2004 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 28–53.
Logan, Carolyn. “Selected Chiefs, Elected Councillors and Hybrid Democrats: Popular Perspectives on the Co-Existence of Democracy and Traditional Authority.” Journal of Modern African Studies 47.1 (2009 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 101–28.
Longman, Timothy. “Rwanda: Achieving Equality or Serving an Authoritarian State?” Women in African Parliaments. Eds. Bauer, Gretchen and Britton, Hannah. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2006 Google Scholar. 133–50.
Luciak, Ilja A.Conflict and a Gendered Parliamentary Response. UNDP Initiative on Parliaments, Crisis Prevention and Recovery, 2006 Google Scholar.
Luciak, Ilja A., and Olmos, Cecilia. “The Guatemalan Peace Accords: Critical Reflections.” Gender, Conflict, and Peacekeeping. Eds. Mazurana, Dyan E., Raven-Roberts, Angela, and Parpart, Jane. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005 Google Scholar. 42–62.
Lueker, Lorna L. “Fighting for Human Rights: Women, War, and Social Change in Zimbabwe.” Instraw News 28 (1998 Google Scholar): 34–44.
Lyons, Tanya. Guns and Guerrilla Girls: Women in the Zimbabwean National Liberation Struggle. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2004 Google Scholar.
MacKenzie, Megan. “War Rape Is Not Declining.” Duck of Minerva 2012. Web. 15 November 2012 Google Scholar.
Macauley, Cameron. “Women after the Rwandan Genocide: Making the Most of Survival.” Journal of ERW and Mine Action 171 (2013 Google Scholar): 35–38.
Mahoney, James. “The Logic of Process Tracing Tests in the Social Sciences.” Sociological Methods & Research 41.4 (2012 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 570–97.
Mahoney, James. “Tentative Answers to Questions About Causal Mechanisms.” Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. 2003 Google Scholar.
Mariano, Noreen. “Testimony 7.” Somalia–the Untold Story: The War through the Eyes of Somali Women. Eds. Gardner, Judith and El-Bushra, Judy. London; Sterling, VA: CIIR; Pluto Press, Catholic Institute for International Relations, 2004 Google Scholar. 142–52.
Marques de Morais, Rafael. Diamantes De Sangue: Tortura E Corrupção Em Angola (Blood Diamonds: Torture and Corruption in Angola). Lisbon: Tinta da China, 2011 Google Scholar.
Mason, Christina. “Women, Violence and Nonviolent Resistance in East Timor.” Journal of Peace Research 42.6 (2005 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 737–49.
Massaquoi, William N.Women and Post-Conflict Development: A Case Study on Liberia. MA Dissertation in City Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007 Google Scholar.
Matembe, Miria. Gender, Politics, and Constitution Making in Uganda. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers, 2002 Google Scholar.
Matembe, Miria. “How Far Have the Women of Uganda Gone in Realising Their Rights.” 1991 Google Scholar.
McKay, Susan. “Civil War's Painful Legacy for the Women of Liberia.” Irish Times (2009 Google Scholar).
McKeon, Celia. “Civil Society: Participating in Peace Processes.” In People Building Peace II: Successful Stories of Civil Society. Eds. Tongeren, Paul van, et al. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2005 Google Scholar.
Medie, Peace. “Fighting Gender-Based Violence: The Women's Movement and the Enforcement of Rape Law in Liberia.” African Affairs 112.448 (2013 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 377–97.
Medie, Peace. Police Behavior in Post-Conflict States: Explaining Variation in Responses to Domestic Violence, Internal Human Trafficking, and Rape. PhD Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 2012 Google Scholar.
Meena, Ruth. “The Politics of Quotas in Tanzania.” A paper presented at the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA)/Electoral Institute of Southern Africa (EISA)/Southern African Development Community (SADC) Parliamentary Forum Conference “The Implementation of Quotas: African Experiences.” 2003 Google Scholar.
Mehari, Senait. Heart of Fire: One Girl's Extraordinary Journey from Child Soldier to Soul Singer. London: Profile Books, 2008 Google Scholar.
Meintjes, Sheila, Pillay, Anu, and Turshen, Meredeth. The Aftermath Women in Post-Conflict Transformation. London: Zed Books, 2002 Google Scholar.
Messiant, Christine. “The Eduardo Dos Santos Foundation: Or, How Angola's Regime Is Taking over Civil Society.” African Affairs 100.399 (2001 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 287–309.
Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development (Uganda). “National Report on Implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action (1995) and the Outcome of the Twenty Third Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly (2000) in the Context of the 20th Anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women and the Adoption of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action 2015,” June 2014 Google Scholar.
Mohamed, Faiza Jama. “Somali Women's Role in Building Peace and Security.” The ARRIA Formula Meeting On Women, Peace and Security, United Nations Security Council. 2000 Google Scholar.
Moran, Mary. “Our Mothers Have Spoken: Synthesizing Old and New Forms of Women's Political Authority in Liberia.” Journal of International Women's Studies 13.4 (2012 Google Scholar): 51–66.
Mortenson, Greg. Three Cups of Tea: One Man's Mission to Promote Peace … One School at a Time. New York: Penguin Books, 2007 Google Scholar.
Moser, Caroline N. O., and Clark, Fiona, eds. Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence. London and New York: Zed Books, 2001 Google Scholar.
Mpoumou, Doris. “Women's Participation in Peace Negotiations: Discourse in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” The Implementation of Quotas: African Experiences. Stockholm: International IDEA, 2004 Google Scholar.
Msimang, Sisonke. “The Backlash against African Women.” New York Times 10 January 2015 Google Scholar.
Mueller, John. “War Has Almost Ceased to Exist: An Assessment.” Political Science Quarterly 124.2 (2009 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 297-321.
Mugabe, Robert. An Opening Address by the President of Zanu (PF) Women's League Conference. March 15–17, 1984 Google Scholar.
Muriaas, Ragnhild L., Tønnessen, Liv, and Wang, Vibeke. “Exploring the Relationship between Democratization and Quota Policies in Africa.” Women's Studies International Forum 41 (2013 CrossRef | Google Scholar).
Muriaas, Ragnhild L., and Wang, Vibeke. “Executive Dominance and the Politics of Quota Representation in Uganda.” Journal of Modern African Studies 50.2 (2012 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 309–38.
Nduka-Agwua, Adibeli. “‘Doing Gender’ after the War: Dealing with Gender Mainstreaming and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in Un Peace Support Operations in Liberia and Sierra Leone.” Civil Wars 11.2 (2009 Google Scholar): 179–99.
Nilsson, Desirée. “Anchoring the Peace: Civil Society Actors in Peace Accords and Durable Peace.” International Interactions 38.2 (2012 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 243–66.
Nossiter, Adam. “Woman Chosen to Lead Central African Republic out of Mayhem.” New York Times 20 January 2014 Google Scholar.
Nsambu, Hillary. “Laetitia Kikonyogo: A Lady of Many Firsts.” New Vision 8 January 2013 Google Scholar.
Nyanzi, Peter. “Looking Back at 1985 Peace Talks and Why Nothing Came Out of Them.” Uganda Journal 19–25 December 2004 Google Scholar.
O'Connell, Helen. “What Are the Opportunities to Promote Gender Equity and Equality in Conflict-Affected and Fragile States? Insights from a Review of Evidence.” Gender & Development 19.3 (2011 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 455–66.
Odoki, Benjamin J.The Search for a National Consensus: The Making of the 1995 Uganda Constitution. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Press, 2005 Google Scholar.
OECD-DAC. Aid in Support of Gender Equality in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States, 2010 Google Scholar.
Ollek, Maya Oza. Forgotten Females: Women and Girls in Post Conflict Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Programs. MA thesis. McGill University, 2007 Google Scholar.
Onyejekwe, C. J. “Women, War, Peace-Building and Reconstruction.” International Social Science Journal 57.2 (2005 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 277–283.
Ormhaug, C. M., Meier, O., and Hernes, Helga Maria. Armed Conflict Deaths Disaggregated by Gender. Oslo: PRIO; A Report for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2009 Google Scholar.
Osman, Habiba. “Testimony 1.” Somalia–the Untold Story: The War through the Eyes of Somali Women. Eds. Gardner, Judith and El-Bushra, Judy. Sterling, VA: CIIR; Pluto Press; Catholic Institute for International Relations, 2004 Google Scholar. 41–50.
Osman, H. “Women's Work in Peace: Lessons from Training Projects in the Horn of Africa,” Training to Promote Conflict Management, Ed. David Smock. Washington, DC: US Institute for Peace, 1999 Google Scholar.
Otto, Dianne. “The Exile of Inclusion: Reflections on Gender Issues in International Law over the Last Decade.” Melbourne Journal of International Law 10.1 (2009 Google Scholar): 11–26.
Pankhurst, Donna. “Post-War Backlash Violence against Women: What Can “Masculinity” Explain?” Gendered Peace: Women's Struggles for Reconciliation and Justice,. Ed. Pankhurst, Donna. Oxon: Routledge, 2007 Google Scholar. 293–320.
Pankhurst, Donna. “The ‘Sex War’ and Other Wars: Towards a Feminist Approach to Peacebuilding.” Development in Practice 13.2/3 (2003 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 154–77
Pankhurst, Donna. “Women and Politics in Africa: The Case of Uganda.” Parliamentary Affairs 55.1 (2002 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 119–28.
Pankhurst, Donna, and Pearce, Jenny. “Engendering the Analysis of Conflict: Perspectives from the South.” Women and Empowerment. Ed. Afshar, Haleh. London: Routledge, 1997 Google Scholar.
Pasquali, Valentina. “Country Report: Angola: Moving Forward in Fits and Starts.” Global Finance Magazine 2 March 2014 Google Scholar.
Pawson, Lara. “The 27th May in Angola: A View from Below.” Revista Relações Internationais 4 (2007 Google Scholar).
Paxton, Pamela. “Women in National Legislatures: A Cross-National Analysis.” Social Science Research 26 (1997 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 442–64.
Paxton, Pamela, Hughes, Melanie M., and Green, Jennifer. “The International Women's Movement and Women's Political Representation, 1893–2003.” American Sociological Review 71.6 (2006 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 898–920.
Paxton, Pamela, Kunovich, Sheri, and Hughes, Melanie M.. “Gender in Politics.” Annual Review of Sociology 33 (2007 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 263–84.
Paxton, Pamela, Hughes, Melanie M., and Painter, Matthew. “The Difference Time Makes: Latent Growth Curve Models of Women's Political Representation.” European Journal of Political Research 49.1 (2010 Google Scholar): 25–52.
Pearson, Elizabeth. Gender, Power, and Policymaking: Developing Gender-Based Violence Legislation in Rwanda. M.Phil. thesis, Oxford: University of Oxford, 2007 Google Scholar.
Pearson, Elizabeth, and Powley, Elizabeth. Demonstrating Legislative Leadership: The Introduction of Rwanda's Gender-Based Violence Bill. The Initiative for Inclusive Security, 2008 Google Scholar.
Pehrsson, Kajsa in in collaboration with Gabriela Cohen, Henda Ducados and Paulette Lopes. Angola Country Gender Analysis: Prepared for the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA), Luanda, Angola, 2000 Google Scholar.
Powley, Elizabeth. Strengthening Governance: The Role of Women in Rwanda's Transition. Women Waging Peace Policy Commission, 2003 Google Scholar.
Powley, Elizabeth. Strengthening Governance: The Role of Women in Rwanda's Transition a Summary United Nations. Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI) Expert Group Meeting on “Enhancing Women's Participation in Electoral Processes in Post-Conflict Countries” 19–22 January 2004, Glen Cove: United Nations, 2004 Google Scholar.
Pratt, Nicola, and Richter-Devroe, Sophie. “Critically Examining UNSCR 1325 on Women, Peace and Security.” International Feminist Journal of Politics 13.4 (2011 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 489–503.
Puechguirbal, Nadine. “Gender and Peacebuilding in Africa: Analysis of Some Structural Obstacles.” Gender and Peacebuilding in Africa. Eds. Rodríguez, Dina and Natukunda-Togboa, Edith. Ciudad Colón, Costa Rica: University for Peace, 2005 Google Scholar.
Quinn, Michael, Mason, David, and Gurses, Mehmet. “Sustaining the Peace: Determinants of Civil War Recurrence.” International Interactions 32.2 (2007 Google Scholar): 167–93.
Ranchod-Nilsson, Sita. “Gender Politics and the Pendulum of Political and Social Transformation in Zimbabwe.” Journal of Southern African Studies 32.1 (2006 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 49–67.
Reynolds, Andrew. “Women in the Legislatures and Executives of the World: Knocking at the Highest Glass Ceiling.” World Politics 51.4 (1999 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 547–72.
Reyntjens, Filip. “Constructing the Truth, Dealing with Dissent, Domesticating the World: Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” African Affairs 110.438 (2011 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 1–34.
Römkens, Renée. “Law as a Trojan Horse: Unintended Consequences of Rights-Based Interventions to Support Battered Women.” Yale Journal of Law 13 (2001 Google Scholar): 265–90.
Ross, Michael. “Oil, Islam, and Women.” American Political Science Review 102 (2008 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 107–23.
Rubimbwa, Robinah. Uganda UNSCR 1325 Monitoring Report. Kampala, Uganda: CEWIGO, 2010 Google Scholar.
Rwandan Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion. Violence against Women. Kigali, 2004 Google Scholar.
Salhi, Zahia Smail. “The Algerian Feminist Movement between Nationalism, Patriarchy and Islamism.” Women's Studies International Forum 33 (2010 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 113–24.
Sambanis, Nicholas. “A Review of Recent Advances and Future Directions in the Literature on Civil War.” Defense and Peace Economics 13.2 (2002 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 215–43.
Sanya, Samuel. “First Women's Commercial Bank Launched in Uganda.” New Vision 17 January 2014 Google Scholara.
Sanya, Samuel. “What Makes Allen Kagina Tick.” New Vision 25 October 2014 Google Scholarb.
Schedler, Andreas. 2006. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, CO Google Scholar: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Sewell, William H. Jr.Logics of History: Social Theory and Social Transformation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009 Google Scholar.
Shaw, Elma. Redemption Road: The Quest for Peace and Justice in Liberia. Washington DC: Cotton Tree Press, 2008 Google Scholar.
Shella, Kimberly. Interparty Competition, Political Risk, and the Decline of Women's Representation in Africa, in Annual European Political Science Association Annual Conference. Barcelona, Spain, 2013 Google Scholar.
Shepherd, Laura J. “Power and Authority in the Production of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325.” International Studies Quarterly. 52.2 (2008 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 383–404.
SIGI Index, Social Institutions & Gender. “Angola.” 2014. Web. 15 July 2014 Google Scholar.
Sinclair, Michael and Place, Janet eds. Women and Children in Southern Africa: An Introduction. Women and Children at Risk in Southern Africa. April 1, 1990 Google Scholar. Southern Africa Grantmakers Affinity Group of the Council on Foundations.
Skidmore, Monique, and Lawrence, Patricia. Women and the Contested State: Religion, Violence, and Agency in South and Southeast Asia. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007 Google Scholar.
Smith, Dakota. “Spice Girls Power up for Pavarotti's Liberia Charity Show.” MTV News 10 April 1998 Google Scholar.
Snyder, Anna. “Peace Profile: Federation of African Women's Peace Networks.” Peace Review 12.1 (2000 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 147–53.
Snyder, Margaret. “Unlikely Godmother: The UN and the Global Women's Movement.” Global Feminism: Transnational Women's Activism, Organizing, and Human Rights Eds. Ferree, Myra Marx and Tripp, Aili Mari. New York: New York University Press, 2006 Google Scholar. 24–50.
Snyder, Margaret. Women in African Economies: From Burning Sun to Boardroom. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers, 2000 Google Scholar.
Soares de Oliveira, Ricardo. Magnificent and Beggar Land: Angola Since the Civil War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015 Google Scholar.
Staunton, Irene. Mothers of the Revolution: The War Experiences of Thirty Zimbabwean Women. London: James Currey, 1990 Google Scholar.
Steady, Filomina Chioma. Women and Leadership in West Africa: Mothering the Nation and Humanizing the State. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011 CrossRef | Google Scholar.
Stedman, Stephen, Rothchild, Donald, and Cousens, Elizabeth M., eds. Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002 Google Scholar.
Steinberg, Donald. Beyond Words and Resolutions: An Agenda for UNSCR 1325 Google Scholar. Chapter from the forthcoming book “Women and War: Power and Protection”, United States Institute of Peace, 2010a.
Steinberg, Donald. The United Nations and Women: Walking the Walk on Empowerment? Submission to the “Together for Transformation” Conference of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation's Women Peacemakers Program, The Hague, Netherlands, 2010 Google Scholarb.
Steinberg, Donald. “Failing to Empower Women Peacebuilders: A Cautionary Tale from Angola.” PeaceWomen E-News 25 April 2007 Google Scholar.
Stone, Lydia. “We Were All Soldiers’: Female Combatants in South Sudan's Civil War.” Hope, Pain & Patience: The Lives of Women in South Sudan. Eds. Bubenzer, Friederike and Stern, Orly. Auckland Park, South Africa: Fanele/Jacana Media, 2011 Google Scholar.
Straus, Scott. “Wars Do End! Changing Patterns of Political Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa.” African Affairs 111.443 (2012 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 179–201.
Strickland, Richard, and Duvvury, Nata. Gender Equity and Peacebuilding: From Rhetoric to Reality: Finding the Way. Washington DC: International Center for Research on Women, 2003 Google Scholar.
Swiss, Shana, et al. “Violence against Women During the Liberian Civil Conflict.” Journal of the American Medical Association 279.8 (1998 Google Scholar | PubMed): 625–29.
Sylvester, Christine. “Patriarchy, Peace, and Women Warriors.” Peace: Meanings, Politics, Strategies. Ed. Forcey, Linda Rennie. New York: Praeger, 1989 Google Scholar. 97–112.
Tachou-Sipowo, Alain-Guy. “The Security Council on Women in War: Between Peacebuilding and Humanitarian Protection.” International Review of the Red Cross 92.877 (2010 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 197–219.
Tamale, Sylvia. When Hens Begin to Crow: Gender and Parliamentary Politics in Uganda. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999 Google Scholar.
Temmerman, Els. Aboke Girls: Children Abducted in Northern Uganda. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers, 2001 Google Scholar.
Tinde, Gry Tina. “Top United Nations Peacebuilders and Advocacy for Women, Peace, and Security.” Refugee Survey Quarterly 28.1 (2009 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 140–50.
Tønnessen, Liv. “Beyond Numbers? Women's 25% Parliamentary Quota in Post-Conflict Sudan.” Journal of Peace, Conflict and Development 17 (2011 Google Scholar): 43–62.
Tønnessen, Liv, and al-Nagar, Samia. “The Women's Quota in Conflict Ridden Sudan: Ideological Battles for and against Gender Equality.” Women's Studies International Forum (2013 Google Scholar).
Tripp, Aili Mari. Women's Political Participation in Sub-Saharan Africa, Conflict Prevention and Peace Forum, CPPF Working Papers on Women in Politics: No. 1. 2014 Google Scholar. Social Science Research Council. http://webarchive.ssrc.org/working-papers/CPPF_WorkingPapers_WomenInPolitics_01_Tripp.pdf
Tripp, Aili Mari. Museveni's Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2010 Google Scholara.
Tripp, Aili Mari. “Legislating Gender Based Violence in Post-Conflict Africa,” Journal of Peacebuilding and Development. 5.3 2010 CrossRef | Google Scholarb: 7–20.
Tripp, Aili Mari. “Conflicting Agendas: Women's Rights and Customary Law in Africa Today,” Constituting Equality, Ed. Williams, Susan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009 Google Scholar. 173–94.
Tripp, Aili Mari. “Women and Democracy: The New Political Activism in Africa.” Journal of Democracy 12.3 (2001 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 141–55.
Tripp, Aili Mari. Women and Politics in Uganda. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000 Google Scholar.
Tripp, Aili Mari, and Kang, Alice. “The Global Impact of Quotas: On the Fast Track to Increased Female Legislative Representation.” Comparative Political Studies 41.3 (2008 Google Scholar): 338–61.
Tripp, Aili Mari, and Casimiro, Isabel, Kwesiga, Joy, and Mungwa, Alice. African Women's Movements: Transforming Political Landscapes. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009 Google Scholar.
Tryggestad, Torunn L. “The UN Peacebuilding Commission and Gender: A Case of Norm Reinforcement.” International Peacekeeping 17.2 (2010 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 159–71.
Turrittin, Jane. “Aoua Kéita and the Nascent Women's Movement in the French Soudan.” African Studies Review 36.1 (1993 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 59–89.
Turner, Tom. “Does Your Cell Phone Cause Rape?” Women's Leadership, Supporting Peace and Building Sustainable Livelihoods in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Region. Centre for Global Women's Studies, National University of Ireland, Mary Robinson Centre, and Georgetown Institute on Women, Peace and Security, 2014 Google Scholar.
Turshen, Meredith. “Engendering Relations of State to Society in the Aftermath.” The Aftermath: Women in Post-Conflict Transformation, Eds. Meintjes, S., Pillay, A., and Turshen, M.. London: Zed Books, 2001 Google Scholar.
Tvedten, Inge. Angola 2000/2001. Key Development Issues and the Role of NGOs. Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute, 2001 Google Scholar.
Uganda Constitutional Commission. The Report of the Uganda Constitutional CommissionKampala, Uganda: Uganda Constitutional Commission, 1993 Google Scholar.
Umutesi, Marie Béatrice. Fuir ou mourir au Zaïre: Le vécu d'une réfugiée Rwandaise. Mémoires Lieux De Savoir Archive Congolaise. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2000 Google Scholar.
UNIFEM. Celebrating 20 Years of Commitment to the World's Women, Annual Report. New York: UNIFEM, 1996 Google Scholar.
UNIFEM. Engendering Peace: Reflections on the Burundi Peace Process. New York: UNIFEM, 2001 Google Scholar.
United Nations Population Fund. Liberian Men and Women Unite to Fight Rape. 2006 Google Scholar.
UN Women. Women's Participation in Peace Negotiations: Connections between Presence and Influence. 2012 Google Scholar.
Urdang, Stephanie. ““Precondition for Victory”: Women's Liberation in Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau.” A Journal of Opinion 8.1 (1978 Google Scholar): 25–31.
U.S. Department of State. Human Rights Report: Angola. 2013 Google Scholar.
Viterna, Jocelyn, Fallon, Kathleen M., and Beckfield, Jason. “How Development Matters: A Research Note on the Relationship between Development, Democracy, and Women's Political Representation.” International Journal of Comparative Sociology 49.6 (2008 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 455–77.
Waliggo, Rev. Fr. John Mary. “Did Women Get a Raw Deal?” Arise 17 (1996 Google Scholar): 37–43.
Waliggo, Rev. Fr John Mary. “What Others Say.” Gender, Politics, and Constitution Making in Uganda. Ed. Matembe, Miria. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers, 2002 Google Scholar. 143–58.
Waller, Marguerite, and Rycenga, Jennifer, eds. Frontline Feminisms: Women, War, and Resistance. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 2000 Google Scholar.
Walter, Barbara E.Committing to Peace: The Successful Settlement of Civil Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002 Google Scholar.
Walusimbe, Deo. “Brig Nalweyiso: I Can't Support Muhoozi When Museveni Points at Him.” The Monitor 1 December 2013 Google Scholar.
Wang, Vibeke. Women's Substantive Representation in Uganda's Legislature. PhD Dissertation, University of Bergen, 2013 Google Scholara.
Wang, Vibeke. “Women Changing Policy Outcomes: Learning from Pro-Women Legislation in the Ugandan Parliament,” Women's Studies International Forum 41 (2013 CrossRef | Google Scholarb): 113–21.
Watson, Catherine. “Uganda's Women: A Ray of Hope.” Africa Report July-August (1988 Google Scholar).
Weinstein, Jeremy M.Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007 Google Scholar.
White, Carolyn Day. The Role of Women as an Interest Group in the Ugandan Political System. MA thesis, Makerere University, 1973 Google Scholar.
Whitman, Shelly. “Women and Peace-Building in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: An Assessment of Their Role in the Inter-Congolese Dialogue.” Southern African Universities Social Sciences Conference (SAUSSC). 2005 Google Scholar.
Wiliarty, Sarah Elise. “Chancellor Angela Merkel — a Sign of Hope or the Exception That Proves the Rule?” Politics & Gender 4.3 (2008 Google Scholar): 485–95.
Willett, Susan. “Introduction: Security Council Resolution 1325: Assessing the Impact on Women, Peace and Security.” International Peacekeeping 17.2 (2010 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 142–58.
Williams, Jody. “UK Summit on Sexualized Violence: ‘A Time Warp in the Wrong Direction’.” 2014 Google Scholar. Web.
Williams, Korto R.Beyond Mass Action: A Study of Collective Organizing among Liberian Women Using Feminist Movement Perspectives. Capstone Collection: School for International Training, 2008 Google Scholar.
Wilson, Woodrow. Address to the Senate. 30 September 1918 Google Scholar.
World Bank. Africa Development Indicators: The Potential, the Problem, the Promise. Youth and Employment in Africa. 2008/09. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009 Google Scholar.
Yacob-Haliso, Olajumoke. “Investigating the Role of Government Legislation and Its Implementation in Addressing Gender-Based Violence among Returnee Refugee Women in Liberia.” Wagadu 10 (2012 Google Scholar): 132–49.
Yoon, Mi Yung. “Explaining Women's Legislative Representation in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 29.3 (2004 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 447–68.
Zakaria, Fareed. “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy.” Foreign Affairs 76.6 (1997 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 22–43.
Zuckerman, Elaine, and Greenberg, Marcia. “The Gender Dimensions of Post-Conflict Reconstruction: An Analytical Framework for Policymakers.” Gender and Development 12.3 (2004 CrossRef | Google Scholar): 70–82.
Zziwa, Hassan Badru. “Women Soccer Should Be Supported.” Monitor 29 April– 1 May 1996 Google Scholar: 15.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.