Adamson, L. B., Bakeman, R. and Smith, C. B. (1990). Gestures, words, and early object sharing. In V. Volterra and C. Erting (eds.), From Gesture to Language in Hearing and Deaf Children (pp. 31–41). New York: Springer-Verlag
Adolph, K. E., Eppler, M. A. and Gibson, E. J. (1993). Crawing versus walking. Child Development, 64, 1158–74
Ahlgren, I. and Bergman, B. (eds.) (1980). Papers from the First International Symposium on Sign Language Research. Stockholm: The Swedish National Association of the Deaf
Alley, T. R. (1981). Caregiving and the Perception of Maturational Status. Storrs, CT: University of Connecticut
Anisfeld, M. (1984). Language Development from Birth to Three. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Argyle, M. (1987). Social cognition and social interaction. Jaspers Memorial Lecture, Oxford, September 1987. The Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 1, 117–83
Armstrong, D. F., Stokoe, W. C. and Wilcox, S. E. (1995). Gesture and the Nature of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Armstrong, E. A. (1963). A Study of Bird Song. Oxford: Oxford Univrsity Press
Bahrick, L. E. (1983). Infants’ perception of substance and temporal synchrony in multimodal events. Infant Behavior and Development, 6, 429–51
Bakeman, R., Adamson, L. B., Konner, M. and Barr, R. G. (1990). Kung infancy: the social context of object exploration. Child Development, 61, 794–809
Baldwin, D. A. and Markman, E. M. (1989). Extablishing word-object relations: a first step. Child Development, 60, 381–98
Banse, R. and Scherer, K. R. (1996). Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 614–36
Bargh, J. A. and Pietromonaco, P. (1982). Automatic information processing and social perception: the influence information presented outside of conscious awareness on impression information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 437–49
Barton, R. A. (1996). Neocortex size and behavioural ecology in primates. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Section B: Biological, Geological and Chemical Science, 263, 173–7
Barton, R. A. and Dunbar, R. I. M. (1997). Evolution of the social brain. In A. Whiten and R. Byrne (eds.), Machiavellian Intelligence Ⅱ (pp. 240–63). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Bates, E., Benigni, B., Bretherton, Ⅰ., Camaioni, L. and Voktera, V. (1979). Cognition and communication from nine to thirteen months: correlational things. In E. Bates (ed.), The Emergence of Symbols: Cognition and Communication in Infancy (pp. 69–140). New York: Academic Press
Bates, E., Camaioni, L. and Voltera, V. (1975). The acquisition of performatives prior to speech. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 21, 105–226
Bates, E., Elman, J., Johnson, M., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Parisi, D. and Plunkett, K. (1996). On Innateness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Battison, R. (1974). Phonological delection in ASL. Sign Language Studies, 5, 1–19
Bauer, H. R. and Philip, M. M. (1983). Facial and vocal individual recognition in the common chimpanzee. Psychological Record, 33, 161–70
Beckman, M. E. (1982). Segment duration and the mora in Japanese. Phonetica, 39, 113–35
Berger, J. and Cunningham, C. C. (1983). Development of early vocal behaviours and interactions in Down's Syndrome and nonhandicapped infant-mother pairs. Developmental Psychology, 19, 322–31
Berne, R. M. and Levy, M. N. (1983). Physiology. St. Louis: Mosby
Bernstein, N. A. (1967). The Coordination and Regulation of Movements. Oxford: Pergamon Press
Bernstein-Ratner, N. and Pye, C. (1984). Higher pitch in BT is not universal: acoustic evidence from Quiche Mayan. Journal of Child Language, 11, 515–22
Berry, D. S. and Zebrowitz-McArthur, L. (1988). What's in a face? Facial maturity and the attribution of legal responsibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 23–33
Biben, M., Symmes, D. and Bernhards, D. (1989). Contour variables in vocal communication between squirrel monkey mothers and infants. Developmental Psychology, 22, 617–31
Biben, M., Symmes, D. and Masataka, N. (1986). Temporal and structural analysis of affiliative vocal exchanges in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Behaviour, 98, 259–73
Bickley, C. and Hunnicutt, S. (1992). Acoustic analysis of laughter. Proceeedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processes, 2, 927–30
Blaustein, A. R. and O'Hara, R. K. (1981). Genetic control for sibling recognition? Nature, 290, 246–8
Blaustein, A. R. and O'Hara, R. K. (1982). Kin recognition in Rana cascadae tadpoles: maternal and paternal effects. Animal Behaviour, 30, 1151–57
Blaustein, A. R. and O'Hara, R. K. (1983). Kin recognition in Rana cascadae tadpoles: effects of rearing with non-siblings and varying the strength of the stimulus cues. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 39, 259–67
Bloom, K. (1977). Patterning of infant vocal behaviour. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 23, 367–77
Bloom, K. (1988). Quality of adult vocalizations affects the quality of infant vocalizations. Journal of Child Language, 15, 469–80
Bloom, K. and Esposito, A. (1975). Social conditioning and its proper control procedures. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 19, 209–22
Bloom, K. and Lo, E. (1990). Adult perceptions of vocalizing infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 13, 209–19
Bloom, K., Russell, A. and Wassenberg, K. (1987). Turn-taking affects the quality of infant vocalizations. Journal of Child Language, 14, 211–27
Blurton-Jones, N. (1972). Characteristics of ethological studies of human behavior. In N. Blurton-Jones (ed.), Ethological Studies of Child Behavior. London: Cambridge University Press
Boinski, S. and Mitchell, C. L. (1995). Wild squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) “caregiver” calls: contexts and acoustic structure. American Journal of Primatology, 35, 129–37
Bornstein, R. F., Leone, D. R. and Galley, D. J. (1987). The generalizability of sub-liminal mere exposure effects: influence of stimuli perceived without awareness on social behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1070–9
Bowen-Jones, A., Thompson, C. and Drewett, R. F. (1982). Milk flow and sucking rates during breast-feeding. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 24, 626–33
Brickner, R. (1940). A human cortical area producing repetitive phenomena when stimulated. Journal of Neurophysiology, 3, 128–30
Brown, C. H., Beecher, M. D., Moody, D. B. and Stebbins, W. C. (1979). Locatability of vocal signals in Old World monkeys: design features for the communication of position. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 93, 806–19
Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of Meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Bruner, J. S. (1983). Child's Talk: Learning to Use Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Bullowa, M. (1979). Before Speech: The Beginning of Interpersonal Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Bushnell, E. M. and Boudreau, J. P. (1993). Motor development in the mind: the potential role of motor abilities as a determinant of aspects of perceptual development. Child Development, 64, 1005–21
Butterworth, G. E. and Castillo, M. (1976). Coordination of auditory and visual space in newborn human infants. Perception, 7, 513–25
Butterworth, G. E. and Grover, L. (1989). Joint visual attention, manual pointing, and preverbal communication in human infancy. In M. Jeannerod (ed.), Attention and Performance ⅩⅢ. London: Erlbaum
Butterworth, G. E. and Harris, M. (1994). Principles of Developmental Psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Butterworth, G. E. and Jarrett, N. (1991). What minds have in common is space: spatial mechanisms serving joint attention in infancy. Developmental Psychology, 9, 55–72
Byrne, R. W. (1995). The Thinking Ape: Evolutionary Origins of Intelligence. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Cameron, E. Z. (1998). Is suckling behavior a useful predictor of milk intake? A review. Animal Behaviour, 56, 521–32
Carpenter, C. R. (1934). A field study of the behavior and social relations of howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata). Comparative Psychological Monograph, 10, 1–168
Caudill, W. and Weinstein, H. (1969). Maternal care and infant behavior in Japan and America. Psychiatry, 32, 19–43
Chang, H. W. and Trehub, S. E. (1977). Auditory processing of relational information by young infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 24, 324–31
Charlesworth, W. R. (1980). Teaching ethology of human behavior. Human Ethology Newsletter, 28, 7–9
Cheney, D. L. and Seyfarth, R. M. (1980). Vocal recognition in free-ranging vervet monkeys. Animal Behaviour, 28, 362–7
Chovil, N. (1991). Social determinants of facial displays. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 15, 141–54
Clark, E. F. and Krumhansl, C. L. (1990). Perceiving musical time. Music Perception, 7, 213–52
Clement, C. J. and Koopmans-van Beinum, F. J. (1995). Influence of lack of auditory feedback: vocalizations of deaf and hearing infants compared. Proceedings of the Institute of Phonetic Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 19, 25–37
Cleveland, J. and Snowdon, C. T. (1982). The complex vocal repertoire of the adult cotton-top tamarin, Saguinus oedipis oedips. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 58, 231–70
Cohen, A. J., Thorpe, L. A. and Trehub, S. E. (1987). Infants’ perception of musical relations in short transposed tone sequences. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 41, 33–47
Cohn, J. F. and Tronick, E. Z. (1987). Mother-infant face-to-face interaction: the sequence of dyadic states at 3, 6, and 9 months. Developmental Psychology, 23, 38–77
Cooper, R. P. and Aslin, R. N. (1990). Preference for infant-directed speech in the first month after birth. Child Development, 61, 1584–95
D'Odorico, L. (1984). Non-segmental features in prelinguistic communications: an analysis of some types of infant cry and noncry vocalizations. Journal of Child Language, 11, 17–27
Dang, J. and Honda, K. (1997). Acoustic characteristics of the priform fossa in models and humans. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101, 456–65
Dang, J., Shadle, C., Kawanishi, Y., Honda, K. and Suzuki, H. (1998). An experimental study of the open end correction coefficient for side branched with an acoustic tube. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 104, 1075–84
Darwin, C. (1872). The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. London: Murray
Darwin, C. (1877). A biographical sketch of an infant. Mind, 2, 286–94
Davis, B. L. and MacNeilage, P. F. (1995). The articulatory basis of babbling. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38, 1199–211
DeCasper, A. J., Lecanuet, J. P., Busnel, M. C., Garnier-Deferre, C. and Maugeais, R. (1994). Fetal reactions to recurrent maternal speech. Infant Behavior and Development, 17, 159–64
Delack, J. B. (1976). Aspects of infant speech development in the first year of life. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 21, 17–37
Demany, L. (1982). Auditory stream segregation in infancy. Infant Behavior and Development, 5, 261–76
Demetriou, A. (ed.) (1988). The Neo-Piagetian Theories of Cognitive Development: Toward an Integration. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science
Dore, J. (1974). A pragmatic description of early language development. Journal of Psycholinguistics Research, 4, 343–50
Dumond, F. (1968). The squirrel monkey in a seminatural environment. In L. A. Rosenblum and R. W. Cooper (eds.), The Squirrel Monkey (pp. 88–145). New York: Academic Press
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1993). Coevolution of neocortex size, group size and language in humans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16, 681–735
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1996). Towards a general model for primate social groups. In G. Runciman, J. M. Smith and R. I. M. Dunbar (eds.), Evolution of Social Behavior Patterns in Primates and Man (pp. 33–58). Oxford: Oxford University Press
Dunbar, R. I. M. and Bever, J. (1998). Neocortex size predicts group size in carnivores and some insectivores. Ethology, 104, 695–708
Echols, C. H. (1993). A perceptually-based model of children's earliest productions. Cognition, 46, 245–96
Edelman, G. M. (1987). Neural Darwinism. New York: Basic Books
Eibl-Eibesfelt, I. (1970). Ethology: The Biology of Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Eibl-Eibesfelt, I. (1989). Human Ethology. New York: Aldine de Gruyter
Eilers, R. E. and Oller, D. K. (1994). Infant vocalizations and the early diagnosis of severe hearing impairment. Journal of Pediatrics, 124, 199–203
Eilers, R. E., Oller, D. K., Levine, S., Basinger, D., Lynch, M. P. and Urbano, R. (1993). The role of prematurity and socioeconomic status in the onset of canonical babbling in infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 16, 297–315
Eimas, P. D., Siqueland, E., Jusczyk, P. and Vogorito, J. (1971). Speech perception in infants. Science, 171, 303–6
Ejiri, K. (1998). Relationship between rhythmic behavior and canonical babbling. Phonetica, 55, 226–37
Ejiri, K. (1999). Influence of lack of auditory feedback on the synchronization between preverbal vocal behaviors and motor actions: deaf and hearing infants compared. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 47, 1–10 (in Japanese with English summary)
Ejiri, K. and Masataka, N. (2001). Co-occurrence of preverbal vocal behavior and motor action in early infancy. Developmental Science, 4, 40–8
Elias, G. and Broerse, J. (1989). Timing in mother-infant communications: a comment on Murray and Trevarthen. Journal of Child Language, 16, 703–6
Elowson, A. M. and Snowdon, C. T. (1994). Pygmy marmosets, Cebuella pygmaea, modify vocal structure in response to changed social environment. Animal Behaviour, 47, 1267–77
Emde, R. N., McCartney, R. D. and Harmon, R. J. (1971). Neonatal smiling in REM states, Ⅳ: premature study. Child Development, 42, 1657–61
Erting, C. J., Prezioso, C. and O'Grady Hynes, M. (1990). The interactional context of deaf mother–infant communication. In V. Voltera and C. J. Erting (eds.), From Gesture to Language in Hearing and Deaf Children (pp. 97–106). Berlin: Springer
Falbo, T. and Polit, D. (1986). A quantitative review of the only-child literature: reseach evidence and theory development. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 176–89
Fantz, R. L. (1963). Pattern vision in newborn infants. Science, 140, 296–7
Fassbender, C. (1996). Infants’ auditory sensitivity towards acoustic parameters of speech and music. In I. Deliege and J. Sloboda (eds.), Musical Beginnings: Origins and Development of Musical Competence (pp. 56–87). Oxford: Oxford University Press
Feldman, H., Goldin-Meadow, S. and Gleitman, L. R. (1978). Beyond Herodotus: the creation of language by linguistically deprived deaf children. In A. Lock (ed.), Action, Gesture, and Symbol (pp. 351–414). London: Academic Press
Fenton, N. (1928). The only child. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 35, 546–58
Ferguson, C. A. (1964). Baby talk in six languages. American Anthropologist, 66, 103–14
Fernald, A. (1984). The perceptual and affective salience of mother's speech to infants. In L. Feagans, C. Garvey and R. Golinkoff (eds.), The Origins and Growth of Communication (pp. 249–306). Norwood: Ablex
Fernald, A. (1985). Four-month-old infants prefer to listen to motherese. Infant Behavior and Development, 8, 181–95
Fernald, A. (1987). Intonation and communicative intent in mothers’ speech to infants: is the melody the message? Child Development, 60, 1497–510
Fernald, A. (1992). Meaningful melodies in mothers’ speech to infants. In H. Papoušek, U. Jürgens and M. Papoušek (eds.), Nonverbal Vocal Communication: Comparative and Developmental Approaches (pp. 262–82). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Fernald, A. and Kuhl, P. (1982). Discrimination of five-syllable sequences (galasalaga versus galatalaga) by infants. Unpublished data
Fernald, A. and Kuhl, P. (1987). Acoustic determinants of infant preference for motherese speech. Infant Behavior and Development, 10, 279–93
Fernald, A. and Morikawa, H. (1993). Common themes and cultural variations in Japanese and American mothers’ speech to infants. Child Development, 64, 637–56
Fernald, A. and Simon, T. (1984). Expanded intonation contours in mothers’ speech to newborns. Developmental Psychology, 20, 104–13
Fernald, A., Taeschner, T., Dunn, J., Papoušek, M., Boysson-Bardies, B. and Fukui, I. (1989). A cross-linguistic study of prosodic modifications in mothers’ and fathers’ speech to preverbal infants. Journal of Child Language, 16, 477–507
Ferrier, L. J. (1985). Intonation in discourse: talk between 12-month-olds and thier mothers. In K. Nelson (ed.), Child Language (pp. 35–60). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Finan, D. S. (1999). Intrinsic dynamics and phase-dependent mechanosensory modulation of non-nutritive sucking in human infants. Dissertation Abstracts International; B: The Sciences and Engineering, 60, 0609
Flax, J., Lahey, M., Harris, K. and Boothroyd, A. (1991). Relations between prosodic variables and communicative functions. Journal of Child Language, 18, 3–19
Fletcher, J. M., Rice, W. J. and Ray, R. M. (1978). Linear discriminant function analysis in neuropsychological research: some uses and abuses. Cortex, 14, 564–77
Fodor, J. A., Bever, T. G. and Garrett, M. F. (1974). The Psychology of Language. New York: McGraw-Hill
Fogel, A. (1993). Developing Through Relationships: Communication, Self, and Culture in Early Infancy. Cambridge: Harvester Press
Fogel, A. and Hannan, T. E. (1985). Manual actions of nine- to fifteen-week-old human infants during face-to-face interaction with their mothers. Child Development, 56, 1271–9
Fogel, A. and Thelen, E. (1987). The development of expressive and communicative action in the first year: reinterpreting the evidence from a dynamic systems perspective. Developmental Psychology, 23, 747–61
Fogel, A., Toda, S. and Kawai, M. (1988). Mother-infant face-to-face interaction in Japan and the United States: a laboratory comparison using 3-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 24, 398–406
Fooden, J. (1975). Taxonomy and evolution of liontail and pigtail macaques (Primates: Cercopithecidae). Fieldiana Zoology, 67. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History
Fox, N. A. and Calkins, S. D. (1993). Multiple-measure approaches to the study of infant emotion. In M. Lewis and J. Haviland (eds.), Handbook of Emotions (pp. 167–84). New York: Guilford Press
Fraiberg, S. (1977). Insights from the Blind: Comparative Studies of Blind and Sighted Infants. New York: Basic Books
Frant, G. (1960). Acoustic Theory of Speech Production. The Hague: Mouton
Fridlund, A. J. and Loftis, J. M. (1990). Relations between tickling and humorous laughter: preliminary support for the Darwin–Hecker hypothesis. Biological Psychology, 30, 141–50
Furrow, D. (1984). Young children's use of prosody. Journal of Child Language, 11, 201–13
Furuichi, T. (1983). Interindividual distance and influence of dominance on feeding in a natural Japanese macaque troop. Primates, 24, 445–55
Garnica, O. (1977). Some prosodic and paralinguistic features of speech to young children. In C. E. Snow and C. A. Ferguson (eds.), Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition (pp. 189–224). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Gibson, E. J. and Walk, R. D. (1960). The “visual cliff.”Scientific American, 202, 64–71
Gibson, E. J. and Walker, A. (1984). Development of knowledge of visual and tactile affordances of substance. Child Development, 55, 453–60
Gibson, J. J. (1966). The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Gibson, J. J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Ginsburg, G. P. and Kilbourne, B. K. (1988). Emergence of vocal alternation in mother-infant interchanges. Journal of Child Language, 15, 221–35
Goldin-Meadow, S. and Mylander, C. (1984). Gestural communication in deaf children: the effects and noneffects of parental input on early language development. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 49, Washington, DC
Goldin-Meadow, S. and Mylander, C. (1998). Spontaneous sign systems created by deaf children in two cultures. Nature, 391, 279–81
Golub, H. L. (1980). A physioacoustic model of the infant cry and its use for medical diagnosis and prognosis. Ph.D Dissertation. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Goodsitt, J. V., Morse, P. A., Hoeve, Ver J. N. and Cowan, N. (1984). Infant speech recognition in multisyllabic contexts. Child Development, 55, 903–10
Goodwyn, S. W. and Acredolo, L. P. (1993). Symbolic gesture versus word: is there a modality advantage for onset of symbol use? Child Development, 64, 688–701
Gouzoules, S., Gouzoules, H. and Marler, P. (1984). Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) screams: representational signalling in the recruitment of agonistic aid. Animal Behaviour, 32, 182–93
Green, S. (1975). Variation of vocal pattern with reference to social situation in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata): a field study. In L. A. Rosenblum (ed.), Primate Behavior: Developments in Field and Laboratory Research. New York: Academic Press
Griffith, P. L. (1985). Mode-switching and mode-finding in a hearing child of deaf parents. Sign Language Studies, 48, 195–222
Gusella, J., Roman, M. and Muir, D. (1986). Experimental manipulation of mother–infant actions. Paper presented at the International Conference of Infant Studies, Los Angels, September
Gustafson, G. E. and Green, J. A. (1989). On the importance of fundamental frequency and other acoustic features in cry perception and infant development. Child Development, 60, 772–80
Gustafson, G. E. and Green, J. A. (1991). Developmental coordination of cry sounds with visual regard and gestures. Infant Behavior and Development, 14, 51–7
Gustafson, G. E., Green, J. A. and Cleland, J. W. (1994). Robustness of individual identity in the cries of human infants. Developmental Psychobiology, 27, 1–9
Haccou, P. and Meelis, E. (1992). Statistical Analysis of Behavioural Data: An Approach Based on Time-structured Models. New York: Oxford University Press
Hallé, P. A. and Boysson-Bardies, B. (1994). Emergence of an early receptive lexicon: infants’ recognition of words. Infant Behavior and Development, 17, 19–129
Hallé, P. A. and Boysson-Bardies, B. (1996). The format of representation of recognized words in infants’ early receptive lexicon. Infant Behavior and Development, 19, 463–81
Halliday, M. A. K. (1975). Learning How to Mean: Explorations in the Development of Language. London: Edward Arnold
Hansen, E. W. (1976). Selective responding by recently separated juvenile monkeys to the calls of their mothers. Developmental Psychology, 9, 83–8
Harding, C. and Golinkoff, R. M. (1979). The origins of intentional vocalizations in prelinguistic infants. Child Development, 50, 33–40
Harris, M., Barrett, M., Jones, D. and Brookes, S. (1988). Linguistic input and early word meaning. Journal of Child Language, 15, 77–94
Hauser, M. D. (1992). Articulatory and social factors influence the acoustic structure of rhesus monkey vocalizations: a learned mode of production? Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 91, 2175–79
Hauser, M. D. (1996). The Evolution of Communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Hayashi, Y., Hoashi, E. and Nara, T. (1997). Ultrasonographic analysis of sucking behavior of newborn infants: the driving force of sucking pressure. Early Human Development, 49, 33–8
Hayashi, A., Tamekawa, Y. and Kiritani, S. (2001). Developmental change in auditory preferences for speech stimuli in Japanese infants. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, 1189–200
Hebb, D. O. (1949). The Organization of Behavior: A Neurophysiological Theory. New York: Wiley
Hirsh, I. J. and Watson, C. S. (1996). Auditory psychophysics and perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 461–84
Hirshberg, L. M. and Svejda, M. (1990). When infants look to their parents: 1. Infants’ social referencing of mothers compared to fathers. Child Development, 61, 1175–86
Hirsh-Pasek, K., Nelson, Kemler D. G., Jusczyk, P. W., Cassidy, Wright K., Druss, B. and Kennedy, L. (1987). Clauses are perceptual units for young infants. Cognition, 26, 269–86
Hockett, C. F. (1960). The origin of speech. Scientific American, 203, 88–96
Hohmann, G. and Herzog, M. O. (1985). Vocal communication in lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus). Folia Primatologica, 45, 148–78
Hohne, E. A., Jusczyk, A. M. and Redanz, N. J. (1994). Do infants remember words from stories? Paper presented at the meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Boston, MA, June
Holmes, W. G. (1990). Parent-offspring recognition in mammals: a proximate and ultimate perspective. In N. A. Krasnegor, and R. S. Bridges (eds.), Mammalian Parenting: Biochemical, Neurobiological, and Behavioral Determinants (pp. 441–60). New York: Oxford University Press
Huffman, M. K. (1990). Implementation of nasal timing and articulatory landmarks. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 75, 1–149
Ikeda, Y. and Masataka, N. (1999). A variable that may affect individual differences in the child-directed speech of Japanese women. Japanese Psychological Research, 41, 203–8
Ingram, D. (1995). The cultural basis of prosodic modifications to infants and children: a response to Fernald's universalist theory. Journal of Child Language, 22, 223–33
Iverson, P. and Kuhl, P. K. (1995). Mapping the perceptual magnet effect for speech using signal detection theory and multidimensional scaling. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, 553–62
Jakobson, R. (1941). Kindersprache, Aphasie, und allgemeine Lautgesetze (Child Language, Aphasia, and Phonological Universals). Uppsala, Sweden: Almqvist and Wiksell
Jerison, H. J. (1973). Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence. New York: Academic Press
Jiao, S., Ji, G. and Jing, Q. (1986). Comparative study of behavioral qualities of only children and sibling children. Child Development, 57, 357–61
Johnson, P. and Salisbury, D. M. (1975). Breathing and sucking during feeding in the newborn. In Parent-infant interaction, Chiba Foundation Symposium 33 (pp. 119–35). Amsterdam: Elsevier
Jusczyk, P. W. (1997). The Discovery of Spoken Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Jusczyk, P. W. and Aslin, R. N. (1995). Infants’ detection of the sound patterns of words in fluent speech. Cognitive Psychology, 29, 1–23
Jusczyk, P. W., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Nelson, Kemler D. G., Kennedy, L., Woodward, A. and Piwoz, J. (1992). Perception of acoustic correlates of major phrasal units by young infants. Cognitive Psychology, 24, 252–93
Jusczyk, P. W. and Hohne, E. A. (1997). Infants’ memory for spoken words. Science, 277, 1984–6
Kaitz, M., Lapidot, P., Bronner, R. and Eidelman, A. I. (1992). Parturient women can recognize their infants by touch. Developmental Psychology, 28, 35–9
Kajikawa, S. and Hasegawa, T. (2000). Acoustic variation of pant hoot calls by male chimpanzees: a playback experiment. Journal of Ethology, 18, 133–9
Kantor, R. (1982). Communicative interaction: mother modification and child acquisition of American Sign Language. Sign Language Studies, 38, 233–82
Kaplan, J. M., Winchip-Ball, A. and Sim, L. (1978). Maternal discrimination of infant vocalizations in squirrel monkeys. Primates, 19, 187–93
Kaplan, P. S., Fox, K. B. and Huckeby, E. R. (1992). Faces as reinforcers: effects of pairing condition and facial expression. Developmental Psychology, 25, 299–312
Kaplan, P. S., Goldstein, M. H., Huckeby, E. R., Owren, M. J. and Cooper, P. P. (1995). Dishabituaion of visual attention by infant- versus adult-directed speech: effects of frequency modulation and spectral composition. Infant Behavior and Development, 18, 209–23
Kaplan, P. S., Jung, P. C., Ryther, J. S. and Zarlengo-Strouse, P. (1996). Infant-directed versus adult-directed speech as signals for faces. Developmental Psychology, 32, 880–91
Karzon, R. G. (1985). Discrimination of polysyllabic sequences by one- to four-month-old infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39, 326–42
Kaye, K. (1977). Toward the origin of dialogue. In H. R. Schaffer (ed.), Studies in Mother-Infant Interaction (pp. 68–94). London: Academic Press
Kaye, K. (1982). The Mental and Social Life of Babies: How Parents Create Persons. Chicago: Chicago University Press
Kaye, K. and Wells, A. J. (1980). Mothers’ jiggling and the burst-pause pattern in neonatal feeding. Infant Behavior and Development, 3, 29–46
Nelson, Kemler D. G., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Jusczyk, P. W. and Cassidy, Wright K. (1989). How prosodic cues in motherese might assist language learning. Journal of Child Language, 16, 55–68
Kent, R. D. (1981). Articulatory-acoustic perspectives on speech development. In R. E. Stark (ed.), Language Behavior in Infancy and Early Childhood (pp. 105–26). Amsterdam: Elsevier North Holland
Kent, R. D. (1992). The biology of phonological development. In C. A. Ferguson, L. Menn and C. Stoel-Gammon (eds.), Phonological Development: Models, Research, Implications (pp. 65–90). Timonium, MD: York Press
Kent, R. D. and Murray, A. D. (1982). Acoustic features of infant vocalic utterances at 3, 6, and 9 months. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 72, 353–65
Klima, E. S. and Bellugi, U. (1979). The Signs of Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Kudo, H. and Dunbar, R. I. M. (2001). Neocortex size and social network size in primates. Animal Behaviour, 62, 711–22
Kuhl, P. K., Andruski, J. E., Chistovich, I. A., Chistovich, L. A., Kozhevnikova, E. V., Ryskina, V. L., Stolyarova, E. I., Sundberg, U. and Lacerda, F. (1997). Cross-language analysis of phonetic units in language addressed to infants. Science, 277, 684–6
Kuhl, P. K. and Meltzoff, A. N. (1996). Infant vocalizations in response to speech: vocal imitation and developmental change. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 100, 2425–38
Kyle, J. and Woll, B. (eds.) (1983). Language in Sign: An International Perspective on Sign Language. Beckenham: Croom Helm
Lane, H. (1984). When the Mind Hears. New York: Random House
Launer, P. (1982). “A plane” is not “to fly”: acquiring the distinction between related nouns and verbs in ASL. Ph.D dissertation, City University of New York
Lavelli, M. and Poli, M. (1998). Early mother–infant interaction during breast- and bottle-feeding. Infant Behavior and Development, 21, 667–83
Lebra, T. S. (1976). Japanese Patterns of Behavior. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii
Legerstee, M. (1991). The role of person and object in eliciting early imitation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 51, 423–33
Lenneberg, E. H. (1967). Biological Foundations of Language. New York: Wiley
Lester, B. M. (1984). A biosocial model of infant crying. In L. P. Lipsitt and C. Rovee-Collier (eds.), Advances in Infant Research (pp. 167–212). Norwood: Ablex
Lester, B. M. and Boukydism, C. F. Z. (eds.) (1985). Infant Crying: Theoretical and Research Perspectives. New York: Plenum
Lester, B. M. and Boukydism, C. F. Z. (1992). No language but a cry. In H. Papoušek, U. Jürgens and M. Papoušek (eds.), Nonverbal Vocal Communication: Comparative and Developmental Approaches (pp. 145–73). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Leung, E. H. L. and Rheingold, H. (1981). Development of pointing as a social gesture. Developmental Psychology, 17, 215–20
Lewis, M. M. (1936). Infant Speech: A Study of the Beginnings of Language. New York: Harcourt Brace
Lieberman, P. (1984). The Biology and Evolution of Language. London: Harvard University Press
Lieven, E. V. M., Pine, J. M. and Barnes, H. D. (1992). Individual differences in early vocabulary development: redefining the referential–expressive distinction. Journal of Child Language, 19, 287–310
Lock, A. (1980). The Guided Reinvention of Language. London: Academic Press
Locke, J. L. (1986). The linguistic significance of babbling. In B. Lindblom and R. Zetterstorm (eds.), Precursors of Early Speech (pp. 48–96). New York: Stockton Press
Locke, J. L. (1993). The Child's Path to Spoken Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Locke, J. L. (1994). Phases in the child's development of language. American Scientist, 82, 436–45
Locke, J. L. (1997). A theory of neurolinguistic development. Brain and Language, 58, 265–326
Locke, J. L., Bekken, K. E., McMinn-Larson, L. and Wein, D. (1995). Emergent control of manual and vocal-motor activity in relation to the development of speech. Brain and Language, 51, 498–508
Locke, J. L. and Snow, C. (1997). Vocal learning in human and nonhuman primates. In C. T. Snowdon and M. Hausberger (eds.), Social Influences on Vocal Development (pp. 274–92). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Lorenz, K. (1943). Die angeborenen Formen möglicher Erfahrung. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 5, 235–409
Loske, J. L. (1993). Learning to speak. Journal of Phonetics, 21, 141–6
Lucas, A., Lucas, P. J. and Baum, J. D. (1979). Pattern of milk flow in breast-fed infants. Lancet, 2, 57–8
Macedonia, J. M. (1990). Vocal communication and antipredator behavior in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Ph.D dissertation. Durham, NC: Duke University
MacNeilage, P. F. and Davis, B. L. (1990). Acquisition of speech production: the architect of segmental independence. In W. J. Hardcastle and A. Marchal (eds.), Speech Production and Speech Modeling (pp. 55–68). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer
MacNeilage, P. F. and Davis, B. L. (2000). Evolution of speech: the relation between phylogeny and ontogeny. In J. R. Hurford, C. Knight and M. G. Studdert-Kennedy (eds.), The Evolutionary Emergence of Language (pp. 146–60). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
MacWhinney, B. (1999). The Emergence of Language. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
Maeda, T. and Masataka, N. (1987). Locale-specific vocal behaviour of the tamarin (Saguinus I. labiatus). Ethology, 75, 25–30
Moores, Maestas y J. (1980). Early linguistic environment: interactions of deaf parents with their infants. Sign Language Studies, 26, 1–13
Malatesta, C. and Haviland, J. M. (1982). Learning display rules: the socialization of emotion expression in infancy. Child Development, 53, 991–1033
Malatesta, C. and Haviland, J. M. (1985). Signals, symbols, and socialization: the modification of emotional expression in human development. In M. Lewis and C. Sarrni (eds.), The Socialization of Emotions (pp. 89–116). New York: Plenum Press
Malatesta-Magai, C. (1991). Development of emotion expression during infancy: general course and patterns of individual difference. In J. Garber and K. A. Dodge (eds.), The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation (pp. 49–68). New York: Cambridge University Press
Marcel, A. J. (1983). Conscious and unconscious perception: experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 197–237
Marler, P. and Hobbett, L. (1975). Individuality in the long range vocalizations of wild chimpanzees. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 38, 97–109
Maruhashi, T. (1980). Feeding behavior and diet of Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan. Primates, 21, 141–60
Masataka, N. (1983a). Categorical responses to natural and synthesized alarm calls in Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii). Primates, 24, 40–51
Masataka, N. (1983b). Psycholinguistic analysis of alarm calls of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata). American Journal of Primatology, 5, 111–25
Masataka, N. (1985). Development of vocal recognition of mothers in infant Japanese macaques. Developmental Psychobiology, 18, 107–14
Masataka, N. (1988). The response of red-chested moustached tamarins to long calls from their natal and alien populations. Animal Behaviour, 36, 55–61
Masataka, N. (1991). Cortisol level and acoustic features of cries in Japanese newborns. Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon, 99, 363–9
Masataka, N. (1992a). Early ontogeny of vocal behavior of Japanese infants in response to maternal speech. Child Development, 63, 1177–85
Masataka, N. (1992b). Motherese in a signed language. Infant Behavior and Development, 15, 453–60
Masataka, N. (1992c). Pitch characteristics of Japanese maternal speech to infants. Journal of Child Language, 19, 213–23
Masataka, N. (1993a). Effects of contingent and noncontingent maternal stimulation on the vocal behaviour of three- and four-month-old Janapese infants. Journal of Child Language, 20, 303–12
Masataka, N. (1993b). Relation between pitch contour of prelinguistic vocalizations and communicative functions in Japanese infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 16, 397–401
Masataka, N. (1993c). Sucking behavior of newborns as a first step of language learning. Japanese Journal of Pediatrics, 64, 48–51 (in Japanese)
Masataka, N. (1995). The relation between index-finger extension and the acoustic quality of cooing in three-month-old infants. Journal of Child Language, 22, 247–57
Masataka, N. (1996). Perception of motherese in a signed language by 6-month-old deaf infants. Developmental Psychology, 32, 874–9
Masataka, N. (1998). Perception of motherese in Japanese Sign Language by 6-month-old hearing infants. Developmental Psychology, 34, 241–6
Masataka, N. (1999). Preference for infant-directed singing in 2-day-old hearing infants of deaf parents. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1001–5
Masataka, N. (2000). The role of modality and input in the earliest stage of language acquisition: studies of Japanese sign language. In C. Chamberlain, J. P. Morford and R. I. Mayberry (eds.), Language Acquisition by Eye (pp. 3–24). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Masataka, N. (2002a). Long-term retention of spoken words in preverbal infants. Paper presented at the fifth congress of the International Society of Spoken Languages Processing, Chiba, Japan
Masataka, N. (2002b). Pitch modification when interacting with elders: Japanese women with and without experiences with children. Journal of Child Language (in press)
Masataka, N. (2003). From index-finger extension to index-finger pointing: ontogenesis of pointing in preverbal infants. In S. Kita (ed.), Pointing: Where Language, Culture, and Cognition Meet (pp. 69–84). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Masataka, N. and Biben, M. (1987). Temporal rules regulating affiliative vocal exchanges of squirrel monkeys. Behaviour, 101, 311–19
Masataka, N. and Bloom, K. (1994). Acoustic properties that determine adults’ preferences for 3-month-old infant vocalizations. Infant Behavior and Development, 17, 461–4
Masataka, N. and Fujita, K. (1989). Vocal learning of Japanese and rhesus monkeys. Behaviour, 109, 191–9
Masataka, N. and Symmes, D. (1986). Effect of separation distance on isolation call structure in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). American Journal of Primatology, 10, 271–8
Masataka, N. and Thierry, B. (1993). Vocal communication of tonkean macaques in confined environments. Primates, 34, 169–80
Masur, E. F. (1982). Mothers’ responses to infants’ object-related gestures: influences on lexical development. Journal of Child Language, 9, 23–30
McArthur, L. Z. and Baron, R. M. (1983). Toward an ecological theory of social perception. Psychological Review, 90, 215–38
McGurk, H. and MacDonald, J. (1976). Hearing lips and seeing voices. Nature, 264, 746–8
McNeill, D. C. (1992). Hand and Mind. Chicago: Chicago University Press
Meltzoff, A. N. and Borton, R. W. (1979). Intermodal matching by human neonates. Nature, 282, 403–4
Meltzoff, A. N. and Moore, M. K. (1983). Newborn infants imitate adult facial gestures. Child Development, 54, 702–9
Merikle, P. M. and Rheingold, E. M. (1988). Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness. Perception and Psychophysics, 44, 563–75
Meyer, D. E., Schvaneveldt, R. W. and Ruddy, M. G. (1972). Activation of lexical memory. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, St Louis, MI, November 1972
Meyer, D. E., Schvaneveldt, R. W. and Ruddy, M. G. (1975). Loci of contextual effects on visual word-recognition. In P. M. A. Rabbit and S. Dornic (eds.), Attention and Performance (pp. 98–118). New York: Academic Press
Mitani, M. (1986). Voiceprint identification and its application to sociological studies of wild Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata yakui). Primates, 27, 397–412
Mitani, J. C., Hasegawa, T., Gros-Louis, J., Marler, P. and Byrne, R. (1992). Dialects in wild chimpanzees? American Journal of Primatology, 27, 233–43
Moon, C., Cooper, R. P. and Fifer, W. P. (1991). Two-day-olds prefer the maternal language. Presentation at the 1991 Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle, WA
Moynihan, M. (1970). The control, suppression, decay, disappearance, and replacement of displays. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 29, 85–112
Murphy, C. M. (1978). Pointing in the context of a shared activity. Child Development, 49, 371–80
Murray, A. (1979). Infant crying as an elicitor of parental behavior: an examination of two models. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 191–215
Myers, J., Jusczyk, P. W., Nelson, D. G. K., Charles-Luce, J., Woodward, A. L. and Hirsh-Pasek, K. (1996). Infants’ sensitivity to word boundaries in fluent speech. Journal of Child Language, 23, 1–30
National Language Research Institute (1984). A study of fundamental vocabulary for Japanese language teaching. The National Language Research Institute Report, 78. Shuei-Shoseki
Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106, 226–54
Nelson, K. (1973). Structure and strategy in learning to talk. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 38. Chicago: Chicago University Press for the Society for Research in Child Development
Nelson, K. (1981). Individual differences in language development: Implications for development and language. Developmental Psychology, 17, 170–87
Nelson, K. (1991). Concepts and meaning in language development. In N. A. Krasnegor, D. M. Rumbaugh, R. L. Schiefelbusch and M. Studdert-Kennedy (eds.), Biological and Behavioral Determinants of Language Development (pp. 89–115). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Netsell, R. (1981). The acquisition of speech motor control: a perspective with directions for research. In R. E. Stark (ed.), Language Behaviour in Infancy and Early Childhood (pp. 134–61). Amsterdam: Elsevier
Newport, E. (1981). Constraints on structure: evidence from ASL and language learning. In W. Collins (ed.), Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (pp. 65–128). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Nie, N. H., Hull, C. H., Jenkins, J. G., Steinbrenner, K. and Bent, D. H. (1975). SPSS. New York: McGraw-Hill
Nisbett, R. E. and Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231–59
Nozawa, K., Shotake, T., Minezawa, M., Kawamoto, Y., Hayasaka, K., Kawamoto, S. and Ito, S. (1991). Population genetics of Japaneze monkeys: Ⅲ. Ancestry and differentiation of local populations. Primates, 32, 411–36
Nwokah, E. and Fogel, A. (1993). Laughter in mother-infant emotional communication. Humor, 6, 137–61
Nwokah, E. E., Hsu, H. C., Dobrowolska, O. and Fogel, A. (1994). The development of laughter in mother–infant communication: timing parameters and temporal sequences. Infant Behavior and Development, 17, 23–35
Oda, R. and Masataka, N. (1996). Interspecific responses of ringtailed lemurs to playback of antipredator alarm calls given by Verreaux's sifakas. Ethology, 102, 411–53
Okayasu, N. (1987). Coo sound communication. Kikan Jinruigaku, 19, 12–30 (in Japanese)
Oller, D. K. (1980). The emergence of the sounds of speech in infancy. In G. Yeni-Komshian, J. Kavanagh and C. Ferguson (eds.), Child Phonology (pp. 93– 112). New York: Academic Press
Oller, D. K. (1986). Metaphonology and infant vocalizations. In B. Lindblom and R. Zetterstorm (eds.), Precursors of Early Speech (pp. 21–36). New York: Stockton Press
Oller, D. K. (2000). The Emergence of the Speech Capacity. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
Padden, C. A. (1988). Grammatical theory and signed languages. In F. Newmayer (ed.), Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey (pp. 250–66). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Palmer, C. and Krumhansl, C. L. (1987a). Independent temporal and pitch structures on determination of musical phrases. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 13, 116–26
Palmer, C. and Krumhansl, C. L. (1987b). Pitch and temporal contributions to musical phrase perception: effects of harmony, performance timing, and familiarity. Perception and Psychophysics, 1341, 505–18
Panneton, R. K. (1985). Prenatal experience with melodies: effect on postnatal auditory preference in human newborns. Ph.D dissertation. Greeensboro: University of North Carolina
Papoušek, H., Jürgens, U. and Papoušek, M. (eds.) (1992). Nonverbal Vocal Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Papoušek, H. and Papoušek, M. (1991). Innate and cultural guidance of infants’ integrative compentencies: China, the United States, and Germany. In M. H. Bornstein (ed.), Cultural Approaches to Parenting (pp. 23–44). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Papoušek, M. (1994). Von ersten Schrei zum ersten Wort; Anfänge der Sprachentwicklung in der vorsprachlichen Kommunikation (From the First Cry to the First Word: The Beginning of Language Development in Prespeech Communication). Bern, Switzerland: Verlag Hans Huber
Papoušek, M. and Papoušek, H. (1989). Forms and functions of vocal matching in interactions between mothers and their precanonical infants. First Language, 9, 137–58
Papoušek, M. and Papoušek, H. (1991). Preverbal vocal communication from zero to one: preparing the ground for language acquisition. In M. E. Lamb and H. Keller (eds.), Perspectives on Infant Development: Contributions from German-speaking Countries (pp. 299– 328). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Papoušek, M., Papoušek, H. and Bornstein, M. H. (1985). The naturalistic vocal environment of young infants: on the significance of homogeneity and variability in parental speech. In T. Field and N. Fox (eds.), Social Perception in Infants (pp. 269–97). Norwood, NJ: Ablex
Patterson, M., Muir, D. W. and Hains, S. (1997). Infant sensitivity to perturbations in adult infant-directed speech during social interactions with mother and stranger. Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans
Paul, K., Dittrichová, J. and Papoušek, H. (1996). Infant feeding behavior: development in patterns and motivation. Developmental Psychology, 29, 563–76
Penfield, W. and Welch, K. (1951). The supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 66, 289–317
Penman, R., Cross, T., Milgrom-Friedman, J. and Meares, R. (1983). Mothers’ speech to prelingual infants: a pragmatic analysis. Journal of Child Language, 10, 17–34
Perreira, M. (1986). Maternal recognition of juvenile offspring coo vocalizations in Japanese macaques. Animal Behaviour, 34, 935–7
Peters, A. M. (1983). The Units of Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Peterson, G. E. and Barney, H. L. (1952). Control methods used in the study of vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 24, 175–84
Pettito, L. A. and Marentette, P. F. (1991). Babbling in the manual mode: evidence for the ontogeny of language. Science, 251, 1493–6
Piaget, J. (1951). Play, Dreams and Imitation in Childhood. New York: Norton
Piaget, J. (1952). The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul
Pilon, R. (1981). Segmentation of speech in a foreign language. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 10, 113–21
Pinker, S. (1984). Language Learnability and Language Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Pisoni, D. (1977). Identification and discrimination of the relative onset time of two component tones: implications for voicing perception in stops. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 61, 1352–61
Pisoni, D. R. and Lazarus, J. H. (1974). Categorical and un-categorical models of speech perception along the voicing continuum. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 55, 328–33
Pola, Y. V. and Snowdon, C. T. (1975). The vocalization of pygmy marmosets (Cebulla pygmaea). Animal Behaviour, 26, 192–206
Porter, F. L., Porges, S. W. and Marchall, R. E. (1988). Newborn pain cries and vagal tone: parallel changes in response to circumcision. Child Development, 59, 480–505
Posner, M. I. (1969). Abstraction and the process of recognition. In G. H. Bower and J. T. Spence (eds.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Reseach and Theory (pp. 175–244). New York: Academic Press
Pouthas, V., Provasi, J. and Droit, S. (1996). Biobehavioral rhythms: development and role in early human ontogenesis. In J. T. Fraser and M. P. Soulsby (eds.), Dimensions of Time and Life (pp. 19–30). Madison, CT: International Universities Press, Inc
Power, T. G., Hildebrandt, K. A. and Fitzgerald, H. E. (1982). Adults’ responses to infants varying in facial expression and perceived attractiveness. Infant Behavior and Development, 5, 33–4
Prechtl, H. F. R. (1984). Contituity and change in early neural development. In H. F. R. Prechtl (ed.), Continuity of Neural Functions from Prenatal to Postnatal Life (pp. 1–15). London: Spastics International
Prechtl, H. F. R. (1990). Qualitative changes of spontaneous movements in fetus and preterm infant are a marker of neurological dysfunction. Early Human Development, 23, 151–8
Prescott, R. (1975). Infant cry sound: developmental features. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 57, 1186–91
Prinz, P. M. and Prinz, E. A. (1979). Simultaneous acquisition of ASL and spoken English: phase I: early lexical development. Sign Language Studies, 25, 283–96
Provine, R. R. (1996). Laughter: the study of language provides a novel approach to the mechanisms and evolution of vocal production, perception and social behavior. American Scientist, 84, 38–45
Provine, R. R. and Yong, Y. L. (1991). Laughter: a stereotyped human vocalization. Ethology, 89, 115–24
Querleu, D. and Renard, K. (1981). Les perceptions auditives du foetus humain (Auditory perception of the human fetus). Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction, 10, 307–14
Querleu, D., Renard, K. and Crepin, G. (1981). Perception auditive et réactive foetale aux stimulations sonores. Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction, 10, 307–14
Ramsay, D. S. (1985). Fluctuations in unimanual hand preference in infants following the onset of duplicated syllable babbling. Developmental Psychology, 21, 318–24
Rao, C. R. (1948). Advanced Statistical Methods in Biometric Research. New York: Wiley
Reed, E. S. (1982). An outline of a theory of action systems. Journal of Motor Behavior, 14, 98–134
Reicher, G. M. (1969). Perceptual recognition as a function of stimulus material. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21, 275–80
Robson, K. S. (1967). The role of eye-to-eye contact in maternal–infant attachment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 13–25
Rondal, J. (1985). Adult–Child Interaction and the Process of Language Acquisition. New York: Praeger
Rovee-Collier, C. (1990). The “memory system” of prelinguistic infants. In A. Diamond (ed.), The Development and Neural Bases of Higher Cognitive Functions (pp. 517–42). New York: Academy of Sciences
Rovee-Collier, C. K. and Gekoski, M. J. (1979). The economics of infancy: a review of conjugate reinforcement. In H. W. Reese and L. P. Lipsitt (eds.), Advances in Child Development and Research (pp. 195–255). New York: Academic Press
Rovee-Collier, C. K. and Hayne, H. (1987). Reactivation of infant memory: implications for cognitive development. In H. W. Reese (ed.), Advances in Child Development and Behavior (pp. 185–238). New York: Academic Press
Rowell, T. A. and Hinde, R. (1962). Vocal communication in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 138, 279–94
Saslow, C. A. (1972). Behavioral definition of minimal reaction time in monkeys. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 18, 87–106
Sawaguchi, T. and Kudo, H. (1990). Neocortical development and social structure in primates. Primates, 31, 283–90
Schaffer, H. R. (1977). Studies in Mother–Infant Interaction. New York: Academic Press
Schaffer, R. (1984). The Child's Entry into the Social World. London: Academic Press
Schieffelin, B. B. and Ochs, E. (1983). A cultural perspective on the transition from prelinguistic communication. In R. M. Golinkoff (ed.), The Transition from Prelinguistic to Linguistic Communication (pp. 48–76). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Schönberg, A. (1984). Style and Idea. Berkeley: California University Press
Sekiyama, K. and Tohkura, Y. (1991). McGurk effect in non-English listeners: few visual effects for Japanese subjects hearing Japanese syllables of high auditory intelligibility. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 90, 1797–805
Seyfarth, R. M. and Cheney, D. L. (1986). Vocal development in vervet monkeys. Animal Behaviour, 34, 1640–58
Seyfarth, R. M., Cheney, D. L. and Marler, P. (1980). Vervet monkey alarm calls: semantic communication in a free-ranging primate. Animal Behaviour, 28, 1070–94
Shute, B. and Wheldall, K. (1989). Pitch alternations in British motherese: some preliminary acoustic data. Journal of Child Language, 16, 503–12
Shute, B. and Wheldall, K. (1995). The incidence of raised average pitch and increased pitch variability of British motherese speech and the influence of maternal characteristics and discourse form. First Language, 15, 35–55
Sibly, R. M., Nott, H. M. and Fletcher, D. J. (1990). Splitting behaviour into bouts. Animal Behaviour, 39, 63–9
Siegal, M. and Cowen, J. (1984). Appraisals of intervention: the mother's versus the child's behavior as determinants of children's evaluations of discipline techniques. Child Development, 55, 1760–6
Sigel, I. E. (1982). The relationship between distancing strategies and the child's cognitive behaviour. In L. Laosa and I. E. Sigel (eds.), Families as Learning Environment for Children (pp. 47–87). New York: Plenum
Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal Behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts
Smith, H. J., Newman, J. D., Hoffman, H. J. and Fatterly, K. (1982). Statistical discrimination among vocalizations of individual squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Folia Primatologica, 37, 267–79
Smith, H. J., Newman, J. D. and Symmes, D. (1982). Vocal concomitants of affiliative behavior in squirrel monkeys. In C. T. Snowdon, C. H. Brown and M. R. Petersen (eds.), Primate Communication (pp. 30–49). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Smith, W. J. (1977). The Behavior of Communicating. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Snowdon, C. T. (1982). Linguistic and psycholinguistic approaches to primate communication. In C. T. Snowdon, C. H. Brown and M. R. Petersen (eds.), Primate Communication (pp. 212–38). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Snowdon, C. T. and Cleveland, J. (1980). Individual recognition of contact calls by pygmy marmosets. Animal Behaviour, 28, 717–27
Snowdon, C. T. and Hodun, A. (1981). Acoustic adaptations in pygmy marmoset contact calls: locational cues vary with distances between conspecifics. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 9, 295–300
Snowdon, C. T. and Hodun, A. (1985). Troop-specific responses to long calls of isolated tamarins (Saguinus mystax). American Journal of Primatology, 8, 205–13
Snowdon, C. T. and Pola, Y. V. (1978). Interspecific and intraspecific responses to synthesized pygmy marmoset vocalizations. Animal Behaviour, 26, 192–206
Sokal, R. R. and Rohlf, F. J. (1981). Biometry (2nd ed.). New York: Freeman
Speidel, G. E. and Nelson, K. E. (1989). The Many Faces of Imitation in Language Learning. New York: Springer
Spelke, E. S. (1979). Perceiving bimodally specified events in infancy. Developmental Psychology, 15, 626–36
Spelke, E. S. (1990). Principles of object perception. Cognitive Science, 14, 29–56
Spencer, H. (1892). The Physiology of Laughter, vol. Ⅱ. New York: Appleton
Sroufe, L. A. and Waters, E. (1976). The ontogenesis of smiling and laughter: a perspective on the organization of development in infancy. Psychological Review, 83, 173–89
Stampe, D. L. (1973). A dissociation of natural phonology. Ph.D dissertation. Chicago: University of Chicago
Stark, R. E. (1980). Stages of speech development in the first year of life. In G. Yeni-Komshian, J. Kavanagh and C. Ferguson (eds.), Child Phonology (pp. 73–90). New York: Academic Press
Stephan, C. W. and Langlois, J. H. (1984). Baby beautiful: adult attributions of infant competence as a function of infant attractiveness. Child Development, 55, 576–85
Stern, D. N., Spieker, S., Barnett, R. K. and MacKain, K. (1983). The prosody of maternal speech: infant age and context related changes. Journal of Child Language, 10, 1–15
Stern, D. N., Spieker, S. and MacKain, K. (1982). Intonation contours as signals in maternal speech to prelinguistic infants. Developmental Psychology, 18, 727–35
Sternglanz, S. H., Gray, J. L. and Murakami, M. (1977). Adult preferences for infantile facial features: an ethological approach. Animal Behaviour, 25, 108–15
Stokoe, W. and Volterra, V. (eds.) (1985). Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Sign Language Research. Silver Spring: Linstok Press
Struhasaker, T. T. (1967). Auditory communication among vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). In S. A. Altmann (ed.), Social Communication among Primates (pp. 218–34). Chicago: Chicago University Press
Sugiura, H. (1993). Temporal and acoustic correlates in vocal exchange of coo calls in Japanese macaques. Behaviour, 124, 207–25
Sugiura, H. (1998). Matching of acoustic features during the vocal exchange of coo calls by Japanese macaques. Animal Behaviour, 55, 673–87
Sugiura, H. and Masataka, N. (1995). Temporal and acoustic flexibility in vocal exchanges of coo calls in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). In E. Zimmermann, J. D. Newman and U. Jürgens (eds.), Current Topics in Primate Vocal Communication (pp. 121–40). London: Plenum Press
Sullivan, J. W. and Horowitz, F. D. (1983). Infant intermodal perception and maternal multimodal stimulation: implication for language development. In L. P. Liositt and C. K. Rovee-Collier (eds.), Advances in Infancy Research (pp. 184–239). Norwood, NJ: Ablex
Takei, W. (2001). How do deaf infants attain first signs? Developmental Science, 4
Tamekawa, Y., Deguchi, T., Hallé, P. A., Hayashi, A. and Kiritani, S. (1997). Acquisition of word-sounds pattern of native language by Japanese infants. Bulletin of Tokyo Gakugei University Section Ⅰ Science of Education, 48, 249–54
Tan, N., Aiello, R. and Bever, T. G. (1981). Harmonic structure as a determinant of melodic organization. Memory and Cognition, 9, 533–9
Tanaka, Y. and Shimojo, S. (1996). Location versus feature: reaction time reveals dissociation between two visual functions. Vision Research, 36, 2125–40
Tankova-Yampol'skaya, R. V. (1973). Development of speech intonation in infants during the first two years of life. In C. A. Ferguson and D. I. Slobin (eds.), Studies of Child Language Development (pp. 214–50). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Teleki, G. (1973). The Predatory Behavior of Wild Chimpanzees. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press
Tenaza, R. R. and Tilson, R. L. (1977). Evolution of long-distance alarm calls in Kloss's gibbon. Nature, 268, 233–5
Thelen, E. (1979). Rhythmical stereotypes in normal human infants. Animal Behaviour, 27, 299–715
Thelen, E. (1981). Rhythmical behavior in infancy: an ethological perspective. Developmental Psychology, 17, 237–57
Thelen, E. (1991). Motor aspects of emergent speech: a dynamic approach. In N. A. Krasnegor, D. M. Rumbaugh, R. L. Schiefelbusch and M. Studdert-Kennedy (eds.), Biological and Behavioral Determinants of Language Development (pp. 339–62). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Thelen, E., Corbetta, D., Kamm, K., Spencer, J., Schneider, K. and Nernicke, R. F. (1993). The transition to reaching: mapping intention and intrinsic dynamics. Child Development, 64, 1058–98
Thelen, E., Skala, K. and Kelso, J. A. (1987). The dynamic nature of early coordination: evidence from bilateral leg movements in young children. Developmental Psychology, 23, 179–86
Thelen, E. and Smith, L. B. (1994). A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. London: MIT Press
Thelen, E. and Ulrich, B. D. (1991). Hidden skills: a dynamic systems analysis of treadmill stepping during the first year. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, Serial No. 223, 56
Thorpe, L. A. (1986). Infants categorize rising and falling pitch. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Conference on Infant Studies, Los Angeles, April
Thorpe, L. A. and Trehub, S. E. (1989). Duration illusion and auditory grouping in infancy. Developmental Psychology, 25, 122–7
Thurlow, W. R. (1971). Audition. In J. W. King and L. A. Riggs (eds.), Experimental Psychology (pp. 223–59). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Tinbergen, N. (1951). The Study of Instinct. London: Oxford University Press
Toda, S., Fogel, A. and Kawai, M. (1990). Maternal speech to three-month-old infants in the United States and Japan. Journal of Child Language, 17, 279–94
Tomkins, S. (1962). Affect, Imagery, Consciousness. Vol. Ⅰ. The Positive Affect. New York: Springer
Trainor, L. J. (1996). Infant preferences for infant-directed versus non-infant-directed playsongs and lullabies. Infant Behavior and Development, 19, 83–92
Trainor, L. J. (1997). Effect of frequency ratio on infants’ and adults’ discrimination of simultaneous intervals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23, 1427–38
Trainor, L. J., Clark, E. D., Huntley, A. and Adams, B. (1997). The acoustic basis of preference for infant-directed singing. Infant Behavior and Development, 20, 383–96
Trainor, L. J. and Heinmiller, B. M. (1998). The development of evaluative responses to music: infants prefer to listen to consonance over dissonance. Infant Behavior and Development, 21, 77–88
Trainor, L. J. and Trehub, S. E. (1993a). Musical context effects in infants and adults: key distance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 19, 615–26
Trainor, L. J. and Trehub, S. E. (1993b). What mediates infants’ and adults’ superior processing of the major over the augmented triad? Music Perception, 11, 185–96
Trehub, S. E. (1974). Auditory-linguistic sensitivity in infants. Ph.D dissertation, McGill University, 1973. Dissertation Abstracts International, 34 (pp. 6254B)
Trehub, S. E., Trainor, L. J. and Unyk, A. M. (1993). Music and speech processing in the first year of life. In H. W. Reese (ed.), Advances in Child Development and Behavior (pp. 1–35). Orlando, FL: Academic Press
Trehub, S. E., Unyk, A. M., Kamenetsky, S. B., Hill, D. S., Trainor, L. J., Henderson, J. L. and Saraza, M. (1997). Mothers’ and fathers’ singing to infants. Developmental Psychology, 33, 500–7
Trevarthen, C. (1988). Universal cooperative motives: how infants begin to know the language and culture of their parents. In G. Jahoda and I. M. Lewis (eds.), Acquiring Culture: Cross Cultural Studies in Child Development (pp. 37–90). London: Croom Helm
Trevarthen, C. and Hubley, P. (1978). Secondary intersubjectivity: confidence, confiding and acts of meaning in the first year. In A. Lock (ed.), Action, Gestures and Symbol (pp. 183–229). London: Academic Press
Turvey, M. T. (1990). Coordination. American Psychologist, 45, 938–53
Valentine, C. W. (1930). The innate basis of fear. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 37, 394–419
van der Stelt, J. M. and Koopmans van Beinum, F. J. (1986). The onset of babbling related to gross motor development. In B. Lindblom and R. Zetterstorm (eds.), Precursors of Early Speech (pp. 138–62). New York: Stockton Press
van Hoof, J. (1972). A comparative approach to the phylogeny of laughter and smiling. In R. Hinde (ed.), Non-verbal Communication (pp. 209–41). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Van Lancker, D. (1987). Nonpropositional speech: neurolinguistic studies. In A. Ellis (ed.), Progress in the Psychology of Language. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Lawick-Goodall, J. (1968). The behavior of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe stream reserve. Animal Behaviour Monographs, 1, 161–311
Schaik, C. P. and Noordwijk, M. A. (1985). Evolutionary effects of the absence of felids on the social organization of the macaques of the island of Simeulue (Macaca fascicularis fusca, Miller 1903). Folia Primatologica, 44, 138–47
Vauclair, J. (1997). Mental states in animals: cognitive ethology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 35–9
Vihman, M. M. (1993). Variable paths to early word production. Journal of Phonetics, 21, 61–82
Vihman, M. M. and Boysson-Bardies, B. (1994). The nature and origin of ambient language influence on infant vocal production and early words. Phonetica, 51, 159–69
Vihman, M. M. and Miller, R. (1988). Words and babble at the threshold of language acquisition. In M. D. Smith and J. L. Locke (eds.), The Emergent Lexicon: The Child's Development of a Linguistic Vocabulary (pp. 151–83). San Diego: Academic Press
von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General Systems Theory. New York: Braziller
von Helmholtz, H. L. F. (1954). On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Melody (2nd ed.). New York: Dover
Vygotsky, L. S. (1961). Thought and Language. Boston, MA: MIT Press
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Waddington, C. H. (1957). The Strategy of the Genes. London: Allen and Unwin
Wakefield, J. R., Doughtie, E. B. and Yom, L. (1974). Identification of Structural Components of an Unknown Language. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 3, 262–9
Waser, P. M. and Waser, M. S. (1977). Experimental studies of primate vocalizaion: specializations for long-distance propagation. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 43, 239–63
Watson, J. (1985). Contingency perception in early social development. In T. M. Field and N. A. Fox (eds.), Social Perception in Infants (pp. 157–76). Norwood, NJ: Ablex
Watson, J. S. (1972). Smiling, cooing and “the game.”Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 18, 323–39
Werker, J. F. and McLeod, P. J. (1989). Infant preference for both male and female infant-directed talk: a developmental study of attentional and affective responsiveness. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 43, 320–46
Werker, J. F., Pegg, J. E. and McLeod, P. J. (1994). A cross-language investigation of infant preference for infant-directed communication. Infant Behavior and Development, 17, 323–33
Wertheimer, M. (1923). Untersuchung zur Lehre von der Gestalt Ⅱ. Psychologische Forschung, 4, 301–50
Wheeler, D. D. (1970). Processes in word recognition. Cognitive Psychology, 1, 59–85
White, M. (1993). The Material Child: Coming of Age in Japan and America. New York: Free Press
Wilbur, R. (1987). American Sign Language: Linguistic and Applied Dimensions. Boston, MA: Little, Brown
Wiley, R. H. and Richards, D. G. (1978). Physical constraints on acoustic communication in the atomosphere: implications for the evolution of animal vocalizatoins. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 3, 69–94
Winter, P., Ploog, D. and Latta, J. (1966). Vocal repertoire of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Experimental Brain Research, 1, 359–84
Wolff, P. (1969). The natural history of crying and other vocalizations in early infancy. In B. Fox (ed.), Determinants of Infant Behavior (pp. 81–109). London: Methuen
Wolff, P. H. (1968). Sucking patterns of infant mammals. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 1, 354–67
Yonekawa, A. (1984). Shuwa gengo no kijutsuteki kenkyu (A Descriptional Study of Japanese Sign Language). Tokyo: Meiji-shoin
Zahn-Waxler, C., Friedman, R. J., Cole, P. M., Mizuta, I. and Hiruma, N. (1996). Japanese and United States preschool children's responses to conflict and stress. Child Development, 67, 2462–77
Zebrowitz, L. A. (1990). Social Perception. Pacific Cove, CA: Brooks
Zebrowitz, L. A. and McDonald, S. (1991). The impact of litigants’ baby-facedness and attractiveness on adjudications in small claims courts. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 603–23
Zebrowitz, L. A. and Montepare, J. M. (1992). Impressions of babyfaced individuals across the life span. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1143–52
Zebrowitz, L. A., Tenenbaum, D. R. and Goldstein, L. H. (1991). The impact of job applicants’ facial maturity, sex, and academic achievement on hiring recommendations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 525–48
Zemlin, W. R. (1968). Speech and Hearing Science: Anatomy and Physiology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall
Zeskind, P. S. and Barr, R. G. (1997). Acoustic characteristics of naturally occurring cries of infants with “colic.”Child Development, 68, 394–403
Zeskind, P. S., Klein, L. and Marshall, T. R. (1992). Adults’ perceptions of experimental modifications of durations of pauses and expiratory sounds in infant crying. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1153–62
Zeskind, P. S. and Marshall, T. R. (1988). The relation between variations in pitch and maternal perception of infant crying. Child Development, 59, 193–6
Ziajka, A. (1981). Prelinguistic Communication in Infancy. New York: Praeger
