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  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights
  • Cited by 62
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
July 2009
Print publication year:
2007
Online ISBN:
9780511493980
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511493980
Subjects:
Politics: General Interest, Public International Law, Law, Human Rights, Politics and International Relations, International Relations and International Organisations
Series:
Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law (51)
Information

Book description

A range of emerging refugee claims is beginning to challenge the boundaries of the Refugee Convention regime and question traditional distinctions between 'economic migrants' and 'political refugees'. This book, first published in 2007, identifies the conceptual and analytical challenges presented by claims based on socio-economic deprivation, and undertakes an assessment of the extent to which these challenges may be overcome by a creative interpretation of the Refugee Convention, consistent with correct principles of international treaty interpretation. The central argument is that, notwithstanding the dichotomy between 'economic migrants' and 'political refugees', the Refugee Convention is capable of accommodating a more complex analysis which recognizes that many claims based on socio-economic deprivation are indeed properly considered within the purview of the Refugee Convention. This, the first book to consider these issues, will be of great interest to refugee law scholars, advocates, decision-makers and non-governmental organizations.

Reviews

'… complex hermeneutical legal approach, which is particularly useful in the context of contemporary international law in general … offers strong interpretive means for a better and more coherent interpretation of the [Refugee Convention].'

Source: International Journal of Refugee Law

'… a stunning debut that is accessible to a wider readership … structured beautifully and shows an impressive grasp of comparative jurisprudence across the common law jurisdictions studied. … strong focus on domestic jurisprudence and her insistence on a careful and principled approach to interpreting the Convention definition should be particularly useful for refugee adjudicators.'

Source: Australian Yearbook of International Law

'… all practitioners, decision-makers, and policy-makers involved in refugee issues, plus refugee scholars and academics alike will find this book an invaluable aid … [it] will undoubtedly be regarded as a major authority in this area of scholarship, by reason of the excellent analysis of the elements of the refugee definition which it contains.'

Source: Public Law Review

'… thoroughly impressed by Dr Foster's ability to negotiate some of the most difficult issues facing refugee decision-makers. This book is a must-read for all such decision-makers and policy-makers and makes a valuable contribution to the international literature on refugee law.'

Source: Australian International Law Journal

'The book's explanation of the interconnections between economic deprivation and grounds under the Convention is insightful and will push legal scholars, policy-makers and decision-makers on refugee issues, including eligibility for refugee status to think outside the box. … an ingenious reading of the Refugee Convention …'

Source: Journal of Refugee Studies

'Foster reviews the case law of common law courts, as well as recent theoretical developments in human rights law, to build a persuasive case for including socio-economic claims in refugee status determinations. … Foster makes a string and convincing argument that in a world where law and ethics exist outside of foreign policy considerations, the Refugee Convention clearly allows for broader inclusion of socio-economic claims in the determination of refugee status.'

Source: The Yale Journal of International Law

'… a magnificent book addressing a major cutting edge issue in refugee and asylum law … the analysis is grounded in theory, as well as caselaw from jurisdictions around the globe … Accessible, sophisticated writing, and evident depth in scholarship …'

Deborah Anker - Director, Harvard Immigration and Refugee Clinical Program, Harvard Law School

'A lucid and authoritative exposition of the reasons why the violation of socio-economic rights is included in the Refugee Convention. No responsible lawyer or judge engaged with the Convention can be without this text.'

Rodger Haines QC - New Zealand Refugee Status Appeals Authority

'I was thoroughly impressed by Dr Foster’s ability to negotiate some of the most difficult issues facing refugee decision-makers. This book is a must-read for all such decision-makers and policy-makers, and makes a valuable contribution to the international literature on refugee law.'

Penelope Mathew - Interim Director, Program in Refugee and Asylum Law, University of Michigan Law School

'… impressive … an exceptional book which makes an outstanding contribution to the progressive development of international refugee law. Foster displays an extensive knowledge and understanding of the law, policy and practice. … This book will be widely read in academic circles, but it also should and must inform and shape practice. … of immense value …'

Source: Human Rights Law Review

'It is hoped that Foster's meticulous research, sober reasoning, and original analysis will encourage further scholarship on these pressing issues and will lead to a more sophisticated understanding of both the refugee definition and the substantive content of economic and social rights.'

Source: American Journal of International Law

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Contents

Contents
References
Bibliography
Bibliography
Articles and books
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Conference papers and speeches
Brown, Widney, ‘A Human Rights Approach to the Rehabilitation and Reintegration into Society of Trafficked Victims’ (speech delivered at the 21st Century Slavery – The Human Rights Dimension to Trafficking in Human Beings Conference, Rome, 15–16 May 2002) (on file with author).
Coker, Jane, Heaven Crawley and Alison Stanley, ‘A Gender Perspective on the Human Rights Paradigm’ (paper presented at the IARLJ Human Rights Nexus Working Party, London, 12 May 1998), p. 3 (on file with author).
DIMIA, Refugee and Humanitarian Division, ‘Gender-Related Persecution (Article 1A(2)) – An Australian Perspective’ (paper prepared as a contribution to the UNHCR's expert roundtable series, 2001) (on file with author).
Feller, Erika, ‘Challenges to the 1951 Convention in its 50th Anniversary Year’ (speech delivered at the Seminar on International Protection within One Single Asylum Procedure, Norrkoping, Sweden, 23–24 April 2001b) (on file with author).
Human Rights Watch, International Catholic Migration Committee and the World Council of Churches, NGO Background Paper on the Refugee and Migration Interface (paper presented to the UNHCR Global Consultations on International Protection, Geneva, 28–29 June 2001a) (on file with author).
IARLJ, , The Application of Human Rights Standards to the 1951 Refugee Convention – the Definition of Persecution (paper prepared by the Human Rights Nexus Working Party, 24 April 2001) (on file with author).
Penz, Peter, ‘Economic Refugees and Political Migrants: An Ethical Analysis of “Forced Migration” ’ (paper presented at the 7th International Conference of the International Research and Advisory Panel (‘IRAP’) of the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration, South Africa, 2001) (on file with author).
Simeon, James C., Background Paper: The Human Rights Paradigm and the 1951 Refugee Convention (London: Human Rights Nexus Working Party, 1998) (on file with author).
EU documents
Council of the European Union, Joint Position of 4 March 1996 Defined by the Council on the Basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union on the Harmonized Application of the Definition of the Term ‘Refugee’ in Article 1 of the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 relating to the Status of Refugees, 96/196/JHA, 13 March 1996.
Council of the European Union, Directive on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals and Stateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons who Otherwise Need International Protection and the Content of the Protection Granted, 29 April 2004, 2004/83/EC.
UN documents
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CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation 13: Equal Remuneration for Work of Equal Value, UN Doc. A/44/38 (1990a).
CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation 15: Avoidance of Discrimination against Women in National Strategies for the Prevention and Control of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), UN Doc. A/45/38 (1990b).
CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation 16: Unpaid Workers in Rural and Urban Family Enterprises, UN Doc. A/46/38 (1993a).
CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation 17: Measurement and Quantification of the Unremunerated Domestic Activities of Women and Their Recognition in the Gross National Product, UN Doc. A/46/38 (1993b).
CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation 18: Disabled Women, UN Doc. A/46/38 (1993c).
CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation 21, Equality in marriage and family relations, UN Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.4 (2000).
CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation 24: Women and Health UN Doc. A/54/38 (1999b).
Commission on Human Rights, Question of the Realization in All Countries of the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and Study of Special Problems which the Developing Countries Face in their Efforts to Achieve these Human Rights, UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/1998/33 (1998).
Commission on Human Rights, Question of the Realization in All Countries of the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and Study of Special Problems which the Developing Countries Face in their Efforts to Achieve these Human Rights, UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/2000/9 (2000a).
Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Expert Seminar on Human Rights and Extreme Poverty, 7–10 February 2001, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2001/54/Add.1 (2001).
Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing as a Component of the Right to an Adequate Standard of Living, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/48 (2005a).
Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/51 (2005b).
Commission on Human Rights, Report Submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/50 (2004a).
Commission on Human Rights, The Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health, UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/2002/31 (2002).
Commission on Human Rights, The Right to Education: Report Submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2005/50 (2004b).
Commission on Human Rights, The Right to Food, UN Doc. E/CN.4/RES/2000/10 (2000b).
Commission on Human Rights, The Right to Food: Note by the Secretary-General, GA Res. A/60/350, UN GAOR, 60th sess, Agenda Item 73(b), UN Doc. A/60/350 (2005).
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 3: The Nature of States Parties Obligations (Art. 2, para. 1 of the Covenant), UN Doc. E/1991/23 (1990).
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 4: The Right to Adequate Housing (Art. 11(1) of the Covenant), UN Doc. E/1992/23 (1991).
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (‘CESCR’), General Comment 5: Persons with Disabilities, UN Doc. E/1995/22 (1994).
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 7: The Right to Adequate Housing (Art. 11.1): Forced Evictions, UN Doc. E/1998/22 (1997).
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 13: The Right to Education (Art. 13), UN Doc. E/C.12/1999/10 (1999).
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, UN Doc. E/C.12/2000/4 (2000).
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 15: The Right to Water, UN Doc. E/C.12/2002/11 (2003).
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 16: The Equal Right of Men and Women to the Enjoyment of All Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN Doc. E/C.12/2005/4 (2005a).
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 18: The Right to Work, UN Doc. E/C.12/GC/18 (2005b).
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General Recommendation 27: Discrimination Against Roma, UN Doc. A/55/18 (2000).
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Commment No. 3: HIV/Aids and the Rights of the Children, UN Doc. CRC/GC/2003/3, 17 March 2003.
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment 5: General Measures of Implementation for the Convention on the Rights of the Child, UN Doc. CRC/GC/2003/5 (2003).
Comprehensive and Integral International Convention to Promote and Protect the Rights and Identity of Persons with Disabilities, GA Res. 56/168, UN GAOR, 3rd Comm, 56th sess, 88th mtg, Agenda Item 119(b), UN Doc. A/RES/56/168 (2001).
Danilo Turk, The New International Economic Order and the Promotion of Human Rights: Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Preliminary Report), UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1989/19 (1989).
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Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 1: Reporting by States Parties, UN Doc. E/1989/22 (1989).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 3: Implementation at the National Level (Art. 2), UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 4 (1981).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 06: The Right to Life (Art. 6), UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 (1982).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 7: Prohibition of Torture and Cruel Punishment, UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 7 (1994a).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 9: Humane Treatment of Persons Deprived of Liberty, UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 9 (1994b).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 10: Freedom of Expression (Art. 19), UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 11 (1994c).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 13: Equality Before the Courts and the Right to a Fair and Public Hearing by an Independent Court Established by Law (Art. 14), UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 14 (1984).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 16: The Right to Respect of Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence, and Protection of Honour and Reputation (Art. 17), UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 21 (1994d).
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Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 18: Non-discrimination, UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 26 (1989b).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 20: Replaces General Comment 7 concerning Prohibition of Torture and Cruel Treatment or Punishment (Art. 7), UN Doc. HRI\GEN\1\Rev.1 at 30 (1992).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 22: The Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion (Art. 18), UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add. 4 (1993).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 24: Issues Relating to Reservations Made upon Ratification or Accession to the Covenant or the Optional Protocols thereto, or in Relation to Declarations under Article 41 of the Covenant, UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.6 (1994e).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 25: The Right to Participate in Public Affairs, Voting Rights and the Right of Equal Access to Public Service (Art. 25) UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.7 (1996).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 27: Freedom of Movement (Art. 12), UN Doc. CCPR/C/21 Rev. 1/Add.9 (1999).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 28: Equality of Rights between Men and Women (Art. 3), UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.10 (2000).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 29: States of Emergency (Art. 4), UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11 (2001).
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 31: The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant, UN Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13 (2004).
Human Rights Committee, Concluding Observations of the UN Human Rights Committee In Respect of India, UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.81 (1997).
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ILC, Report of the International Law Commission: Fifty-Fifth Session, UN Doc. A/CN.4/537 (2004).
ILC, Report of the International Law Commission: Fifty-Seventh Session, UN Doc. A/60/10 (2005).
ILC, Report of the Study Group on Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising From the Diversification and Expansion of International Law, UN Doc. A/CN.4/L.644 (2003).
ILC, Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law, Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission by Martti Koskenniemi, UN Doc. A/CN.4/L.682, 4 April 2006.
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UNHCR, , Agenda for Protection, third edition (2003) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/protect/opendoc.pdf?tbl=PROTECTION&id=3e637b194>.
UNHCR, Composite Flows and the Relationship to Refugee Outflows, Including Return of Persons not in Need of International Protection as Well as Facilitation of Return in its Global Dimension, UN Doc. EC/48/SC/CRP.29 (1998).
UNHCR, , Discussion Paper: Reconciling Migration Control and Refugee Protection in the European Union: A UNHCR Perspective (Geneva, 2000) (on file with author).
UNHCR Division of International Protection, ‘Gender-Related Persecution: An Analysis of Recent Trends’ (1997) 9 International Journal of Refugee Law79.
UNHCR Executive Committee, Note on International Protection (1990) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/excom/opendoc.htm?tbl=EXCOM&id=3ae68c6114>.
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UNHCR Executive Committee, General Conclusion on International Protection (1993b) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/excom/opendoc.htm?tbl=EXCOM&id=3ae68c6814>.
UNHCR Executive Committee, Conclusion on International Protection (1998) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/excom/opendoc.htm?tbl=EXCOM&id=3ae68c6e30>.
UNHCR Executive Committee, Conclusion on the Provision of International Protection Including Through Complementary Forms of Protection (2005), para (c) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/excom/opendoc.htm?tbl=EXCOM&id=43576e292>.
UNHCR, Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme, UN Doc. A/AC.96/1020/Rev.1 (2005).
UNHCR, Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme, Conclusion on the Provision on International Protection Including Through Complementary Forms of Protection (2005) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/excom/opendoc.htm?tbl=EXCOM&id=43576e292>.
UNHCR Executive Committee, Conclusion on the Civilian and Humanitarian Character of Asylum (2002) <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/excom/opendoc.htm?tbl=EXCOM&id=3dafdd7c4> at 31 May 2006.
UNHCR, ‘General Briefing Note: UNHCR, Human Rights and Refugee Protection’, REFWORLD, July 1997.
UNHCR, Global Consultations on International Protection, Refugee Protection and Migration Control: Perspectives From UNHCR and IOM, UN Doc. EC/GC/01/11 (2001).
UNHCR, Guidelines on International Protection: Gender-Related Persecution within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, UN Doc. HCR/GIP/02/02 (2002a).
UNHCR, Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (1992), para. 51 <http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.pdf?tbl=PUBL&id=3d58e13b4>.
Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees, ‘Note on International Protection’ (2001) 20(3) Refugee Survey Quarterly34.
UNHCR, Refugee Children – Global Consultations on International Protection, UN Doc. EC/GC/02/9 (2002b).
UNHCR, Report on International Protection, UN Doc. A/AC.96/527 (1996).
Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees, ‘The International Protection of Refugees: Interpreting Article 1 of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees’ (2001) 20(3) Refugee Survey Quarterly77.
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Quinn, Gerard and Theresia Degener, Human Rights and Disability: The Current Use and Future Potential of United Nations Human Rights Instruments in the Context of Disability (2002) <http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/disability.doc>.
Sané, Pierre, Amnesty International Secretary General, Globalisation: AI and Socio-Economic Rights (2001) Amnesty International <http://web.amnesty.org>.
Swedish Migration Board, Gender-Based Persecution: Guidelines for Investigation and Evaluation of the Needs of Women for Protection (2001) <www.migrationsverket.se>.
UK Immigration and Nationality Directorate, ‘Discretionary Leave’ (2006) <http://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk/ind/en/home/laws___policy/policy_instructions/apis/discretionary_leave.html>.
UK Immigration Appellate Authority, Asylum Gender Guidelines (2000) <http://www.asylumsupport.info/publications/iaa/gender.pdf>.
United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe/Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe (2002) <http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/Trafficking.Report.2005.pdf>
United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women, International Agreements (2006) <http://www.un-instraw.org/en/index.php?option=content&task=blogcategory&id=178&Itemid=239> at 31 May 2006.
US Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service, Guidelines for Children's Asylum Claims (1998) <http://uscis.gov/graphics/lawsregs/handbook/10a_ChldrnGdlns.pdf>.
Others
Deardroff, Julie, ‘ Mom Wins Asylum for Autistic Son with Autism ’, Chicago Tribune, 21 February 2001.
‘IJ Grants Asylum to Chinese Girl Fleeing Forced Marriage’ (2000) 77(45) Interpreter Releases1634.
‘IJ Grants Asylum to Guatemalan Street Child’ (2002) 79 Interpreter Releases440.
‘IJ Grants Asylum to HIV Positive Man, General Counsel Issues HIV Instructions’ (1996) 73 Interpreter Releases901.
Immigration and Review Board, Discrimination as a Basis for a Well-Founded Fear of Persecution (IRB Legal Services, 1991).
‘INS Grants Asylum to Autistic Child Persecuted due to Disability’ (2001) 78(13) Interpreter Releases604.
Jarvis, Catriona, ‘Can Trafficked Persons Be Refugees?’, in Immigration Appellate Authority, Legal and Research Unit Update, 29 February 2004.
Legal Services, Immigration and Refugee Board, Consolidated Grounds in the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act: Persons in Need of Protection, Risk to Life or Risk of Cruel and Unusual Treatment or Punishment (15 May 2002).
Magar, Binda Kumari, Forum for Women, Law and Development, Submission to UN Commission on Human Rights, Sub-Commission on the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights, Working Group on Minorities, 10th Session (Nepal: 1–5 March 2004).
Musalo, Karen and Knight, Stephen, ‘Unequal Protection’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November/December 2002.
‘Ostracism, Lack of Medical Care Support HIV-Positive Alien's Asylum Quest, IJ Rules’ 78(3) Interpreter Releases233.
US Department of Justice, Office of General Counsel, ‘Legal Opinion: Palestinian Asylum Applicants’ (27 October 1995).
‘US-Asylum Granted to Person Living with HIV’ (1996) 3(1) Canadian HIV/Aids Policy and Law Newsletter.

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