Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 60
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
December 2015
Print publication year:
2016
Online ISBN:
9781139021067

Book description

This book analyzes why and how fifteen Latin American countries modified their political institutions to promote the inclusion of women, Afrodescendants, and indigenous peoples. Through analysis and comparison of experiences in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico, the book accounts for the origins of quotas and reserved seats in international norms and civic mobilization. It shows how the configuration of political institutions and the structure of excluded groups set the terms and processes of inclusion. Arguing that the new mechanisms have delivered inclusion but not representation, the book demonstrates that quotas and reserved seats increased the presence in power of excluded groups but did not create constituencies or generate civic movements able to authorize or hold accountable their representatives.

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
×

Contents

  • 2 - Women, Afrodescendants, and Indigenous Peoples in Elected Office
    pp 20-43
References
Abou-Zeid, Gihan. (2006). The Arab region: Women's access to the decision-making process across the Arab nation. In Dahlerup, Drude (Ed.), Women in politics: Electoral quotas, equality and democracy (pp. 168–193). London: Routledge.
Acker, Joan. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139–158.
afrocolombianosvisibles. (2014). Afronota: Bancada Afro 2014–2018. Retrieved from http://afrocolombianosvisibles.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2014-10-20T04:24:00-07:00
Agrawal, Nina, André, Richard, Berger, Ryan, Escarfuller, Wilda, & Sabatini, Christopher. (2012). Political representation and social inclusion: A comparative study of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Guatemala. New York: Americas Society.
Agudelo, Carlos Efrén. (2000). Comportamiento electoral en poblaciones negras.Algunos elementos para el análisis. Documentos de Trabajo CIDSE-Univalle, pp. 2–35.
Agudelo, Carlos Efrén (2001). Nuevos actores sociales y relegitimación del estado. Estado y construcción del movimiento social de comunidades negras en Colombia. Análisis Político, 43(May–August), 3–31.
Agudelo, Carlos Efrén (2002). Etnicidad negra y elecciones en Colombia. Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 7(2), 168–197.
Agudelo, Carlos Efrén (2004). La Constitución Política de 1991 y la inclusión ambigua de las poblaciones negras. In Arocha, Jaime (Ed.), Utopía para los excluidos: El multiculturalismo en África y América Latina (pp. 179–203). Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Albó, Xavier. (2002). Pueblos indios en la política. La Paz: Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado (CIPCA).
Albó, Xavier (2008). Movimientos y poder indígena en Bolivia, Ecuador y Perú. La Paz: Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado (CIPCA).
Albró, Robert. (2006). The culture of democracy and Bolivia´s indigenous movement. Critique of Anthropology, 26(4), 387–410.
Alemán, Eduardo. (2006). Policy gatekeepers in Latin American legislatures. Latin American Politics and Society, 48(3), 125–155.
Alemán, Eduardo (2010). Unified government, bill approval, and the legislative weight of the president. Comparative Political Studies, 43(4), 511–534.
Alvarez, Sonia E. (1990). Engendering democracy in Brazil: Women's movements in transition politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Amenta, Edwin, Caren, Neal, Chiarello, Elizabeth, & Su, Yang. (2010). The political consequences of social movements. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 287–307.
Ames, Barry. (1995). Electoral strategy under open-list proportional representation. American Journal of Political Science, 39(2), 406–433.
Anderson, Benedict. (1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the growth and spread of nationalism. New York and London: Verso.
Andrews, George Reid. (1991). Blacks and whites in São Paulo, Brazil, 1888–1988. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Andrews, George Reid (2004). Afro-Latin America, 1800–2000. New York: Oxford University Press.
Angosto Ferrández, Luis Fernando. (2011). La competencia por la representación indígena en las elecciones venezolanas (2004–2010). Cuestiones Políticas, 27(46), 13–54.
Anria, Santiago. (2009). Informal institutions and party organizations: A case study of MAS-IPSP in urban areas of La Paz and El Alto. M.A. thesis, Simon Fraser University.
Anria, Santiago (2013). Social movements, party organization, and populism: Insights from the Bolivian MAS. Latin American Politics and Society, 55(3), 19–46.
Appiah, Anthony. (1997). Race, culture, identity: Misunderstood connections. In Appiah, Anthony & Gutmann, Amy (Eds.), Color conscious: The political morality of race (pp. 30–105). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Aragón, Jorge. (2012). Participación y representación política indígena: Perfil electoral y orientaciones políticas de la población indígena en el Perú. Lima: Jurado Nacional de Elecciones/Dirección Nacional de Educación y Formación Cívica Ciudadana.
Archenti, Nélida, & Johnson, Niki. (2006). Engendering the legislative agenda with and without the quota. Sociología, Problemas, e Prácticas, 52, 133–153.
Arocha, Jaime. (2004). Ley 70 de 1993: Utopía para afrodescendientes excluidos. In Arocha, Jaime (Ed.), Utopía para los excluidos: El multiculturalismo en África y América Latina (pp. 159–178). Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Assies, Willem, & Salman, Ton. (2005). Ethnicity and politics in Bolivia. Ethnopolitics, 4(3), 269–297.
Atkins, David C, & Gallop, R. J. (2007). Rethinking how family researchers model infrequent outcomes: A tutorial on count regression and zero-inflated models. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(4), 726–735.
Auyero, Javier. (2001). Poor people's politics: Peronist survival networks and the legacy of Evita. Durham: Duke University Press.
Bachelet, Michelle. (2007). Mensaje No. 860-355: Mensaje de S.E. la Presidenta de la república con el que inicia un proyecto de ley que establece participación política equilibrada de hombres y mujeres. Santiago, Chile (October 26, 2007).
Bachelet, Michelle (2009). Al pais le hace bien que haya más mujeres en la política. Retrieved from www.datoanuncios.org/?a=20870.
Bailey, Stanley. (2009). Legacies of race: Identities, attitudes, and politics in Brazil. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Bailey, Stanley R, Loveman, Mara, & Muniz, Jeronimo O. (2013). Measures of “race” and the analysis of racial inequality in Brazil. Social Science Research, 42(1), 106–119.
Bailyn, Lotte. (2003). Academic careers and gender equity: Lessons learned from MIT1. Gender, Work & Organization, 10(2), 137–153.
Baldez, Lisa. (2002). Why women protest: Women's movements in Chile. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baldez, Lisa (2004). Elected bodies: The adoption of gender quotas in Mexico. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 29(2), 231–258.
Baldez, Lisa, & Brañez, Patricia. (2005). ¿Cuánto hemos avanzado las mujeres con las cuotas? El caso Boliviano. In León, Magdalena (Ed.), Nadando contra la corriente: Mujeres y cuotas políticas en los países andinos (pp. 141–168). Bogotá: United Nations Development Fund for Women, United Nations Population Fund.
Banducci, Susan, Donovan, Todd, & Karp, Jeffrey. (2004). Minority representation, empowerment, and participation. Journal of Politics, 66(2), 534–566.
Barbary, Olivier, Ramírez, Héctor Fabio, Urrea, Fernando, & Viáfara, Carlos. (2004). Perfiles contemporáneos de la población afrocolombiana. In Barbary, Olivier & Urrea, Fernando (Eds.), Gente negra en Colombia: Dinámicas sociopolíticas en Cali y el Pacífico (pp. 69–112). Medellín: Centro de Investigaciones y Documentación Socioeconómicas, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Económicas de la Universidad del Valle.
Barbary, Olivier, & Urrea, Fernando. (2004). Introducción. In Barbary, Olivier & Urrea, Fernando (Eds.), Gente negra en Colombia: Dinámicas sociopolíticas en Cali y el Pacífico (pp. 21–65). Medellín: Centro de Investigaciones y Documentación Socioeconómicas, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Económicas de la Universidad del Valle.
Barragan, Rossana. (2008). Oppressed or privileged regions: Some historical reflections on the use of state resources. In Crabtree, John & Whitehead, Laurence (Eds.), Unresolved tensions: Bolivia past and present (pp. 83–103). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Basset, Yann. (2011). “Las Circunscripciones Especiales: Unas instituciones obsoletas?” Análisis Político 72 (May-August): 43–59.
Beckwith, Karen. (2007). Numbers and newness: The descriptive and substantive representation of women. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 40(1), 27–49.
Beckwith, Karen, & Cowell-Meyers, Kimberly. (2007). Sheer numbers: Critical representation thresholds and women's political representation. Perspectives on Politics, 5(03), 553–565.
Benhabib, Seyla. (1992). Situating the self: Gender, community and postmodernism in contemporary ethics. New York: Routledge.
Benhabib, Seyla (2002). The claims of culture: Equality and diversity in the global era. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bih-Er, Chou, Clark, Cal, & Clark, Janet. (1990). Women in Taiwan politics. New York: Lynne Rienner.
Bird, Karen. (2001). Liberté, egalité, fraternité, parité … and diversité?: The difficult question of ethnic difference in the French parity debate. Contemporary French Civilization, 25(2), 271–292.
Bird, Karen (2002). Who are the women? Where are the women? And what difference can they make? The effects of gender parity in French municipal elections. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston.
Bjarnegård, Elin. (2013). Gender, informal institutions and political recruitment: explaining male dominance in parliamentary representation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bjarnegård, Elin, & Pär, Zetterberg. (2014). Why are representational guarantees adopted for women and minorities? Comparing constituency formation and electoral quota design within countries. Representation, 50(3), 307–320.
Blofield, Merike H., & Haas, Liesl. (2005). Defining a democracy: Reforming the laws on women's rights in Chile, 1990–2002. Latin American Politics and Society, 47(3), 35–68.
Botero Jaramillo, Felipe. (1998). El senado que nunca fue. La circunscripción nacional después de tres elecciones. In Davila, Andrés & Bejarano, Ana María (Eds.), Elecciones y democracia en Colombia, 1997–1998 (pp. 285–335). Bogotá: Ediciones Uniandes.
Bourdieu, Pierre, & Wacquant, Loïc. (1999). On the cunning of imperialist reason. Theory, Culture, and Society, 16(1), 41–58.
Brubaker, Rogers. (2004). Ethnicity without groups: Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Brubaker, Rogers, Loveman, Mara, & Stamatov, Peter. (2004). Ethnicity as cognition. Theory and Society, 33(1), 31–64.
Bruhn, Kathleen. (2003). Whores and lesbians: Political activism, party strategies, and gender quotas in Mexico. Electoral Studies, 22(1), 101–119.
Brusco, Valeria, Nazareno, Marcelo, & Stokes, Susan Carol. (2004). Vote buying in Argentina. Latin American Research Review, 39(2), 66–88.
Buvinić, Mayra. (2004). Introduction: Social inclusion in Latin America. In Buvinić, Mayra, Mazza, Jacqueline & Deutsch, Ruthanne (Eds.), Social inclusion and economic development in Latin America (pp. 3–31). Baltimore: Inter-American Development Bank via the Johns Hopkins University Press.
Cabrero, Ferran, Pop, Álvaro, Morales, Zully, Chuji, Mónica, & Mamani, Carlos. (2013). Ciudadanía intercultural: Aportes desde la participación política de los pueblos indígenas en Latinoamérica Programa Global de Apoyo al Ciclo Electoral. Quito, Ecuador: Programa de las Naciones Unidos para el Desarrollo.
Caldwell, Kia Lily. (2007). Negras in Brazil: Re-envisioning black women, citizenship, and the politics of identity. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Calvo, Ernesto, & Leiras, Marcelo. (2010). Compañero, correligionario, comprovinciano: Initial notes on the nationalization of legislative collaboration. Paper presented at the 106th Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.
Calvo, Ernesto, & Murillo, Maria Victoria. (2004). Who delivers? Partisan clients in the Argentine electoral market. American Journal of Political Science, 48(4), 742–757.
Camacho, Paola. (2013). Afrocolombianos sin representación en el Congreso. Retrieved from www.congresovisible.org/agora/post/afrocolombianos-sin-representacion-en-el-congreso/5107/
Cameron, John D. (2010). Is this what autonomy looks like? Tensions and challenges in the construction of indigenous autonomy in Bolivia. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Campos, Luis Augusto. (2013). O Pardo como dilema político. Insight Inteligência, Outubro-novembro-dezembro, 80–91.
Cárdenas, Víctor Hugo. (2011). Participación política indígena y políticas públicas para pueblos indígenas en Bolivia. In de la Vega, Beatriz Cajías (Ed.), Participación política indígena y políticas públicas para pueblos indígenas en América Latina (pp. 17–64). La Paz: Fundación Konrad Adenauer.
Carey, John M., & Shugart, Matthew Soberg. (1995). Incentives to cultivate a personal vote: A rank ordering of electoral formulas. Electoral Studies, 14(4), 417–439.
Carroll, Susan J. (Ed.). (2001). The impact of women in public office. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Catalyst. (2013). 2013 Catalyst Census: Fortune 500 Women Board Directors.
Caul, Miki. (1999). Women's representation in parliament: The role of political parties. Party Politics, 5(1), 79–98.
Celis, Karen, & Childs, Sarah. (2008). The descriptive and substantive representation of women: New directions. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(3), 419–425.
Celis, Karen, Childs, Sarah, Kantola, Johanna, & Krook, Mona Lena. (2008). Rethinking women's substantive representation. Representation, 44(2), 99–110.
Cepeda, Fernando. (2003). La reforma política en Colombia. Reforma política para la ampliación de la democracia (pp. 15–39). Bogotá: Consejo Gremial Nacional.
Central Intelligence Agency. (2011). The world fact book. Retrieved from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/
Chandra, Kanchan. (2004). Why ethnic parties succeed: Patronage and ethnic head counts in India. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Chandra, Kanchan (2005). Ethnic parties and democratic stability. Perspectives on Politics, 3(2), 235–252.
Chandra, Kanchan (2006). What is ethnic identity and does it matter?Annual Review of Political Science, 9, 397–424.
Chien, Tuan-sheng. (1950). The government and politics of China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Childs, Sarah, & Krook, Mona Lena. (2006). Should feminists give up on critical mass? A contingent yes. Politics & Gender, 2(4), 522–530.
Chor Maio, Marcos, & Ventura Santos, Ricardo. (2005). Política de cotas raciais, os “olhos da sociedade” e os usos da antropologia: O caso do vestibular da Universidade de Brasília (UNB). Horizontes Antropológicos, 11(23), 181–214.
Constitución Política de la República de Colombia. (2004). Constitución Política de Colombia. Bogotá: Editorial Temis.
Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. (2004). Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Caracas: Imprenta Nacional.
Cope, R. Douglas. (1994). The limits of racial domination: Plebeian society in colonial Mexico City, 1660–1720. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Cox, Gary W. (2006). The organization of democratic legislatures. In Weingast, Barry & Wittman, Donald (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political economy (pp. 141–161). New York: Oxford University Press.
Cox, Gary W., & McCubbins, Mathew D. (1993). Legislative leviathan: Party government in the House. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cox, Gary W., & McCubbins, Mathew D. (2005). Setting the agenda: Responsible party government in the U.S. House of Representatives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Crenshaw, Kimberlé. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Standford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.
Crisp, Brian F., Escobar-Lemmon, Maria C., Jones, Bradford S., Jones, Mark P., & Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M. (2004). Vote-seeking incentives and legislative representation in six presidential democracies. Journal of Politics, 66(3), 823–846.
Crisp, Brian F., & Ingall, Rachael E. (2002). Institutional engineering and the nature of representation: Mapping the effects of electoral reform in Colombia. American Journal of Political Science, 46(4), 733–748.
Cunin, Elisabeth. (2003). La política étnica entre alteridad y esterotipo. Reflexiones sobre las elecciones de marzo de 2002 en Colombia. Análisis Político, 48(January–April), 77–93.
Daflon, Verônica Toste, Feres Júnior, , João, & Campos, Luiz Augusto. (2013). Race-based affirmative actions in Brazilian public higher education: An analytical overview. Cadernos de Pesquisa, 43(148), 302–327.
Daher, Adel, et. al. (2008). Manifesto: Cento e treze cidadãos anti-racistas contra as leis raciais. Revista Época. Retrieved from http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EDR83466-6014,00.html
Dahlerup, Drude. (1988). From a small to a large minority: Women in Scandinavian politics. Scandinavian Political Studies, 11(4), 275–297.
Dahlerup, Drude (2002). Using quotas to increase women's political representation. In Karam, Azza (Ed.), Women in parliament: Beyond numbers (Updated from 1998 ed., pp. 91–106). Stockholm: International IDEA.
Dahlerup, Drude (2006a). Introduction. In Dahlerup, Drude (Ed.), Women, quotas, and politics (pp. 3–31). New York: Routledge.
Dahlerup, Drude (2006b). The story of the theory of critical mass. Politics & Gender, 2(4), 511–522.
Dahlerup, Drude (2008). Gender quotas-controversial but trendy: On expanding the research agenda. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 10(3), 322–328.
Dahlerup, Drude, & Friedenvall, Lenita. (2005). Quotas as a fast track to equal representation for women. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 7(1), 26–48.
Darcy, Robert, Welch, Susan, & Clark, Janet. (1994). Women, elections, and representation (2nd ed.). Lincoln: The University of Nebraska Press.
Degler, Carl. (1971). Neither black nor white: Slavery and race relations in Brazil and the United States. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
De la Fuente, Alejandro. (2001). A nation for all: Race, inequality, and politics in twentieth-century Cuba. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
De la Fuente, Alejandro (2007). Race, culture, and politics. In Pérez-Stable, Marifeli (Ed.), Looking forward: Comparative perspectives on Cuba's transition (pp. 138–162). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
De la Fuente, Alejandro (2013). A Lesson from Cuba on Race.New York Times. Retrieved from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/17/a-lesson-from-cuba-on-race/
De Luca, Miguel, Jones, Mark P., & Tula, María Inés (2002). Back rooms or ballot boxes?: Candidate nomination in Argentina. Comparative Political Studies, 35(4), 413–436.
Diermeier, Daniel, & Myerson, Roger. (1999). Bicameralism and its consequences for legislative organization. American Economic Review, 89(5), 1182–1196.
Do Alto, Hervé, & Stefanoni, Pablo. (2009). El Mas, un partido en tiempo heterogéneo. La Paz: PNUD-Idea Internacional.
Dobbin, Frank, & Kalev, Alexandra. (2013). Do affirmative action and equal opportunity work? Evidence from private sector workplaces. Paper presented at Conference on Contested Responses to Gender Inequalities, Yale Law School and Yale Women's Faculty Forum, New Haven, CT, April 26–27, 2013.
Dobbin, Frank, Kalev, Alexandra, & Roberson, QM. (2013). The origins and effects of corporate diversity programs. In Quinetta M. Roberson (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of diversity and work (pp. 253–281). Oxford Library of Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Domínguez, Jorge I. (1978). Cuba: Order and revolution. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Domínguez, Jorge I (1980). Insurrection or Loyalty: The Breakdown of the Spanish-American Empire. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Dovi, Suzanne. (2002). Preferable descriptive representatives: Will just any woman, black, or Latino do?American Political Science Review, 96(4), 729–743.
Downs, Anthony. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
Dryzek, John. (1996). Political inclusion and the dynamics of democratization. American Political Science Review, 90(3), 475–487.
Duerst-Lahti, Georgia. (2005). Institutional gendering: Theoretical insights into the environment of women officeholders. In Thomas, Sue & Wilcox, Clyde (Eds.), Women and elective office: Past, present, and future (2nd ed., pp. 230–243). New York: Oxford University Press.
Duerst-Lahti, Georgia, & Kelly, Rita Mae. (1995). Gender power, leadership, and governance. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Durrieu, Marcela. (1999). Se dice de nosotras. Buenos Aires: Catálogos Editora.
Eaton, Kent. (2007). Backlash in Bolivia: Regional autonomy in Bolivia as a reaction against indigenous mobilization. Politics & Society, 35(1), 71–102.
Eaton, Kent (2011). Conservative autonomy movements: Territorial dimensions of ideological conflict in Bolivia and Ecuador. Comparative Politics, 43(3), 291–310.
Eckstein, Harry. (1975). Case study and theory in political science. In Greenstein, Fred & Nelson, Polsby (Eds.), Strategies of inquiry, Vol. 7 (pp. 79–135). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Escandón Vega, Marcela Patricia. (2011). Circunscripciones especiales indígenas y afro (1991–2010): Cuestionamientos a la representación identitaria en el Congreso de Colombia. Bogotá: Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales-CESO, Departamento de Ciencia Política.
Espeland, Wendy Nelson, & Sauder, Michael. (2007). Rankings and reactivity: How public measures recreate social worlds. American Journal of Sociology, 113(1), 1–40.
Esping-Andersen, Gösta. (2009). The incomplete revolution: Adapting welfare states to women's new roles. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Farthing, Linda. (2009). Thinking left in Bolivia: Interview with Álvaro Garcia Linera. Retrieved from http://boliviarising.blogspot.com/2009/08/thinking-left-in-bolivia-interview-with.html. Accessed October 1, 2009.
Fearon, James D. (2003). Ethnic and cultural diversity by country. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2), 195–222.
Feres Júnior, João. (2008). Ação afirmativa: Política pública e opinião. Sinais Sociais, 3(8), 38–77.
Feres Júnior, João (2012). Inclusão no ensino superior: Raça ou renda? In Giardino, Marcelo (Ed.), Democratização da educação superior no Brasil: Avanços e desafios: Cadernos do pensamento crítico Latino-Americano: Grupo Estratégico de Análise da Educação Superior no Brasil da FLASCO Brasil.
Feres Júnior, João, Toste Daflon, Verônica, & Campos, Luiz Augusto. (2012). Ação afirmativa, raça e racismo: Uma análise das ações de inclusão racial nos mandatos de Lula e Dilma. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, 12(2), 399–414.
Fernando, André. (2011). Participação política e políticas públicas para os povos indígenas no Brasil. In de la Vega, Beatriz Cajías (Ed.), Participación política indígena y políticas públicas para pueblos indígenas en América Latina (pp. 65–139). La Paz: Fundación Konrad Adenauer.
Ferree, Karen E., Powell, G. Bingham, & Scheiner, Ethan. (2013). How context shapes electoral rule effects. In Htun, Mala & Powell, G. Bingham, Jr. (Eds.), Report of the task force on electoral rules and democratic governance. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association.
Field, Les W. (1996). State, anti-state, and indigenous entities: Reflections upon a Páez Resguardo and the new Colombian Constitution. Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 1(2), 98–119.
Fishkin, James S. (1991). Democracy and deliberation: New directions for democratic reform (Vol. 217). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Franceschet, Susan. (2005). Women and politics in Chile. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Franceschet, Susan (2010). Continuity or change? Gender policy in the Bachelet administration. In Bortzutzky, Silvia & Weeks, Gregory B. (Eds.), The Bachelet Government: Consensus and Change in the Post-Pinochet Chile (pp. 158–180). Gainseville: University Press of Florida.
Franceschet, Susan, & Piscopo, Jennifer. (2013). Federalism, decentralization, and reproductive rights in Argentina and Chile. Publius, the Journal of Federalism, 43(1), 129–150.
Franceschet, Susan, & Piscopo, Jennifer M. (2008). Gender quotas and women's substantive representation: Lessons from Argentina. Politics & Gender, 4(3), 393–425.
Fraser, Nancy. (1997). Justice interruptus: Critical reflections on the “postsocialist” condition. New York: Routledge.
Fraser, Nancy (2000). Rethinking recognition. New Left Review, 3, 107–120.
Fraser, Nancy (2003). Social justice in the age of identity politics: Redistribution, recognition, and particpation. In Fraser, Nancy & Honneth, Axel (Eds.), Redistribution or recognition? A political-philosophical exchange (pp. 7–109). New York: Verso.
Fraser, Nancy (2007). Feminist politics in the age of recognition: A two-dimensional approach to gender justice. Studies in Social Justice, 1(1), 23–35.
Freyre, Gilberto. (1986). The masters and the slaves (Putnam, Samuel, Trans.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Friedman, Elisabeth. (2000). Unfinished transitions: Women and the gendered development of democracy in Venezuela. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Fry, Peter, & Maggie, Yvonne. (2004). Cotas raciais – Construindo um país divido?Econômica, 6(1), 153–161.
Fry, Peter, Maggie, Yvonne, Chor Maio, Marcos, Monteiro, Simone, & Ventura Santos, Ricardo (Eds.). (2007). Divisões perigosas: Políticas raciais no Brasil contemporâneo. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
Fuchs, Victor R. (1990). Women's quest for economic equality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Fung, Archon. (2003). Recipes for public spheres: Eight institutional design choices and their consequences. Journal of Philosophy, 11(3), 338–367.
Fung, Archon (2006). Varieties of participation in complex governance. Public Administration Review, 66(s1), 66–75.
Fung, Archon, & Wright, Erik Olin. (2003). Deepening democracy: Institutional innovations in empowered participatory governance. London: Verso.
Galanter, Marc. (1984). Competing equalities: Law and the backward classes in India / Marc Galanter. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Galvis, Miguel Antonio. (2013). La Corte Constitucional Colombiana recortó derechos políticos de minorias étnicas. Comunidad El Pais. Retrieved from http://lacomunidad.elpais.com/minorias-etnicas/2013/5/5/la-corte-constitucional-colombiana-recorto-derechos-politicos-de
García Bedolla, Lisa. (2007). Intersections of inequality: Understanding marginalization and privilege in the post-civil rights era. Politics & Gender, 3(2), 232–248.
Gil, Laura. (2013). Circunscripciones especiales. El Tiempo. Retrieved from www.eltiempo.com/opinion/columnistas/lauragil/ARTICULO-WEB-NEW_NOTA_INTERIOR-12862314.html
Giraldo García, Fernando, & Jiménez, López, Daniel, José. (2007). Mecanismos de participación política electoral afrodescendiente en Colombia. Estudios sobre la participación política de la población afrodescendiente: La experiencia en Colombia. San José: Inter-American Institute of Human Rights.
Giraud, Isabelle, & Jenson, Jane. (2001). Constitutionalizing equal access: High hopes, dashed hopes? In Klausen, Jytte & Maier, Charles S. (Eds.), Has liberalism failed women? Assuring equal representation in Europe and the United States (pp. 69–88). London: Palgrave.
Glendon, Mary Ann. (1989). The transformation of family law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Goetz, Anne Marie. (2003). Women's political effectiveness: A conceptual framework. In Goetz, Anne Marie & Hassim, Shireen (Eds.), No shortcuts to power: African women in politics and policy making. London: Zed Books.
Goldin, Claudia. (1990). Understanding the gender gap: An economic history of American women. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Goldin, Claudia (2006). The quiet revolution that transformed women's employment, education, and family. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper no. 11953.
Graham, Richard, Skidmore, Thomas, Helg, Aline, & Knight, Alan (Eds.). (1990). The idea of race in Latin America, 1870–1940. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Grey, Sandra. (2006). Numbers and beyond: The relevance of critical mass in gender research. Politics & Gender, 2(4), 492–502.
Guimarães, Antonio Sérgio Alfredo. (2008). Novas inflexões ideológicas no estudo do racism no Brasil. In Zoninstein, Jonas & Júnior, João Feres (Eds.), Ação afirmativa no ensino superior brasileiro (pp. 175–192). Rio de Janeiro: IUPERJ.
Guinier, Lani. (1994). The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness and representative democracy. New York: The Free Press.
Gustafson, Bret. (2008). By legal means or otherwise: The Bolivian right regroups. NACLA Report on the Americas, 41(1), 20–25.
Gustafson, Bret (2009a). Manipulating cartographies: Plurinationalism, autonomy, and indigenous resurgence in Bolivia. Anthropological Quarterly, 82(4), 985–1016.
Gustafson, Bret (2009b). New languages of the state: Indigenous resurgence and the politics of knowledge in Bolivia. Durham: Duke University Press.
Gustafson, Bret (2011). Power necessarily comes from below: Guaraní autonomies and their others. In Fabricant, Nicole & Gustafson, Bret (Eds.), Remapping Bolivia: Resources, territoriality and indigeneity in plurinational state (pp. 268–308). Santa Fe: SAR Press.
Haas, Liesl. (2000). Legislating equality: Institutional politics and the expansion of women's rights in Chile. PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina.
Habermas, Jürgen. (1996). Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hanchard, Michael George. (1994). Orpheus and power: The movimento negro of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil, 1945–1988. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hancock, Ange-Marie. (2007). When multiplication doesn't equal quick addition: Examining intersectionality as a research paradigm. Perspectives on Politics, 5(1), 63–79.
Harris, Marvin. (1964). Patterns of race in the Americas. New York: Walker and Company.
Hasenbalg, Carlos. (1979). Discriminação e desigualdades raciais no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Graal.
Hassim, Shireen. (2009). Perverse consequences: The impact of quotas for women on democratisation in Africa. In Ian Shapiro, Susan C. Stokes, Elisabeth Jean Wood, & Alexander S. Kirshner (Eds.), Political representation (pp. 211–235). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hawkesworth, Mary. (2003). Congressional enactments of race-gender: Toward a theory of raced-gendered institutions. American Political Science Review, 97(4), 529–550.
Heath, Roseanna Michelle, Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A., & Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M. (2005). Women on the sidelines: Women's representation on committees in Latin American legislatures. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 420–436.
Henriques, Ricardo. (2001). Desigualdade racial no Brasil: Evolução das condições de vida na década de 90. IPEA texto para discussão no. 807. Brasília and Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA).
Hero, Rodney E., & Wolbrecht, Christina. (2005). Introduction. In Wolbrecht, Christina & Hero, Rodney E (Eds.), The politics of democratic inclusion (pp. 1–14). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Highton, Benjamin, & Rocca, Michael S. (2005). Beyond the roll-call arena: The determinants of position taking in congress. Political Research Quarterly, 58(2), 303–316.
Hinojosa, Magda. (2012). Selecting women, electing women: Political representation and candidate selection in Latin America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Hirshfield, Laura E, & Joseph, Tiffany D. (2012). ‘We need a woman, we need a black woman’: Gender, race, and identity taxation in the academy. Gender and Education, 24(2), 213–227.
Hochschild, Arlie Russell. (1975). Inside the clockwork of male careers. In Florence Howe (Ed.), Women and the power to change (pp. 47–80). Berkeley: Carnegie Commission on Higher Education.
Hoetink, Harmannus, & Hooykaas, Eva M. (1971). Caribbean race relations: A study of two variants (Vol. 337). London: Published for the Institute of Race Relations by Oxford University Press.
Hoffmann, Odile. (1998). Políticas agrarias, reformas del estado y adscripciones identitarias: Colombia y México. Análisis Político, 34(May–August), 3–24.
Hoffmann, Odile (2004). Espacios y región en el Pacífico sur: Hacia la construcción de una sociedad regional? In Barbary, Olivier & Urrea, Fernando (Eds.), Gente negra en Colombia. Dinámicas sociopolíticas en Cali y el Pacífico (pp. 195–224). Medellín: Cidse-Ird-Colciencias.
Hola, Eugenia, Veloso, Paulina, & Ruiz, Carolina. (2002). Percepciones de los lideres políticos y sociales sobre la ley de cuotas: Contenidos y factibilidad. Santiago, Chile: Servicio Nacional de la Mujer.
Holmsten, Stephanie S., Moser, Robert G., & Slosar, Mary C. (2010). Do ethnic parties exclude women?Comparative Political Studies, 43, 1179–1201.
Hooker, Juliet. (2005). Indigenous inclusion/black exclusion: Race, ethnicity and multicultural citizenship in Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies, 37(2), 285–310.
Hooks, Bell. (1984). Feminist theory from margin to center. Boston: South End Press.
Horowitz, Donald L. (1985). Ethnic groups in conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Htun, Mala. (1997). Moving into power: Strategies to expand women's opportunities for leadership in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank.
Htun, Mala (1998a). Women's rights and opportunities in Latin America: Problems and prospects. Women's Leadership Conference of the Americas Issue Brief. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Dialogue.
Htun, Mala (1998b). Women's political participation, representation and leadership in Latin America. Women's Leadership Conference of the Americas Issue Brief. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Dialgoue.
Htun, Mala (2001). Women's leadership in Latin America: Trends and challenges. Paper presented at Politics Matters: A Dialogue of Women Political Leaders, Inter-American Development Bank, Washington, DC.
Htun, Mala (2002a). Mujeres y poder politico en Latinoamérica. In Méndez-Montalvo, Myriam & Ballington, Julie (Eds.), Mujeres en el parlamento: Más allá de los números (pp. 19–43). Stockholm: International IDEA.
Htun, Mala (2002b). Puzzles of women's rights in Brazil. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 69(3), 733–751.
Htun, Mala (2003a). Sex and the state: Abortion, divorce, and the family under Latin American dictatorships and democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Htun, Mala (2003b). Women and democracy. In Dominguez, Jorge & Shifter, Michael (Eds.), Constructing democratic governance in Latin America (2nd ed., pp. 118–136). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Htun, Mala (2004a). From ‘racial democracy’ to affirmative action: Changing state policy on race in Brazil. Latin American Research Review (1), 60–89.
Htun, Mala (2004b). Is gender like ethnicity? The political representation of identity groups. Perspectives on Politics, 2(3), 439–458.
Htun, Mala (2005). Women, political parties and electoral systems in Latin America. In Ballington, Julie & Karam, Azza (Eds.), Women in parliament. Beyond numbers. A new edition (pp. 112–121). Stockholm: International IDEA.
Htun, Mala (2007). Gender equality in transition polities: Comparative perspectives on Cuba. In Pérez-Stable, Marifeli (Ed.), Looking forward: Comparative perspectives on Cuba's transition (pp. 119–137). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Htun, Mala (2009). Life, liberty, and family values: Church and state in the struggle over Latin America's social agenda. In Hagopian, Frances (Ed.), Religious pluralism, democracy, and the Catholic Church in Latin America (pp. 335–364). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Htun, Mala, & Jones, Mark P. (2002). Engendering the right to participate in decision-making: Electoral quotas and women's leadership in Latin America. In Craske, Nikki & Molyneux, Maxine D. (Eds.), Gender, rights and justice in Latin America (pp. 69–93). London: Palgrave.
Htun, Mala, & Ossa, Juan Pablo. (2013). Political inclusion of marginalized groups: Indigenous reservations and gender parity in Bolivia. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 1(1), 4–25.
Htun, Mala, & Piscopo, Jennifer. (2010). Presence without empowerment? Women and politics in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York: Social Science Research Council.
Htun, Mala (2014). Women in politics and policy in Latin America and the Caribbean. Conflict Prevention and Peace Forum (CPPF) Working Papers on Women in Politics, No. 2. Social Science Research Council.
Htun, Mala, & Power, Timothy J. (2006). Gender, parties, and support for equal rights in the Brazilian congress. Latin American Politics and Society, 48(4), 83–104.
Htun, Mala, & Weldon, S. Laurel. (2010). When do governments promote women's rights? A framework for the comparative analysis of sex equality policy. Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 207–216.
Htun, Mala (2012). The civic origins of progressive policy change: Combating violence against women in global perspective, 1975–2005. American Political Science Review, 106(3), 548–569.
Htun, Mala (2014). Progressive policy change on women's social and economic rights. Background paper for Progress of the World's Women.
Htun, Mala(Forthcoming 2015). Religion, the State, Women's Rights, and Family Law. Politics and Gender.
Htun, Malan.d. States and the Logic of Gender Justice. Unpublished book manuscript.
Hughes, Melanie. (2011). Intersectionality, quotas, and minority women's political representation worldwide. American Political Science Review, 105(3), 604–620.
Hylton, Forrest, & Sinclair, Thomas. (2007). Revolutionary horizons: past and present in Bolivian politics. New York: Verso.
Inglehart, Ronald, & Norris, Pippa. (2003). Rising tide: Gender equality and cultural change around the world. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2013). Women in National Parliaments. Available from Inter-Parliamentary Union Women in National Parliaments. Retrieved from www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm
Ishiyama, John. (2009). Do ethnic parties promote minority ethnic conflict?Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 15(1), 56–83.
Ishiyama, John, & Breuning, Marijke. (2011). What's in a name? Ethnic party identity and democratic development in post-communist politics. Party Politics, 17(2), 223–241.
Iversen, Torben, & Rosenbluth, Frances. (2008). Work and power: The connection between female labor force participation and female political representation. Annual Review of Political Science, 11, 479–495.
Jaquette, Jane S. (1994). The women's movement in Latin America: participation and democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Jensenius, Francesca Refsum. (2014). Consequences of representation: Electoral quotas for India's ex-untouchables. Unpublished manuscript.
Jenson, Jane, & Valiente, Celia. (2003). Comparing two movements for gender parity: France and Spain. In Banaszak, Lee Ann, Beckwith, Karen & Rucht, Dieter (Eds.), Women's movements facing the reconfigured state (pp. 69–93). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, Brian B. (2010). Decolonization and its paradoxes: The (re)envisioning of health policy in Bolivia. Latin American Perspectives, 172(37), 139–159.
Johnson, Ollie. (1998). Racial representation and Brazilian politics: Black members of the national Congress, 1983–1999. Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs, 40, 97–118.
Jones, Mark P. (1995). Electoral laws and the survival of presidential democracies. Notre Dame, IN: The University of Notre Dame Press.
Jones, Mark P. (1998). Gender quotas, electoral laws, and the election of women: Lessons from the Argentine provinces. Comparative Political Studies, 31(3), 3–21.
Jones, Mark P. (2002). Explaining the high level of party discipline in the Argentine Congress. In Morgenstern, Scott & Nacif, Benito (Eds.), Legislative politics in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Jones, Mark P. (2005). The desirability of gender quotas: Considering context and design. Politics & Gender, 1(4), 645–652.
Jones, Mark P. (2009). Gender quotas, electoral laws, and the election of women: Evidence from the Latin American vanguard. Comparative Political Studies, 42(1), 56–81.
Jones, Mark P., & Hwang, Wonjae. (2005). Party government in presidential democracies: Extending cartel theory beyond the U.S. Congress. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 267–282.
Jones, Mark P., Hwang, Wonjae, & Micozzi, Juan Pablo. (2009). Government and opposition in the Argentine Congress, 1989–2007: Understanding inter-party dynamics through roll call vote analysis. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 1(1), 67–96.
Jones, Mark P., Saiegh, Sebastian, Spiller, Pablo T., & Tommasi, Mariano. (2002). Amateur legislators–professional politicians: The consequences of party-centered electoral rules in a federal system. American Journal of Political Science, 46(3), 656–669.
Jordan-Zachery, Julia S. (2007). Am I a black woman or a woman who is black? Some thoughts on the meaning of intersectionality. Politics & Gender, 3(2), 254–263.
Joseph, Tiffany D, & Hirshfield, Laura E. (2011). ‘Why don't you get somebody new to do it?’Race and cultural taxation in the academy. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(1), 121–141.
Jouannet, Andrés. (2011). Participacíon política indígena en Chile: El caso Mapuche. In de la Vega, Beatriz Cajías (Ed.), Participación política indígena y políticas públicas para pueblos indígenas en América Latina (pp. 93–133). La Paz: Fundación Konrad Adenauer.
Jung, Courtney. (2003). The politics of indigenous identity: Neoliberalism, cultural rights, and the Mexican Zapatistas. Social Research, 70(2), 433–462.
Jung, Courtney (2008). The moral force of indigenous politics: Critical liberalism and the Zapatistas. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. (1977a). Men and Women of the Corporation (Vol. 5049). New York: Basic Books.
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss (1977b). Some effects of proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women. American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 965–990.
Kathlene, Lyn. (1994). Power and influence in state legislative policymaking: The interaction of gender and position in committee hearing debates. American Political Science Review, 8(3), 560–576.
Kaup, Brent. (2010). A neoliberal nationalization: Constraints on natural gas led development in Bolivia. Latin American Perspectives, 37(3), 123–138.
Kittilson, Miki Caul. (2001). Political parties and the adoption of candidate gender quotas: A cross-national analysis. Journal of Politics, 63(4), 1214–1229.
Kittilson, Miki Caul, & Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie. (2010). Engaging citizens: The role of power-sharing institutions. Journal of Politics, 72(4), 990–1002.
Knight, Alan. (1990). Racism, revolution, and indigenismo: Mexico, 1910–1940. In Richard Graham (Ed.), The idea of race in Latin America, 1870–1940 (pp. 71–113). Critical Reflections on Latin America Series. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Kohl, Benjamin. (2010). Bolivia under Evo Morales: A work in progress. Latin American Perspectives, 37(3), 107–122.
Krasner, Stephen D. (1984). Approaches to the state: Alternative conceptions and historical dynamics. Comparative Politics, 16(2), 223–246.
Krook, Mona Lena. (2008). La adopción e impacto de las leyes de cuotas de género: una perspectiva global. In Tobar, Marcela Ríos (Ed.), Mujer y política: El impacto de las cuotas de género en América Latina (pp. 27–59). Santiago: Editorial Catalonia.
Krook, Mona Lena (2009). Quotas for women in politics: Gender and candidate selection worldwide. New York: Oxford University Press.
Krook, Mona Lena (2010). Women's representation in parliament: A qualitative-comparative analysis. Political Studies, 58(5), 886–908.
Krook, Mona Lena, & Moser, Robert G. (2013). Electoral rules and political inclusion. In Htun, Mala & Powell, G. Bingham Jr. (Ed.), Political science, electoral rules, and democratic governance. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association.
Krook, Mona Lena, & O'Brien, Diana Z. (2010). The politics of group representation: Quotas for women and minorities worldwide. Comparative Politics, 42(3), 253–272.
Kymlicka, Will. (1995). Multicultural citizenship: A liberal theory of minority rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Laserna, Roberto. (2010). Mire, la democracia boliviana en los hechos. Latin American Research Review, 45(Special Issue), 27–58.
Laurent, Virginie. (2005). Comunidades indígenas, espacios políticos y movilización electoral en Colombia, 1990–1998. Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia (ICANH).
Laurent, Virginie (2010). Con bastones de mando o en el tarjetón: Movilizaciones políticas indígenas en Colombia. Colombia Internacional, No. 71, 35–61.
Laurent, Virginie (2012a). Dos décadas de movilización electoral indígena en colombia. Una mirada a las elecciones locales de octubre de 2011 política y territorio. Análisis de las elecciones subnacionales en Colombia, 2011. Bogotá: Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarollo (PNUD).
Laurent, Virginie (2012b). Mulitculturalismo a la colombiana y veinte años de movilización electoral indígena: Circunscripciones especiales en la mira. Análisis Político, 25(75), 47–65.
Lawless, Jennifer L., & Fox, Richard L. (2005). It takes a candidate: Why women don't run for office. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lee, Taeku. (2008). Race, immigration, and the identity-to-politics link. Annual Review of Political Science, 11, 457–478.
León, Magdalena, & Holguín, Jimena. (2005). La cuota sola no basta: El caso de Colombia. In León, Magdalena (Ed.), Nadando contra la corriente: Mujeres y cuotas políticas en los países andinos. Bogotá: United Nations Development Fund for Women, United Nations Population Fund..
Levitsky, Steven. (2003). Transforming labor-based parties in Latin America: Argentine Peronism in comparative perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Levitsky, Steven, & Murillo, María Victoria. (2009). Variation in institutional strength. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 115–133.
Lewis, Jane. (1992). Gender and the development of welfare regimes. Journal of European Social Policy, 2(3), 159–173.
Lijphart, Arend. (1977). Democracy in plural societies: A comparative exploration / Arend Lijphart. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977.
Lijphart, Arend (1995). Self-determination versus pre-determination of ethnic minorities in power-sharing systems. In Will Kymlicka (Ed.), The rights of minority cultures (pp. 275–287). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lijphart, Arend (1986). Proportionality by non-PR methods: ethnic representation in Belgium, Cyprus, Lebanon, New Zealand, West Germany, and Zimbabwe. In Grofman, Bernard & Lijphart, Arend (Eds.), Electoral laws and their political consequences (pp. 113–123). New York: Agathon Press.
Lijphart, Arend (1999). Constitutional choices for divided societies. Journal of Democracy, 15(2), 96–109.
Locatelli, Piero. (2014). Brancos serão quase 80% da Câmara dos Deputados. Carta Capital: Politica, August 10, 2014.
Longman, Timothy. (2006). Rwanda: Achieving equality or serving an authoritarian state? In Bauer, Gretchen & Britton, Hannah E. (Eds.), Women in African parliaments (pp. 133–150). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Loveman, Mara. (2014). National colors: Racial classification and the state in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lubertino Beltrán, María José. (1992). Historia de la ‘Ley de Cuotas.’. Cuotas mínima de participación de mujeres: El debate en Argentina (pp. 9–43). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Fundacion Friedrich Ebert.
Lucas, Kevin, & Samuels, David. (2010). The Ideological “Coherence” of the Brazilian Party System, 1990–2009. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 2(3), 39–69.
Lucero, José Antonio. (2008). Voices of struggle: The politics of indigenous representation in the Andes. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Luna, Juan Pablo, Murillo, Maria Victoria, & Schrank, Andrew. (2014). Latin American political economy: Making sense of a new reality. Latin American Politics and Society, 56(1), 3–10.
Madrid, Raúl. (2008). The rise of ethnopopulism in Latin America. World Politics, 60(3), 475–508.
Madrid, Raúl (2012). The rise of ethnic politics in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Maggie, Yvonne, & Fry, Peter. (2004). A reserva de vagas para negros nas universidade brasileiras. Estudos Avançados, 18(50), 67–80.
Mahoney, James, & Thelen, Kathleen. (2010). A theory of gradual institutional change. In Mahoney, James & Thelen, Kathleen (Eds.), Explaining institutional change: Ambiguity, agency, and power (pp. 1–37). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mainwaring, Scott. (1999). Rethinking party systems in the third wave of democratization: The case of Brazil. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Mainwaring, Scott, & Scully, Timothy. (1995). Building democratic institutions: Party systems in Latin America. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Mamdani, Mahmood. (1996). Citizen and subject. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mamdani, Mahmood (2001). When victims become killers: Colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Manning, Jennifer E. (2014). Membership of the 113th Congress: A Profile. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
Mansbridge, Jane. (1999). Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? A contingent ‘yes’. Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628–657.
Mansbridge, Jane (2003). Rethinking representation. American Political Science Review, 97(4), 515–528.
Mansbridge, Jane (2005). Quota problems: Combating the dangers of essentialism. Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622–637.
Mansbridge, Jane (2011). Clarifying the concept of representation. American Political Science Review, 105(3), 621–630.
Martínez Casas, Regina, Saldívar, Emiko, Flores, René D., & Sue, Christina A. (2014). The different faces of Mestizaje: Ethnicity and race in Mexico. In Telles, Edward (Ed.), Pigmentocracies. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Marx, Anthony W. (1998). Making race and nation: A comparison of the United States, South Africa, and Brazil. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Marx, Jutta, Borner, Jutta, & Caminotti, Mariana. (2007). La legisladoras: Cupos de género y política en Argentina y Brasil. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI Editora Iberamericano, Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarollo (PNUD), Instituto Tortuato di Tella.
Matland, Richard E. (2006). Electoral quotas: Frequency and effectiveness. In Dahlerup, Drude (Ed.), Women, quotas, and politics (pp. 275–292). New York: Routledge.
Matland, Richard E., & Studlar, Donley T. (1996). The contagion of women candidates in single-member district and proportional representation electoral systems: Canada and Norway. Journal of Politics, 58(3), 707–733.
Mazur, Amy. (2001). Drawing lessons from the French Parity Movement. Contemporary French Civilization, 25(2), 201–219.
McBride, Dorothy, & Mazur, Amy. (2011). Gender machineries worldwide. Background Paper, World Development Report 2012. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Meertens, Donny. (2008). Discriminación racial, desplazamiento y genero en las sentencias de la Corte Constitucional. El racismo cotidiano en el banquillo. Universitas Humanística, 37(66), 83–106.
Mettler, Suzanne. (1998). Dividing citizens: Gender and federalism in New Deal public policy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Micozzi, Juan Pablo. (2009). The electoral connection in multi-level systems with non-static ambition: Linking political careers and legislative performance in Argentina. PhD dissertation, Rice University.
Micozzi, Juan Pablo (2013). Does electoral accountability make a difference? Direct elections, career ambition, and legislative performance in the Argentine Senate. Journal of Politics, 75(1), 137–149.
Micozzi, Juan Pablo, & Lacalle, Marina. (2010). The more women at work, the sooner we win? Gender quotas and legislative productivity in the Argentine Congress. Paper presented at the 68th Annual MPSA National Conference, Chicago.
Miller, Francesca. (1991). Latin American women and the search for social justice. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
Ministério da Saúde. (2010). Política nacional de Saúde integral da População negra. uma política para o SUS / Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Gestão Estratégica e Participativa, departamento de Apoio à Gestão Participativa. – 2. ed. – Brasília: Editora do Ministério da Saúde, 2013.
Ministerio del Interior y de Justicia de la República de Colombia. (n.d.). Acuerdos, resoluciones o convenios con instituciones de educación superior. Retrieved from www.siswer.com/documentos/negritudes/LISTADOCONVENIOSUNIVERSIDADES.pdf
Misión de Observación Electoral. (2010). Informe de observación electoral: Elecciones de congreso (14 de Marzo del 2010) Hombres y mujeres al servicio de la democracia.
Moi, Toril. (2001). What is a woman? and other essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mokrani, Dunia, & Uriona, Pilar. (2009). Informe de coyuntura: Mujeres y pueblos indígenas en la ley de régimen electoral transitorio.La Paz: Coordinadora de la Mujer.
Montville, Joseph V. (1990). Conflict and peacemaking in multiethnic societies. New York: Free Press.
Mörner, Magnus. (1967). Race mixture in the history of Latin America. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.
Moser, Robert. (2008). Electoral systems and the representation of ethnic minorities: Evidence from Russia. Comparative Politics, 40(3), 273–292.
Moser, Robert, & Holmsten, Stephanie. (2008). The paradox of representation: Can PR elect more women and minorities? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the MPSA National Conference, Palmer House Hilton, Chicago.
Moser, Robert G., & Scheiner, Ethan. (2012). Electoral systems and political context: How the effects of rules vary across new and established democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mujeres Presentes en la Historia, Movimiento de. (2007). Argumentación de las propuestas de las mujeres hacia la asamblea constituyente. La Paz: Movimiento de Mujeres Presentes en la Historia.
Nascimento, Abdias do, & Larkin Nascimento, Elisa. (2001). Reflexões sobre o movimento negro no Brasil, 1938–1997. In Guimarães, Antonio Sérgio Alfredo & Huntley, Lynn (Eds.), Tirando a máscara: Ensaios sobre o racismo no Brasil (pp. 203–236). São Paulo: Editora Paz e Terra.
Nash, Jennifer C. (2008). Re-thinking intersectionality. Feminist Review, 89(1), 1–15.
Navia, Patricio. (2008). Legislative candidate selection in Chile. In Siavelis, Peter M & Morgenstern, Scott (Eds.), Pathways to power: Political recruitment and candidate selection in Latin America (pp. 92–118). University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Nobles, Melissa. (2000). Shades of citizenship: Race and the census in modern politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Norris, Pippa. (2004). Electoral engineering: Voting rules and political behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Novillo Gonzáles, Monica. (2011). Paso a paso. Así lo hicimos. Avances y desafíos en la participación política de las mujeres. La Paz: Coordinadora de la Mujer.
Okin, Susan Moller. (1991). Gender, the public and the private. In Held, David (Ed.), Political theory today. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Okin, Susan Moller (2008). Justice, gender, and the family. New York: Basic Books.
Orloff, Ann Shola. (1993). Gender and the social rights of citizenship: The comparative analysis of gender relations and welfare states. American Sociological Review, 58(3), 303–328.
Pachón, Mónica, & Shugart, Matthew Soberg. (2010). Electoral reform and the mirror image of interparty and intraparty competition: The adoption of party lists in Colombia. Electoral Studies, 29(4), 648–660.
Paixão, Marcelo, & Carvano, Luis M. (2008). Relatório anual das desigualdades raciais no Brasil, 2007–2008.Rio de Janeiro: Laboratório de Analise Econômicas, Sociais e Estatísticas em Relações Raciais (LAESER) at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
Paixão, Marcelo, Monçores, Elisa, & Rossetto, Irene. (2012). Ações afirmativas por reserva de vagas no ingresso discente nas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES): um panorama segundo o Censo da Educação Superior de 2010. In Giardino, Marcelo (Ed.), Democratização da educação superior no Brasil: Avanços e desafios. Cadernos do pensamento crítico Latino-Americano: Grupo Estratégico de Análise da Educação Superior no Brasil da FLASCO Brasil.
Paixão, Marcelo, Rossetto, Irene, Montovanele, Fabiana, & Carvano, Luiz M. (2010). Relatório anual das desigualdades raciais no Brasil, 2009–2010: Constituição Cidadã, seguridade social e seus efeitos sobre assimetrias de cor ou raça. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Garamond.
Paschel, Tianna S. (2010). The right to difference: Explaining Colombia's shift from color-blindness to the law of black communities. American Journal of Sociology, 116(3), 729–769.
Pateman, Carole. (1989). The disorder of women: Democracy, feminism, and political theory. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Paulson, Susan, & Callá, Pamela. (2000). Gender and ethnicity in Bolivian politics: Transformation or paternalism?Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 5(2), 112–149.
Paxton, Pamela, & Hughes, Melanie M. (2013). Women, politics, and power: A global perspective (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Pedersen, Susan. (1993). Family, dependence, and the origins of the welfare state: Britain and France, 1914–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pedersen, Susan (2004). Eleanor Rathbone and the politics of conscience. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Peria, Michelle, & Bailey, Stanley R. (2014). Remaking racial inclusion: Combining race and class in Brazil's new affirmative action. Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 9(2), 156–176.
Phillips, Anne. (1995). The politics of presence. New York: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press.
Phillips, Anne (2012). “Representation and Inclusion.” Politics & Gender, 8(4), 512–518.
Pierson, Paul. (1996). The New Politics of the Welfare State. World Politics, 48(2), 143–179.
Pierson, Paul (2000). Increasing returns, path dependence, and the study of politics. American Political Science Review, 94(2), 251–267.
Pinedo Bravo, Enith. (2012). El acceso de los indígenas al Congreso de la República: Una mirada desde el diseño del sistema electoral y del principio de igualdad. Lima: Jurado Nacional de Elecciones.
Piscopo, Jennifer. (2010). Setting agendas for women: Substantive representation and bill introduction in Argentina and Mexico.PhD dissertation, University of California San Diego.
Piscopo, Jennifer (2013). The changing face of Latin American politics: Perspectives on gender quota diffusion and women's political empowerment. Paper presented at the Latin American Studies Association, Washington, DC.
Piscopo, Jennifer (2015). States as gender equality activists: The evolution of quota laws in Latin America. Latin American Politics and Society 57, 3 (Fall).
Piscopo, Jennifer, & Thomas, Gwyn. (2012). New approaches to studying institutional norms in Latin America. Paper presented at the 2012 Latin American Studies Association Meeting, San Francisco.
Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel. (1967). The concept of representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Pizarro Leongómez, Eduardo. (2001). Colombia: Renovación o colapso del sistema de partidos? In Sáez, Manuel Alcántara & Miguel, Juan Manuel Ibeas (Eds.), Colombia ante los retos del siglo XXI: Desarollo, democracia y paz (pp. 99–126). Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
Pizarro Leongómez, Eduardo (2002). Giants with feet of clay: Political parties in Colombia. In Mainwaring, Scott, Bejarano, Ana María & Leongómez, Eduardo Pizarro (Eds.), The crisis of democratic representation in the Andes (pp. 78–99). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
¿Por qué se indignaron los negros? (2014). Revista Semana. Retrieved from www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/las-dudas-contra-los-parlamentarios-electos-afrodescendientes/380379-3
Postero, Nancy. (2006). Now we are citizens: Indigenous politics in postmulticultural Bolivia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Postero, Nancy (2010). Morales's MAS government: Building indigenous popular hegemony in Bolivia. Latin American Perspectives, 37(3), 18–34.
Powell, G. Bingham. (2000). Elections as instruments of democracy: Majoritarian and proportional visions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Power, Timothy J, & Zucco, Cesar. (2012). Elite preferences in a consolidating democracy: the Brazilian legislative surveys, 1990–2009. Latin American Politics and Society, 54(4), 1–27.
Prewitt, Kenneth. (2005). Racial classification in America: Where do we go from here?Daedalus, 134(1), 5–17.
Przeworski, Adam, Stokes, Susan C., & Manin, Bernard. (1999). Democracy, accountability, and representation. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Quotaproject. (2011). Global database. Retrieved from www.quotaproject.org
Rabushka, Alvin, & Shepsle, Kenneth A. (1972). Politics in plural societies: A theory of democratic instability. Columbus, OH: Merrill.
Rahier, Jean Muteba (Ed.). (2012). Black social movements in Latin America: From monocultural mestizaje to multiculturalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ranger, Terence. (1983). The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa. In Hobsbawm, Eric & Ranger, Terence (Eds.), The invention of tradition (pp. 211–262). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rappaport, Joanne, & Dover, Robert V. H. (1996). The construction of difference by native legislators: Assessing the impact of the Colombian Constitution of 1991. Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 1(2), 22–45.
Regalsky, Pablo. (2010). Political process and the reconfiguration of the state in Bolivia. Latin American Perspectives, 37(3), 35–50.
Rehfeld, Andrew. (2005). The concept of constituency: Political representation, democratic legitimacy, and institutional design. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rehfeld, Andrew (2006). Towards a general theory of political representation. Journal of Politics, 68(1), 1–21.
Rehfeld, Andrew (2009a). On quotas and qualifications for office. In Ian Shapiro, Susan C. Stokes, Elisabeth Jean Wood, & Alexander S. Kirshner (Eds.), Political representation (pp. 236–268). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rehfeld, Andrew (2009b). Representation rethought: on trustees, delegates, and gyroscopes in the study of political representation and democracy. American Political Science Review, 103(02), 214–230.
Rehfeld, Andrew, & Schwartzberg, Melissa. (2013). Designing electoral systems: Normative tradeoff and institutional innovations. In Htun, Mala & Powell, G. Bingham, Jr. (Eds.), Political science, electoral rules, and democratic governance. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association.
Reichmann, Rebecca. (1999). Introduction. In Reichmann, Rebecca (Ed.), Race in contemporary Brazil: From indifference to inequality (pp. 1–36). University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Reingold, Beth. (2000). Representing women: Sex, gender, and legislative behavior in Arizona and California. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Reingold, Beth (2008). Women as office holders: Linking descriptive and substantive representation. In Baldez, Lisa, Beckwith, Karen, & Wolbrecht, Christina (Eds.), Political women and American democracy (pp. 128–147). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, New York. (1996). Retrieved from www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/pdf/BeijingfullreportE.pdf
República de Bolívia. (2009). Constitution of the Republic of Bolivia.
República de Colombia. (1993). Ley 70 de 1993. Diario Oficial No. 41.013, de 31 de agosto de 1993. Por la cual se desarrolla el artículo transitorio 55 de la Constitución Política.
República de Colombia. (2001). Ley 649 de 2001. Diario Oficial No. 44.371, del 28 de marzo de 2001.
Restrepo, Eduardo. (2004). Ethnicization of blackness in Colombia: Toward de-racializing theoretical and political imagination. Cultural Studies, 18(5), 698–715.
Gonzáles, Reyes, Francisco, Guillermo. (2007). Resultados del desempeño electoral afrocolombiano Estudios sobre la participación política de la población afrodescendiente: La experiencia en Colombia. San José: Inter-American Institute of Human Rights (IIDH).
Reynolds, Andrew. (2005). Reserved seats in national legislatures: A research note. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 30(2), 301–310.
Reynolds, Andrew (2011). Designing democracy in a dangerous world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rice, Roberta, & Van Cott, Donna Lee. (2006). The emergence and performance of indigenous peoples’ parties in South America: A subnational statistical analysis. Comparative Political Studies, 39(6), 709–732.
Riker, William H. (1992). The justification of bicameralism. International Political Science Review, 12(1), 101–116.
Roca, Jose Luis. (2008). Regionalism revisited. In Crabtree, John & Whitehead, Laurence (Eds.), Unresolved tensions: Bolivia past and present (pp. 65–82). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Rocca, Michael S., & Sanchez, Gabriel R. (2008). The effect of race and ethnicity on bill sponsorship and cosponsorship in Congress. American Politics Research, 36(1), 130–152.
Rogowski, Jon, Sinclair, Betsy, & Fowler, James. (2010). The social bases of legislative behavior. Paper presented at the 68th Annual MPSA National Conference, Chicago.
Rojas Birry, Francisco. (1991). Ponencia: Los derechos de los grupos étnicos. Bogotá: Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, Comisión Primera.
Rosaldo, Michelle Zimbalist. (1974). Woman, culture, and society: A theoretical overview. In Rosaldo, Michelle Zimbalist & Lamphere, Louise (Eds.), Woman, culture and society (pp. 17–42). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Rosser, Sue V. (2004). The science glass ceiling: Academic women scientists and the struggle to succeed. London: Routledge.
Rousseau, Stephanie. (2011). Indigenous and feminist movements at the constituent assembly in Bolivia: Locating the representation of indigenous women. Latin American Research Review, 46(2), 5–28.
Salmón, Elizabeth. (2011). Entre las promesas de consulta previa y la continuidad de la protesta social: Las ambigüedades de la participación política indígena en el Perú. In de la Vega, Beatriz Cajías (Ed.), Participación política indígena y políticas públicas para pueblos indígenas en América Latina (pp. 279–311). La Paz: Fundación Konrad Adenauer.
Samuels, David, & Snyder, Richard. (2001). The value of a vote: Malapportionment in comparative perspective. British Journal of Political Science, 31(3), 651–671.
Sanbonmatsu, Kira. (2006). State elections: Where do women run? Where do women win? In Carroll, Susan J. & Fox, Richard L. (Eds.), Gender and elections: Shaping the future of American politics (pp. 189–214). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sánchez, Beatriz Eugenia. (2001). El reto del multiculturalismo jurídico. La justicia de la sociedad mayor y la justicia indígena. In de Sousa Santos, Boaventura & Villegas, Mauricio García (Eds.), El caleidoscopio de las justicias en Colombia. Análisis socio-jurídico. Tomo II (pp. 75–87). Bogotá: Siglo del Hombre Editores.
Sandberg, Sheryl. (2013). Lean in: Women, work, and the will to lead. New York: Random House.
Sawyer, Mark Q. (2006). Racial politics in post-revolutionary Cuba. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Scherlis, Gerardo. (2013). Parties and ballot access in Latin America. Paper presented at the Political Legitimacy and the Paradox of Regulation, Leiden.
Schlesinger, Joseph. (1984). On the theory of party organization. Journal of Politics, 46(2), 369–400.
Schmidt, Gregory D. (2003). The implementation of gender quotas in Peru: Legal reform, discourses and impacts. Paper presented at the International IDEA Workshop, The Implementation of Quotas: Latin American Experiences, Lima, Peru, February.
Schmidt, Ronald, Sr., Hero, Rodney E, Aoki, Andrew L, & Alex-Assensoh, Yvette M. (2010). Newcomers, outsiders, and insiders: Immigrants and American racial politics in the early twenty-first century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Schwartzman, Luisa Farah. (2008). Who are the blacks? The question of racial classification in Brazilian affirmative action policies in higher education. Cahiers de la Recherche sur l’Éducation et les Savoirs, 7, 1–17.
Schwartzman, Luisa Farah (2009). Seeing like citizens: Unofficial understandings official racial categories in a Brazilian university. Journal of Latin American Studies, 41(2), 221–250.
Schwartzman, Simon. (2008a). A medida da lei de cotas para o ensino superior. Retrieved from www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/cotas2008.pdf
Schwartzman, Simon (2008b). A questão da inclusão social na Universidade Brasileira. In de Lacerda Peixoto, Maria do Carmo & Aranha, Antônia Vitória (Eds.), Universidade pública e inclusão social: experiência e imaginação (pp. 23–43). Belo Horizonte: Editora UFMG.
Schwartzman, Simon (2009). Student quotas in Brazil: The policy debate. International Higher Education, 56 (Summer), 11–13.
Schwartzman, Simon (2013). Affirmative action in higher education in Brazil: São Paulo's turn. The World View. Retrieved from www.insidehighered.com/blogs/world-view/affirmative-action-higher-education-brazil-são-paulo's-turn
Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. (2006). Still supermadres? Gender and the policy priorities of Latin American legislators. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 570–585.
Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. (2009). Making quotas work: The effect of gender quota laws on the election of women. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 34(1), 5–28.
Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie A. (2010). Political power and women's representation in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Scott, James C. (1998). Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Scott, Joan Wallach. (2004). French universalism in the nineties. Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, 15(2), 32–53.
Seed, Patricia. (1982). Social dimensions of race: Mexico City, 1753. The Hispanic American Historical Review, 62(4), 569–606.
Sen, Amartya. (2001). The many faces of gender inequality. Frontline, 18(22). Retrieved from www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1822/18220040.htm.
SERNAM. (2008). Estudio de opinión pública: Paridad, medidas de acción afirmativa, mujer y política. Santiago, Chile: Servicio Nacional de la Mujer.
Sheriff, Robin. (2001). Dreaming equality: Color, race, and racism in urban Brazil. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Shugart, Matthew Soberg. (2013). Why ballot structure matters. In Htun, Mala & Powell, G. Bingham (Eds.), Political science, electoral rules, and democratic governance. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association.
Shugart, Matthew Soberg, Moreno, Erika, & Fajardo, Luis. (2007). Deepening democracy by renovating political practices: The struggle for electoral reform in Colombia. In Christopher Welna & Gustavo Gallón (Eds.), Peace, democracy and human rights in Colombia (pp. 202–266). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Silva, Graziella Moraes, & Paixão, Marcelo. (2014). Mixed and unequal: New perspectives on Brazilian ethnoracial relations. In Telles, Edward (Ed.), Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, race, and color in Latin America (pp. 172–217). Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
Silva, Nelson do Valle. (1985). Updating the cost of not being white in Brazil. In Fontaine, Pierre-Michel (Ed.), Race, class and power in Brazil (pp. 42–55). Los Angeles: Center for Afro-American Studies, University of California.
Skidmore, Thomas. (1993). Bi-racial USA vs. multi-racial Brazil: Is the contrast still valid?Journal of Latin American Studies, 25(2), 373–386.
Skidmore, Thomas E. (1993). Black into white: Race and nationality in Brazilian thought. Durham: Duke University Press.
Skocpol, Theda. (1992). Protecting soldiers and mothers: The political origins of social policy in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Skocpol, Theda, Ganz, Marshall, & Munson, Ziad. (2000). A nation of organizers: The institutional origins of civic voluntarism in the United States. American Political Science Review, 94(3), 527–546.
Skrentny, John. (2002). The minority rights revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Smith, Richard Chase. (1982). Liberal ideology and indigenous communities in post-independence Peru. Journal of International Affairs, 36(1), 73–82.
Soberanis, Catalina. (2011). Participación política indígena y políticas públicas para pueblos indígenas en Guatemala. In de la Vega, Beatriz Cajías (Ed.), Participación política indígena y políticas públicas para pueblos indígenas en América Latina (pp. 215–235). La Paz: Fundación Konrad Adenauer.
Spiller, Pablo T., & Tommasi, Mariano. (2007). The institutional foundations of public policy: A transaction theory and an application to Argentina. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Stavenhagen, Rodolfo. (2002). Indigenous peoples and the state in Latin America: An ongoing debate. In Sieder, Rachel (Ed.), Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous rights, diversity, and democracy (pp. 24–44). London: Palgrave.
Streeck, Wolfgang, & Thelen, Kathleen. (2005a). Introduction: Institutional change in advanced political economies. In Beyond continuity: Institutional change in advanced political economies (pp. 1–39). New York: Oxford University Press.
Streeck, Wolfgang, & Thelen, Kathleen (Eds.). (2005b). Beyond continuity: Explorations in the dynamics of advanced political economies. New York: Oxford University Press.
Strolovitch, Dara Z. (2007). Affirmative advocacy: Race, class, and gender in interest group politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sturm, Susan. (2006). Architecture of inclusion: Advancing workplace equity in higher education. Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, 29, 247.
Sulmont, David, & Callirgos, Juan Carlos (2014). ¿El pais de todas las sangres? Race and Ethnicity in Contemporary Peru. In Telles, Edward (Ed.), Pigmentocracies: Race, ethnicity, and color in Latin America (pp. 126–171). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Suplicy, Marta. (1996). Novos paradigmas nas esferas de poder. Revista Estudos Femi-nistas, 4(1), 126–137.
Swers, Michele L. (2002). The difference women make: The policy impact of women in Congress. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tannenbaum, Frank. (1946). Slave and citizen: The classic comparative study of race relations in the Americas. Boston: Beacon Press.
Taylor, Charles. (1992). The politics of recognition. In Taylor, Charles & Gutmann, Amy (Eds.), Multiculturalism and ‘the politics of recognition’ (pp. 25–73). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Taylor, Steven. (2010). Ballot design (and voter knowledge) matters. Retrieved from http://fruitsandvotes.com/?p=3868 – footnote_3_3868
Telles, Edward. (2004). Race in another America: The significance of skin color in Brazi. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Telles, Edward (2014a). The project on ethnicity and race in Latin America (PERLA): Hard data and what is at stake. In Telles, Edward (Ed.), Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, race, and color in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Telles, Edward(Ed.). (2014b). Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, race, and color in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Telles, Edward, & Flores, René D. (2014). A comparative analysis of ethnicity and race in Latin America based on PERLA findings. In Telles, Edward (Ed.), Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, race, and color in Latin America (pp. 218–236). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Telles, Oscar. (2012, November 6). Debatedores defendem reforma política que favoreça eleição de negros, Câmara Notícias. Retrieved from www2.camara.leg.br/camaranoticias/noticias/POLITICA/429500-DEBATEDORES-DEFENDEM-REFORMA-POLITICA-QUE-FAVORECA-ELEICAO-DE-NEGROS.html
Thomas, Sue. (1994). How women legislate. New York: Oxford University Press.
Toranzo, Carlos. (2008). Let the mestizos stand up and be counted. In Crabtree, John & Whitehead, Laurence (Eds.), Unresolved tensions: Bolivia past and present (pp. 35–50). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Torres, Javier. (2008). Perú: Los límites de la participación política de la población indígena en el Perú. Población indígena: derechos y participación aportes al debate multicultural desde la perspectiva nacional y regional.Memoria de las sesiones públicas realizadas en el Congreso de la República del Perú los días 2, 9, 23 y 30 de marzo de 2007.Lima: Fundación Konrad Adenauer.
Towns, Ann. (2010). Women and states: Norms and hierarchies in international society. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tremblay, Manon. (2006). The substantive representation of women and PR: Some reflections on the role of surrogate representation and critical mass. Politics & Gender, 2(4), 502–511.
Tripp, Aili Mari. (2006). Uganda: Agents of change for women's advancement? In Gretchen Bauer & Hannah Evelyn Britton (Eds.), Women in African Parliaments (pp. 111–132). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Tsebelis, George, & Money, Jeannette. (1997). Bicameralism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ungar Bleier, Elisabeth, & Arévalo, Carlos Arturo. (2004). Crisis o reordenación institucional? Partidos y sistema de partidos en Colombia hoy. Partidos políticos en la región andina: Entre la crisis y el cambio (pp. 51–69). Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
United Nations. (2001). Declaration: World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance. Retrieved from www.un.org/WCAR/durban.pdf.
United Nations Development Programme. (1995). Human Development Report. New York: Oxford Univerity Press.
Urbinati, Nadia. (2006). Representative democracy: Principles and genealogy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Urbinati, Nadia, & Warren, Mark. (2008). The concept of representation in contemporary democratic theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 11, 387–412.
Urrea, Fernando, López, Carlos Viáfara, & Vigoya, Mara Viveros. (2014). From whitened miscegenation to tri-ethnic multiculturalism: Race and Ethnicity in Colombia. In Telles, Edward (Ed.), Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, race, and color in Latin America (pp. 81–125). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Vail, Leroy (Ed.). (1989). The creation of tribalism in Southern Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Valdés, Teresa, & Gomariz, Enrique. (1995). Mujeres latinoamericanas en cifras. Tomo comparativo. Santiago: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO).
Valenzuela, J. Samuel. 1985. Democratización Vía Reforma: La expansión del sufragio en Chile. Buenos Aires: Ediciones del IDES.
Van Cott, Donna Lee. (2000). The friendly liquidation of the past: The politics of diversity in Latin America. Pittsburgh: The University of Pittsburgh Press.
Van Cott, Donna Lee (2005). From movements to parties in Latin America: The evolution of ethnic politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Vega, Silvia. (2005). La cuota electoral en Ecuador: Nadando a contra-corriente en un horizonte esperanzador. In León, Magdalena (Ed.), Nadando contra la corriente: mujeres y cuotas políticas en los países andinos (pp. 169–206). Bogotá: UNIFEM, United Nations Population Fund..
Villamizar, Mateo. (2014). Qué pasó con las circunscripciones especiales? Congreso Visible. Retrieved from: http://congresovisible.org/agora/post/y-que-paso-con-las-circunscripciones-especiales/6294/
Villamizar, Mateo, Duque, Cristina, & Martínez, Paulina. (2014). ¿Jaque a la Circunscripción Afro? Congreso Visible. Retrieved from http://congresovisible.org/agora/post/jaque-a-la-circunscripcion-afro/6570/
Villanueva Montalvo, Aída. (2012). En torno a la representación especial indígena en el Perú: Percepción de líderes indígenas y características del modelo peruano. Debates en Sociología, 37, 43–76.
Vincent, Louise. (2004). Quotas: Changing the way things look without changing the way things are. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 10(1), 71–96.
Volden, Craig, Weisman, Alan, & Wittmer, Dana. (2010). The legislative effectiveness of women in congress. Working paper (04-2010), Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, Vanderbilt University.
Wade, Peter. (1993). Blackness and race mixture: The dynamics of racial identity in Colombia. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Wade, Peter (1995). The cultural politics of blackness in Colombia. American Ethnologist, 22(2), 342–358.
Wade, Peter (1997). Race and ethnicity in Latin America. London: Pluto Press.
Wade, Peter (2002). Introduction: The Colombian Pacific in perspective. Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 7(2), 2–33.
Wade, Peter (2009). Defining blackness in Colombia. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 95(1), 165–184.
Wade, Peter (2011). Multiculturalismo y racismo. Revista Colombiana de Antropología, 47(2), 15–35.
Wampler, Brian. (2010). Participatory budgeting in Brazil: Contestation, cooperation, and accountability. University Park: Penn State University Press.
Wang, Vibeke. (2013). Women changing policy outcomes: Learning from pro-women legislation in the Ugandan Parliament. Women's Studies International Forum, 41(2), 113–121.
Webber, Jeffery. (2010). Carlos Mesa and the divided Bolivia 2003–2005. Latin American Perspectives, 37(3), 51–70.
Weissberg, Robert. (1978). Collective vs. dyadic representation in Congress. American Political Science Review, 72(2), 535–547.
Weldon, S Laurel. (2002). Beyond bodies: Institutional sources of representation for women in democratic policymaking. Journal of Politics, 64(4), 1153–1174.
Weldon, S. Laurel (2006). Inclusion, solidarity, and social movements: The global movement against gender violence. Perspectives on Politics, 4(1), 55–74.
Weldon, S. Laurel (2008). Intersectionality. In Goertz, Gary & Mazur, Amy (Eds.), Politics, gender, and concepts: Theory and methodology (pp. 193–218). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Weldon, S. Laurel (2011). When protest makes policy: How social movements represent disadvantaged groups. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Wilkinson, Steven I. and Kitschelt, Herbert (2007). Citizen-politician linkages: An introduction. In Kitschelt, Herbert & Wilkinson, Steven I. (Eds.), Patrons, clients, and policies: Patterns of democratic accountability and political competition (pp. 1–46). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Williams, Melissa S. (1998). Voice, trust, and memory: Marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
World Bank. (2011). World development report 2012: Gender equality and development. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
World Economic Forum. (2013). The Global Gender Gap Report. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Yashar, Deborah J. (2005). Contesting citizenship in Latin America: The rise of indigenous movements and the postliberal challenge.New York: Cambridge University Press.
Young, Iris Marion. (1994). Gender as seriality: Thinking about women as a social collective. Signs, 19(3), 713–738.
Young, Iris Marion (2000). Inclusion and democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zavaleta, Diego. (2008). Oversimplifying identities: The debate about what is indígena and what is mestizo. In Crabtree, John & Whitehead, Laurence (Eds.), Unresolved tensions: Bolivia past and present (pp. 51–60). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Zetterberg, Pär. (2008). The downside of gender quotas? Institutional constraints on women in Mexican state legislatures. Parliamentary Affairs, 61(3), 442–460.
Zoninsein, Jonas. (2004). Minorias étnicas e a economia política do desenvolvimento: Um novo papel para universidades públicas como gerenciadores da ação afirmativa no Brasil?Econômica, 6(1), 105–121.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.