Alberch, Pere. 1982. Developmental constraints in evolutionary processes. In Evolution and Development, ed. Bonner, J. T.. New York: Springer Verlag, 313–32.
Alberts, Jeffrey R. 1994. Learning as adaptation of the infant. Acta Paediatrica 83 (s397): 77–85.
Alberts, Jeffrey R 2008. The nature of nurturant niches in ontogeny. Philosophical Psychology 21 (3), special issue, Reconciling Nature and Nurture in the Study of Cognition and Behavior: 295–303.
Amundson, Ron. 2005. The Changing Role of the Embryo in Evolutionary Thought: Roots of Evo-Devo. Cambridge University Press.
Angers, Bernard, Castonguay, Emilie, and Massicotte, Rachel. 2010. Environmentally induced phenotypes and DNA methylation: how to deal with unpredictable conditions until the next generation and after. Molecular Ecology 19 (7): 1283–95.
Anstey, Michael L., Rogers, Stephen M, Ott, Swidbert R, Burrows, Malcolm, and Simpson, Stephen J. 2009. Serotonin mediates behavioral gregarization underlying swarm formation in desert locusts. Science 323 (5914): 627–30.
Athanasiadis, Alekos, Rich, Alexander, and Maas, Stefan. 2004. Widespread A-to-I RNA editing of alu-containing mRNAs in the human transcriptome. PLoS Biology 2 (12): e391.
Badyaev, Alexander V. 2009. Evolutionary significance of phenotypic accommodation in novel environments: an empirical test of the Baldwin effect. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences 364: 1125–41.
Badyaev, Alexander V 2011. Origin of the fittest: link between emergent variation and evolutionary change as a critical question in evolutionary biology. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences 278: 1921–9.
Badyaev, Alexander V., and Uller, Tobias. 2009. Parental effects in ecology and evolution: mechanisms, processes, and implications. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences 364: 1169–77.
Baetu, Tudor. 2012. Genomic programs as mechanism schemas: a non-reductionist interpretation. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 63 (3): 649–71.
Barak, Michal, Levanon, Erez Y., Eisenberg, Eli, Paz, Nurit, Rechavi, Gideon, Church, George M., and Mehr, Ramit. 2009. Evidence for large diversity in the human transcriptome created by Alu RNA editing. Nucleic Acids Research 37 (20): 6905–15.
Baranov, Pavel V., Gurvich, Olga L, Hammer, Andrew W, Gesteland, Raymond F, and Atkins, John F. 2003. Recode 2003. Nucleic Acids Research 31 (1): 87–9.
Bass, Brenda. 2001. RNA Editing: Frontiers in Molecular Biology. Oxford University Press.
Bateson, P., Barker, D., Clutton-Brock, T., Deb, D., D’Udine, B., Foley, R. A., Gluckman, P. D., Godfrey, K., Kirkwood, T., Lahr, M. M., McNamara, J., Metcalfe, N. B., Monaghan, P., Spencer, H. G., and Sultan, S. E.. 2004. Developmental plasticity and human health. Nature 430: 419–21.
Bateson, Patrick P. G., and Gluckman, Peter D. 2011. Plasticity, Robustness, Development and Evolution. Cambridge University Press.
Bateson, Patrick P. G., and Martin, Paul. 1999. Design for a Life: How Behavior and Personality Develop. London: Jonathan Cape.
Bateson, William. 1894. Materials for the Study of Variation. London: Macmillan.
Beatty, John. 1990. Evolutionary anti-reductionism: historical reflections. Biology and Philosophy 5 (2): 199–210.
Bechtel, William. 2006. Discovering Cell Mechanisms: The Creation of Modern Cell Biology. Cambridge University Press.
Bechtel, William 2007. Reducing psychology while maintaining its autonomy via mechanistic explanation. In The Matter of the Mind: Philosophical Essays on Psychology, Neuroscience and Reduction, ed. Schouten, M. and de Jong, H. L.. Oxford: Blackwell, 172–98. Also at .
Bechtel, William 2008. Mental Mechanisms. New York: Routledge.
Bechtel, William, and Abrahamsen, Adele. 2005. Explanation: a mechanistic alternative. Studies in History and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences 36: 421–41.
Bechtel, William, and Abrahamsen, Adele in press. Thinking dynamically about biological mechanisms: networks of coupled oscillators. Foundations of Science.
Bechtel, William, and Richardson, Richard C. 1993. Discovering Complexity: Decomposition and Localization as Strategies in Scientific Research. Princeton University Press.
Bentley, David. 2002. The mRNA assembly line: transcription and processing machines in the same factory. Current Opinion In Cell Biology 14 (3): 336–42.
Bergstrom, Carl, and Rosvall, Martin. 2009. The transmission sense of information. Biology and Philosophy 26 (2): 159–76.
Biliya, Shweta, and Bulla, Lee A. 2010. Genomic imprinting: the influence of differential methylation in the two sexes. Experimental Biology and Medicine 235 (2): 139–47.
Bissell, Mina J. 1981. The differentiated state of normal and malignant cells or how to define a ‘normal’ cell in culture. International Review of Cytology 70: 27–100.
Bissell, Mina J 2003. Tissue specificity: structural cues allow diverse phenotypes from a constant genotype. In Origination of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene in Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, ed. Müller, G. B. and Newman, S. A.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 103–17.
Blumenthal, Thomas, Evans, Donald, Link, Christopher D., Guffanti, Alessandro, Lawson, Daniel, Thierry-Mieg, Jean, Thierry-Mieg, Danielle, Chiu, Wei Lu, Duke, Kyle, Kiraly, Moni, and Kim, Stuart K.. 2002. A global analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans operons. Nature 417 (6891): 851–4.
Bolker, Jessika. 1995. Model systems in developmental biology. Bioessays 17: 4515.
Bonasio, Roberto, Shengjiang, Tu, and Reinberg, Danny. 2010. Molecular signals of epigenetic states. Science 330 (6004): 612–16.
Bonduriansky, Russell. 2012. Rethinking heredity, again. TREE 27 (6): 330–6.
Bradbury, Jane. 2005. Alternative mRNA splicing: control by combination. PLoS Biology 3 (11): e369.
Braendle, Christian, and Flatt, Thomas. 2006. A role for genetic accommodation in evolution? Bioessays 28: 868–73.
Brandon, Robert N., and McShea, Daniel W. 2010. Biology's First Law. University of Chicago Press.
Brentano, Franz. 1874. Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt. Leipzig: Duncker & Humbolt.
Brigandt, Ingo, and Love, Alan C. 2008. Reductionism in biology. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), ed. E. N. Zalta. At .
Brigandt, Ingo, and Love, Alan C 2010. Evolutionary novelty and the evo-devo synthesis: field notes. Evolutionary Biology 37: 93–9.
Buchler, Nicolas E., Gerland, Ulrich, and Hwa, Terence. 2003. On schemes of combinatorial transcription logic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100: 5136–41.
Burian, Richard M. 2004. Molecular epigenesis, molecular pleiotropy, and Molecular Gene Definitions. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 26 (1): 59–80.
Carroll, Sean B. 2005. Evolution at two levels: on genes and form. PLoS Biology 3 (7): e245.
Carroll, Sean B., Grenier, Jennifer K., and Weatherbee, Scott D.. 2001. From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Carroll, Sean B 2005. From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design, 2nd edn. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Caudevilla, C., Codony, C., Serra, D., Plasencia, G., Roman, R., Graessmann, A., Asins, G., Bach-Elias, M., and Hegardt, F. G.. 2001. Localization of an exonic spli-cing enhancer responsible for mammalian natural trans-splicing. Nucleic Acids Research 29 (14): 3108–15.
Cawley, Simon, Bekiranov, Stefan, Ng, Huck H., Kapranov, Philipp, Sekinger, Edward A., Kampa, Dione, Piccolboni, Antonio, Sementchenko, Victor, Cheng, Jill, Williams, Alan J., Wheeler, Raymond, Wong, Brant, Drenkow, Jorg, Yamanaka, Mark, Patel, Sandeep, Brubaker, Shane, Tammana, Hari, and Gingeras, Thomas R.. 2004. Unbiased mapping of transcription factor binding sites along human chromosomes 21 and 22 points to widespread regulation of noncoding RNAs. Cell 116: 499–509.
Celottoa, Alicia M., and Graveley, Brenton R.. 2001. Alternative splicing of the Drosophila Dscam pre-mRNA is both temporally and spatially regulated. Genetics 159: 599–608.
Chadarevian, S. de. 1998. Of worms and programs: Caenorhabitis Elegans and the study of development. Studies in History and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences 29 (1): 81–105.
Champagne, Francis A., and Curley, James P.. 2009a. Epigenetic mechanisms mediating the long-term effects of maternal care on development. Neuroscience Bio-behaviour Review 33 (4): 593–600.
Champagne, Francis A., and Curley, James P. 2009b. The transgenerational influence of maternal care on offspring gene expression and behavior in rodents. In Maternal Effects in Mammals, ed. Maestripieri, D. and Mateo, J. M.. University of Chicago Press, 182–202.
Chapdelaine, Y., and Bonen, L.. 1991. The wheat mitochondrial gene for subunit I of the NADH dehydrogenase complex: a trans-splicing model for this gene-in-pieces. Cell 65 (3): 465–72.
Chen, Jianjun, Sun, Miao, Lee, Sanggyu, Zhou, Guoline, Rowley, Janet D., and Wang, San Ming. 2002. Identifying novel transcripts and novel genes in the human genome by using novel SAGE tags. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99: 12257–62.
Chen, Ling-Ling, and Carmichael, Gordon G.. 2010. Decoding the function of nuclear long noncoding RNAs. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 22 (3): 357–64.
Cheng, J., Kapranov, P., Drenkow, J., Dike, S., Brubaker, S., Patel, S., Long, J., Stern, D., Tammana, H., Helt, G., et al. 2005. Transcriptional maps of 10 human chromosomes at 5-nucleotide resolution. Science 308 (5725): 1149–54.
Chomsky, Noam. 1988. Language and Problems of Knowledge: The Managua Lectures. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chong, Lisa, and Ray, L. Bryan. 2002. Whole-istic biology. Science 295 (5560): 1661.
Claverie, J. M. 2001. Gene number: what if there are only 30,000 human genes? Science 291: 1255–7.
Coelho, Paulo S. R., Bryan, Anthony C., Kumar, Anuj, Shadel, Gerald S., and Snyder, Michael. 2002. A novel mitochondrial protein, TAR1p, is encoded on the antisense strand of the nuclear 25S rDNA. Genes and Development 16: 2755–60.
Collins, Lesley J., Schönfeld, Barbara, and Sylvia Chen, Xiaowei. 2011. The epigenetics of non-coding RNA. In Handbook of Epigenetics: The New Molecular and Medical Genetics, ed. Tollefsbol, T.. Amsterdam: Academic Press,49–61.
Communi, Didier, Suarez-Huerta, Nathalie, Dussossoy, Danielle, Savi, Pierre, and Boeynaems, Jean-Marie. 2001. Cotranscription and intergenic splicing of human P2Y(11) SSF1 genes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 (19): 16561–6.
Conklin, Edwin G. 1908. The mechanism of heredity. Science 27: 89–99.
Cope, Edwin Brinker. 1887. Origin of the Fittest: Essays in Evolution. New York: D. Appleton.
Craig, Lindsay R. 2010. The so-called extended synthesis and population genetics. Biological Theory 5 (2): 117–23.
Craver, Carl F. 2007. Explaining the Brain: Mechanisms and the Mosaic Unity of Neuroscience. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Craver, Carl F., and Bechtel, William. 2007. Top-down causation without top-down causes. Biology and Philosophy 22 (4), 547–63.
Crick, Francis H. C. 1958. On protein synthesis. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 12: 138–63.
Crick, Francis H. C. 1970. Central Dogma of molecular biology. Nature 227: 561–3.
Cummins, Robert. 1975. Functional analysis. Journal of Philosophy 72: 741–65.
Darden, Lindley, and Maull, Nandy. 1977. Interfield theories. Philosophy of Science 44 (1): 43–64.
Darwin, Charles. 1964 [1859]. On the Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Davidson, Eric H. 2001. Genomic Regulatory Systems: Development and Evolution. San Diego: Academic Press.
Davidson, Eric H., and Erwin, Douglas H.. 2006. Gene regulatory networks and the evolution of animal body plans. Science 311: 796–800.
Davidson, Eric H., and Levine, Michael. 2005. Gene regulatory networks. PNAS 102 (14): 4935.
Davidson, Nicholas O. 2002. The challenge of target sequence specificity in C→U RNA editing. Journal of Clinical Investigation 109 (3): 291–4.
Dawkins, Richard. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press.
Depew, David J., and Weber, Bruce H.. 1995. Darwinism Evolving: Systems Dynamics and the Genealogy of Natural Selection. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press.
Devlin, Bernie, Daniels, Michael, and Roeder, Katherine. 1997. The heritability of IQ. Nature 388 (6641): 468–71.
Dietrich, Michael R. 2000. From hopeful monsters to homeotic effects: Richard Goldschmidt's integration of development, evolution and genetics. American Zoologist 40: 738–47.
Dillon, Niall. 2003. Positions, please … Nature 425 (6957): 457.
Djebali, S., Davis, C. A., Merkel, A., Dobin, A., Lassmann, T., Mortazavi, A., Tanzer, A., Lagarde, J., Lin, W., Schlesinger, F., et al. 2012. Landscape of transcription in human cells. Nature 489 (7414): 101–8.
Djebali, Sarah, Lagarde, Julien, Kapranov, Philipp, Lacroix, Vincent, Borel, Christelle, Mudge, Jonathan M., Howald, Cedric, Foissac, Sylvain, Ucla, Catherine, Chrast, Jacqueline, et al. 2012. Evidence for transcript networks composed of chimeric RNAs in human cells. PLoS ONE 7 (1): e28213. .
Dobzhansky, Theodosius. 1973. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. American Biology Teacher 35: 125–9.
Donnellan, Keith S. 1966. Reference and definite descriptions. The Philosophical Review 75 (3): 281–304.
Doolittle, W. Ford, and Sapienza, Carmen. 1980. Selfish genes, the phenotype paradigm and genome evolution. Nature 284 (5757): 601–3.
Dorn, Rainer, Reuter, Gunter, and Loewendorf, Andrea. 2001. Transgene analysis proves mRNA trans-splicing at the complex mod(mdg4) locus in Drosophila. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 (17): 9724–9.
Downes, Stephen. 1992. The importance of models in theorizing: a deflationary semantic view. In Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association, Vol. 1, ed. Hull, D., Forbes, M. and Okruhlik, K.. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association, 142–53.
Economist. 1999. Drowning in data. Economist, 26 June, 97–8.
Eddy, Sean R. 2001. Non-coding RNA genes and the modern RNA world. Nature Review Genetics 2 (12): 919–29.
Eddy, Sean R. 2002. Computational genomics of noncoding RNA genes. Cell 109 (2): 137–40.
Eisenberg, David, Marcotte, Edward M., McLachlan, Andrew D., and Pellegrini, Matteo. 2006. Bioinformatic challenges for the next decade(s). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences 361 (1467): 525.
ENCODE Project Consortium. 2007. Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project. Nature 447: 799–816.
Falk, Raphael. 1984. The gene in search of an identity. Human Genetics 68: 195–204.
Falk, Raphael 1986. What is a gene? Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 17: 133–73.
Falk, Raphael 2000. The gene: a concept in tension. In The Concept of the Gene in Development and Evolution, ed. Beurton, P., Falk, R. and Rheinberger, H.-J.. Cambridge University Press, 317–48.
Falk, Raphael 2004. Long live the genome! So should the gene. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 26 (1): 105–21.
Falk, Raphael 2007. Genetic analysis. In Philosophy of Biology, ed. Matthen, M. and Stephens, C.. Oxford: Elsevier, 249–308.
Falk, Raphael 2009. Genetic Analysis: A History of Genetic Thinking. Cambridge University Press.
Finta, Csaba, and Zaphiropoulos, Peter G.. 2000a. The human CYP2C locus: a prototype for intergenic and exon repetition splicing events. Genomics 63 (3): 433–8.
Finta, Csaba, and Zaphiropoulos, Peter G. 2000b. The human cytochrome P450 3A locus: gene evolution by capture of downstream exons. Gene 260 (1–2): 13–23.
Finta, Csaba, and Zaphiropoulos, Peter G. 2001. A statistical view of genome transcription. Journal of Molecular Evolution 53: 160–2.
Finta, Csaba, and Zaphiropoulos, Peter G. 2002. Intergenic mRNA molecules resulting from trans-splicing. Journal of Biolo-gical Chemistry 277 (8): 5882–90.
Fisher, R. A. 1918. The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 52: 399–433.
Fodor, Jerry A. 1974. Special sciences. Synthese 28: 77–115.
Fogle, Thomas. 2000. The dissolution of protein coding genes in molecular biology. In The Concept of the Gene in Development and Evolution, ed. Beurton, P., Falk, R. and Rheinberger, H.-J.. Cambridge University Press, 3–25.
Fontana, Walter, and Buss, Leo W.. 1994. ‘The arrival of the fittest’: toward a theory of biological organization. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 56 (1): 164.
Ford, Donald H., and Lerner, Richard M.. 1992. Developmental Systems Theory: An Integrative Approach. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Fox, Charles W., Thakar, Monica S., and Mousseau, Timothy A.. 1997. Egg size plasticity in a seed beetle: an adaptive maternal effect. The American Naturalist 149 (1): 149–63.
Fox, Charles W., Waddell, Kim J., and Mousseau, Timothy A.. 1995. Parental host plant affects offspring life histories in a seed beetle. Ecology 76 (2): 402–11.
Frenkel-Morgenstern, M., Lacroix, V., Ezkurdia, I., Levin, Y., Gabashvili, A., Prilusky, J., Del Pozo, A., Tress, M., Johnson, R., Guigo, R., et al. 2012. Chimeras taking shape: potential functions of proteins encoded by chimeric RNA transcripts. Genome Research 22: 1231–42.
Frigg, Roman. 2010. Models and fiction. Synthese 17 (2): 251–68.
Frigg, Roman, and Hartmann, Stephan. 2009. Models in Science. At .
Fuller, Trevon, Sarkar, Sahotra, and Crews, David. 2005. The use of norms of reaction to analyze genotypic and environmental influences on behavior in mice and rats. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 29: 445–56.
Gagen, Michael J., and Mattick, John S.. 2004. Inherent size constraints on prokaryote gene networks due to ‘accelerating’ growth. Theory in Biosciences 123(4): 381–411.
Garden, George. 1691. A discourse concerning the modern theory of generation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 16 (1686–1692): 474–83.
Gehring, Walter J. 1985. The homeo box: a key to the understanding of development? Cell 40: 3–5.
Gerstein, Mark B., Bruce, Can, Rozowsky, Joel S., Zheng, Deyou, Du, Jiang, Korbel, Jan O., Emanuelsson, Olof, Zhang, Zhengdong D., Weissman, Sherman, and Snyder, Michael. 2007. What is a gene, post-ENCODE? History and updated definition. Genome Research 17 (6): 669–81.
Gibbs, W. Wayt. 2003. The unseen genome: gems among the junk. Scientific American 289 (5): 46–53.
Giere, Ronald. 1988. Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach. University of Chicago Press.
Gilbert, Scott F. 2000. Developmental Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Gilbert, Scott F. 2001. Ecological developmental biology: developmental biology meets the real world. Developmental Biology 233: 1–22.
Gilbert, Scott F. 2003. The reactive genome. In Origination of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene in Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, ed. Müller, G. B. and Newman, S. A.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 87–101.
Gilbert, Scott F., and Epel, David. 2009. Ecological Developmental Biology: Integrating Epigenetics, Medicine, and Evolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Gilbert, Scott F., and Sarkar, Sahotra. 2000. Embracing complexity: organicism for the twenty-first century. Developmental Dynamics 219: 1–9.
Gissis, Snait B., and Jablonka, Eva (eds.). 2011. Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Gluckman, Peter D., and Hanson, Mark A.. 2005a. The Fetal Matrix: Evolution, Development and Disease. Cambridge University Press.
Gluckman, Peter D., and Hanson, Mark A. (eds.). 2005b. Developmental Origin of Health and Disease. Cambridge University Press.
Gluckman, Peter D., and Hanson, Mark A. 2006. Mismatch: Why Our World No Longer Fits Our Bodies. Oxford University Press.
Gluckman, Peter D., Hanson, Mark A., Bateson, Patrick, Beedle, Alan S., Law, Catherine M., Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Anokhin, Konstantin V., Bougnères, Pierre, Chandak, Giriraj Ratan, Dasgupta, Partha, Smith, George Davey, Ellison, Peter T., Forrester, Terrence E., Gilbert, Scott F., Jablonka, Eva, Kaplan, Hillard, Prentice, Andrew M., Simpson, Stephen J., Uauy, Ricardo, and West-Eberhard, Mary Jane. 2009. Towards a new developmental synthesis: adaptive developmental plasticity and human disease. Lancet 373 (9675): 1654–7.
Gluckman, Peter D., Hanson, Mark A., and Beedle, Alan S.. 2007. Early life events and their consequences for later disease: a life history and evolutionary perspective. American Journal of Human Biology 19: 1–19.
Gluckman, Peter D., Hanson, Mark A., and Spencer, Hamish G.. 2005. Predictive adaptive responses and human evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20 (10): 527–33.
Godfrey, K. M., Sheppard, A., Gluckman, P. D., Lillycrop, K. A., Burdge, G. C., McLean, C., Rodford, J., Slater-Jefferies, J. L., Garratt, E., Crozier, S. R., Emerald, B. S., Gale, C. R., Inskip, H. M., Cooper, C., and Hanson, M. A.. 2011. Epigenetic gene promoter methylation at birth is associated with child's later adiposity. Diabetes 30 (5): 1528–34.
Godfrey-Smith, Peter. 1989. Misinformation. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 19 (5): 533–50.
Godfrey-Smith, Peter 1999. Genes and codes: lessons from the philosophy of mind? In Biology Meets Psychology: Constraints, Conjectures, Connections, ed. Hardcastle, V. G.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 305–31.
Godfrey-Smith, Peter 2000a. On the theoretical role of ‘genetic coding’. Philosophy of Science 67 (1): 26–44.
Godfrey-Smith, Peter 2000b. ‘Explanatory symmetries, preformation, and developmental systems theory.’ Philosophy of Science 67 (Supplementary Proceedings of the 1998 Biennial Meetings of the Philosophy of Science Association. Part II: Symposia Papers): S322–S331.
Godfrey-Smith, Peter 2001. On the status and explanatory structure of developmental systems theory. In Cycles of Contingency: Developmental Systems and Evolution, ed. Oyama, S., Griffiths, P. E. and Gray, R. D.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 283–97.
Godfrey-Smith, Peter 2006. The strategy of model-based science. Biology and Philosophy 21: 725–40.
Godfrey-Smith, Peter 2011. Senders, receivers, and genetic information: comments on Bergstrom and Rosvall. Biology and Philosophy 26 (2): 177–81.
Goodwin, Brian C. 1994. How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity. New York: Charles Scribner & Sons.
Gott, Jonathan M., and Emeson, Ronald B.. 2000. Functions and mechanisms of RNA editing. Annual Review of Genetics 34: 499–531.
Gottlieb, Gilbert. 1992. Individual Development and Evolution. Oxford University Press.
Gottlieb, Gilbert 1995. Some conceptual deficiencies in ‘developmental’ behavior genetics. Human Development 38: 131–41.
Gottlieb, Gilbert 1997. Synthesizing Nature–Nurture: Prenatal Roots of Instinctive Behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Gottlieb, Gilbert 2001. A developmental psychobiological systems view: early formulation and current status. In Cycles of Contingency: Developmental Systems and Evolution, ed. Oyama, S., Griffiths, P. E. and Gray, R. D.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 41–54.
Gottlieb, Gilbert 2003. On making behavioral genetics truly developmental. Human Development 46 (6): 337–55.
Gould, Stephen Jay. 1977. Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Graveley, Brenton R. 2005. Mutually exclusive splicing of the insect Dscam pre-mRNA directed by competing intronic RNA secondary structures. Cell 123: 65–73.
Gray, M. W. 2003. Diversity and evolution of mitochondrial RNA editing systems. IUBMB Life 55 (4–5): 227–33.
Gray, Russell D. 1992. Death of the gene: developmental systems strike back. In Trees of Life: Essays in the Philosophy of Biology, ed. Griffiths, Paul E.. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 165–210.
Greenspan, Ralph J. 2001. The flexible genome. Nature Reviews Genetics 2: 383–7.
Grice, H. P. 1957. Meaning. Philosophical Review 66: 377–88.
Griffiths, Paul E. 2001. Genetic information: a metaphor in search of a theory. Philosophy of Science 68 (3): 394–412.
Griffiths, Paul E 2003. Beyond the Baldwin effect: James Mark Baldwin's ‘social heredity’, epigenetic inheritance and niche-construction. In Evolution and Learning: The Baldwin Effect Reconsidered, ed. Weber, B. H. and Depew, D. J.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 193–215.
Griffiths, Paul E 2004. Instinct in the ’50s: The British reception of Konrad Lorenz's theory of instinctive behaviour. Biology and Philosophy 19 (4): 609–31.
Griffiths, Paul E 2009. In what sense does ‘nothing in biology make sense except in the light of evolution’? Acta Biotheoretica 57 (1–2): 11–32.
Griffiths, Paul E., and Gray, Russell D.. 1994. Developmental systems and evolutionary explanation. Journal of Philosophy 91 (6): 277–304.
Griffiths, Paul E 1997. Replicator II: judgment day. Biology and Philosophy 12 (4): 471–92.
Griffiths, Paul E 2005. Three ways to misunderstand developmental systems theory. Biology and Philosophy 20 (2): 417–25.
Griffiths, Paul E., and Knight, Rob D.. 1998. What is the developmentalist challenge? Philosophy of Science 65 (2): 253–8.
Griffiths, Paul E., and Stotz, Karola. 2006. Genes in the postgenomic era. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 27 (6): 499–521.
Griffiths, Paul E 2007. Gene. In Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Biology, ed. Hull, D. and Ruse, M.. Cambridge University Press, 85–102.
Griffiths, Paul E., and Tabery, James G.. 2008. Behavioral genetics and development. New Ideas in Psychology 26 (3): 332–52.
Haack, Susan. 1987. Surprising noises: Rorty and Hesse on metaphor. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 88: 293–301.
Hacking, Ian. 1983. Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science. Cambridge University Press.
Haig, David. 2000. The kinship theory of genomic imprinting. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31: 9–32.
Haig, David 2004. The (dual) origin of epigenetics. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 69: 67–70.
Haldane, J. B. S., and Spurway, Helen. 1954. A statistical analysis of communication in ‘Apis mellifera’ and a comparison with communication in other animals. Insectes Sociaux 1 (3): 247–83.
Hall, Brian K. 1992. Evolutionary Developmental Biology. New York: Chapman & Hall.
Hall, Brian K 1998. Evolutionary Developmental Biology. 2nd edn. New York: Chapman & Hall.
Hall, Brian K 2011. A brief history of the term and concept of epigenetics. In Epigenetics: Linking Genotype and Phenotype in Development and Evolution, ed. Hallgrimsson, B. and Hall, B. K.. Berkeley: University of California Press, 9–13.
Hallgrimsson, Benedict, and Hall, Brian K.. 2011. Introduction. In Epigenetics: Linking Genotype and Phenotype in Develoment and Evolution, ed. Hallgrimsson, B. and Hall, B. K.. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1–5.
Hamer, Dean. 2002. Rethinking behavior genetics. Science 298: 71–2.
Hardison, Ross C. 2000. Conserved non-coding sequences are reliable guides to regulatory elements. Trends in Genetics 16 (9): 369–72.
Harrison, Paul M., Kumar, Anuj, Lang, Ning, Snyder, Michael, and Gerstein, Mark. 2002. A question of size: the eukaryotic proteome and the problems in defining it. Nucleic Acids Research 30 (5): 1083–90.
Häsler, J., Samuelsson, T., and Strub, K.. 2007. Useful ‘junk’: Alu RNAs in the human transcriptome. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 64 (14): 1793–800.
Hauber, M. E., Sherman, P. W., and Paprika, D.. 2000. Self-referent phenotype matching in a brood parasite: the armpit effect in brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Animal Cognition 3 (2): 113–17.
Helden, Jacques, Naim, Avi, Mancuso, Renato, Eldridge, Matthew, Wernisch, Lorenz, Gilbert, David, and Wodak, Shoshana J. 2000. Representing and analysing molecular and cellular function using the computer. Journal of Biological Chemistry 381: 921–35.
Herring, Susan W. 1993. Formation of the vertebrate face: epigenetic and functional influences. American Zoologist 33 (4): 472–83.
Hesse, Mary B. 1966. Models and Analogies in Science. University of Notre Dame Press.
Hesse, Mary B 1988. The cognitive claims of metaphor. Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1): 1–16.
Hirotsune, Shinji, Yoshida, Noriyuki, Chen, Amy, Garrett, Lisa, Sugiyama, Fumihiro, Takahashi, Satoru, Yagami, Ken-ichi, Wynshaw-Boris, Anthony, and Yoshiki, Atsushi. 2003. An expressed pseudogene regulates the messenger-RNA stability of its homologous coding gene. Nature 423 (6935): 91–6.
Holliday, Robin. 1987. The inheritance of epigenetic defects. Science 238 (4824): 163–70.
Holliday, Robin 1994. Introduction: epigenetics, an overview. Developmental Genetics 15: 453–7.
Holliday, Robin 2006. Epigenetics: a historical overview. Epigenetics 1 (2): 76–80.
Hood, Kathryn E., Tucker Halpern, Carolyn, Greenberg, Gary, and Lerner, Richard M. (eds.). 2010. Handbook of Developmental Science, Behavior and Genetics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Hull, David. 1972. Reduction in genetics – biology or philosophy? Philosophy of Science 39 (4): 491–9.
Hull, David 1974. Philosophy of Biological Science. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hull, David 1975. Informal aspects of theory reduction. In Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science; Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1974, ed. Cohen, R. S. and Michalos, A.. Dordrecht: Reidel, 653–70.
Hundley, Heather A., and Bass, Brenda L.. 2010. ADAR editing in double-stranded UTRs and other noncoding RNA sequences. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 35 (7): 377–83.
Hüttenhofer, A., Kiefmann, M., Meier-Ewert, S., O’Brien, J., Lehrach, H., Bachellerie, J. P., and Brosius, J.. 2001. RNomics: an experimental approach that identifies 201 candidates for novel, small, non-messenger RNAs in mouse. EMBO Journal 20 (11): 2943–53.
Huxley, Julian. 1972 [1932]. Problems of Relative Growth. New York: Dover.
Istrail, Sorin, and Davidson, Eric H.. 2005. Logic functions of the genomic cis-regulatory code. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (14): 4954–9.
Jablonka, Eva. 2001. The systems of inheritance. In Cycles of Contingency: Developmental Systems and Evolution, ed. Oyama, S., Griffiths, P. E. and Gray, R. D.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 99–116.
Jablonka, Eva 2002. Information interpretation, inheritance, and sharing. Philosophy of Science 69 (4): 578–605.
Jablonka, Eva, and Avital, Eytan. 2001. Animal Traditions : Behavioural Inheritance in Evolution. Cambridge University Press.
Jablonka, Eva, and Lamb, Marion J.. 1995. Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension. Oxford University Press.
Jablonka, Eva, and Lamb, Marion J. 2005. Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Jablonka, Eva, and Raz, Gal. 2009. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: prevalence, mechanisms, and implications for the study of heredity and evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology 84 (2): 131–76.
Jacob, François, and Monod, Jacques. 1961. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. Journal of Molecular Biology 3: 318–56.
Jenuwein, Thomas, and Allis, C. David. 2001. Translating the histone code. Science 293: 1074–80.
Johannsen, William. 1911. The genotype conception of heredity. American Naturalist 45 (531): 129–59.
Johnson, J. M., Edwards, S., Shoemaker, D. D., and Schadt, E. E.. 2005. Dark matter in the genome: evidence of widespread transcription detected by microarray tiling experiments. Trends in Genetics 21: 93–102.
Johnston, Timothy D. 1987. The persistence of dichotomies in the study of behavioural development. Developmental Review 7: 149–82.
Juarrero, Alicia. 1998. Causality as constraints. In Evolving Systems, ed. Van de Vijver, G., Salthe, S., and Delpos, M.. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Kampa, Dione, Cheng, Jill, Kapranov, Philipp, Yamanaka, Mark, Brubaker, Shane, Cawley, Simon, Drenkow, Jorg, Piccolboni, Antonio, Bekiranov, Stefan, Helt, Gregg, Tammana, Hari, and Gingeras, Thomas R.. 2004. Novel RNAs identified from an in-depth analysis of the transcriptome of human chromosomes 21 and 22. Genome Research 14: 331–42.
Kaplan, Jonathan Michael. 2000. The Limits and Lies of Human Genetic Research. Oxford: Routledge.
Kapranov, Phillip, Drenkow, Jorg, Cheng, Jill, Long, Jeffrey, Helt, Gregg, Dike, Sujit, and Gingeras, Thomas R. 2005. Examples of the complex architecture of the human transcriptome revealed by RACE and high-density tiling arrays. Genome Research 15: 987–97.
Kauffman, Stuart A. 1993. The Origins of Order: Self-Organisation and Selection in Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kay, Lily E. 2000. Who Wrote the Book of Life: A History of the Genetic Code. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Kendler, Kenneth S. 2005. ‘A gene for …’: the nature of gene action in psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 162 (7): 1243–52.
Kim, Jaegwon. 1993. Supervenience and Mind: Selected Philosophical Essays. Cambridge University Press.
Kirschner, Marc W. and Gerhart, John C.. 1998. Evolvability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95, 8420–7.
Kirschner, Marc W. and Gerhart, John C. 2005. The Plausibility of Life: Resolving Darwin's Dilemma. London: Yale University Press.
Kirschner, Marc W. and Gerhart, John C. 2010. Facilitated variation. In Evolution: The Extended Synthesis, ed. Mueller, G. B. and Pigliucci, M.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kirschner, Marc W., Gerhart, John C., and Mitchison, Tim. 2000. Molecular ‘vitalism’. Cell 100: 79–88.
Kitcher, Philip. 1982. Genes. British Journal of Philosophy of Science 33: 337–59.
Kitcher, Philip 1984. 1953 and all that: a tale of two sciences. Philosophical Review 93: 335–73.
Kitcher, Philip 2001. Battling the undead: how (and how not) to resist genetic determinism. In Thinking about Evolution: Historical, Philosophical and Political Perspectives (Festschrift for Richard Lewontin), ed. Singh, R., Krimbas, K., Paul, D. and Beatty, J.. Cambridge University Press, 369–414.
Kohler, Robert E. 1994. Lords of the Fly. Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life. University of Chicago Press.
Kroh, Evan M., Parkin, Rachael K., Mitchell, Patrick S., and Tewari, Muneesh. 2010. Analysis of circulating microRNA biomarkers in plasma and serum using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Methods 50 (4): 298–301.
Kuhn, Thomas. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press.
Lacey, Elizabeth R. 1998. What is an adaptive environmentally induced parental effect? In Maternal Effects as Adaptations, ed. Mousseau, R. A. and Fox, C. W.. New York: Oxford University Press, 54–66.
Ladd, Andrea N., and Cooper, Thomas A.. 2002. Finding signals that regulate alternative splicing in the post-genomic era. Genome Biology 3 (11): 1–6.
Laland, Kevin N., Odling-Smee, F. John, and Gilbert, Scott F.. 2008. EvoDevo and niche construction: building bridges. Journal of Experimental Zoology, Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 310: 549–66.
Laland, Kevin N., Sterelny, Kim, Odling-Smee, John, Hoppitt, W., and Uller, Tobias. 2011. Cause and effect in biology revisited: is Mayr's proximate-ultimate dichotomy still useful? Science 334 (6062): 1512–16.
Lamm, Ehud, and Jablonka, Eva. 2008. The nurture of nature: hereditary plasticity in evolution. Philosophical Psychology 21 (3): 305–19.
Lande, R., and Price, T.. 1989. Genetic correlations and maternal effect coefficients obtained from offspring-parent regression. Genetics 122 (4): 915–22.
Lander, E. S., Linton, L. M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C., Zody, M. C., Baldwin, J., Devon, K., Dewar, K., Doyle, M., FitzHugh, W., et al. 2001. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409: 860–921.
Lander, Eric S., and Weinberg, Robert A. 2000. Journey to the centre of biology. Science 287 (5459): 1777–82.
Lederberg, Joshua. 1956a. Comments on gene–enzyme relationship. In Enzymes: Units of Biological Structure and Function, ed. Gaebler, E. H.. New York: Academic Press, 161–9.
Lederberg, Joshua 1956b. Genetic transduction. American Scientist 44 (3): 264–80.
Lederberg, Joshua 1996. What the double helix (1953) has meant for basic biomedical science: a personal commentary. In The Philosophy and History of Molecular Biology: New Perspectives, ed. Sarkar, S.. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 15–26.
Lehrman, Daniel S. 1970. Semantic and conceptual issues in the nature–nurture problem. In Development and Evolution of Behaviour, ed. Lehrman, D. S.. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 17–52.
Leipzig, Jeremy, Pevzner, Pavel, and Heber, Steffen. 2004. The alternative splicing gallery (ASG): bridging the gap between genome and transcriptome. Nucleic Acids Research 32 (13): 3977–83.
Lettice, Laura A., Horikoshi, Taizo, Heaney, Simon J. H., van Baren, Marijke J., van der Linde, Herma C., Breedveld, Guido J., Joosse, Marijke, Akarsu, Nurten, Oostra, Ben A., Endo, Naoto, Shibata, Minoru, Suzuki, Mikio, Takahashi, Eiichi, Shinka, Toshikatsu, Nakahori, Yutaka, Ayusawa, Dai, Nakabayashi, Kazuhiko, Scherer, Stephen W., Heutink, Peter, Hill, Robert E., and Noji, Sumihare. 2002. Disruption of a long-range cis-acting regulator for Shh causes preaxial polydactyly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (11): 7548–53.
Levit, Georgy S., Hossfeld, Uwe, and Olsson, Lennart. 2006. From the ‘Modern Synthesis’ to cybernetics: Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen (1884–1963) and his research program for a synthesis of evolutionary and developmental biology. Journal of Experimental Zoology, Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 306: 89–106.
Levy, Arnon. 2011. Information in biology: a fictionalist account. Nous 45 (4): 640–57.
Lewis, David K. 1966. An argument for the identity theory. Journal of Philosophy 63 (1): 17–25.
Lewontin, Richard C. 1982. Organism and environment. In Learning, Development, Culture, ed. Plotkin, H.. New York: John Wiley, 151–70.
Lewontin, Richard C 1983a. Gene, organism and environment. In Evolution: From Molecules to Man, ed. Bendall, D. S.. Cambridge University Press, 273–85.
Lewontin, Richard C 1983b. The organism as the subject and object of evolution. Scientia 118: 65–82.
Lewontin, Richard C 1996. Evolution as engineering. In Integrative Approaches to Molecular Biology, ed. Collado-Vides, J., Magasanik, B. and Smith, T. F.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1–10.
Lipovich, L., Johnson, R., and Lin, C. Y.. 2010. MacroRNA underdogs in a microRNA world: evolutionary, regulatory, and biomedical significance of mammalian long non-protein-coding RNA. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1799 (9): 597–615.
Liu, Yilei, and Elliott, David J.. 2010. Coupling genetics and post-genomic approaches to decipher the cellular splicing code at a systems-wide level. Biochemistry Society Transactions 38: 237–41.
Lloyd, Elizabeth A. 1988. The Structure and Confirmation of Evolutionary Theory. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Lorenz, Konrad Z. 1965. Evolution and the Modification of Behaviour. University of Chicago Press.
Love, Alan C. 2001. Evolutionary morphology, innovation, and the synthesis of evolution and development. Biology and Philosophy 18 (2): 309–45.
Love, Alan C 2008. Explaining evolutionary innovation and novelty: criteria of adequacy and multidisciplinary prerequisites. Philosophy of Science 75: 874–86.
McEachern, Lori A., and Loyd, Vett. 2011. The epigenetics of genomic imprinting. In Epigenetics: Linking Genotype and Phenotype in Develoment and Evolution, ed. Hallgrimsson, B. and Hall, B. K.. Berkeley: University of California Press, 43–69.
Maestripieri, Dario. 2009. Maternal influences in offspring growth, reproduction, and behavior in primates. In Maternal Effects in Mammals, ed. Maestripieri, D. and Mateo, J. M.. University of Chicago Press, 256–91.
Maestripieri, Dario, and Mateo, Jill M. (eds.). 2009. Maternal Effects in Mammals. University of Chicago Press.
Maher, Brendan. 2012. The human encyclopedia: making a genome manual. Nature 489 (7414): 46–8.
Maienschein, Jane. 2005. Epigenesis and preformationism. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. E. N. Zalta. At .
Malek, Olaf, and Knoop, Volker. 1998. Trans-splicing group II introns in plant mitochondria: the complete set of cis-arranged homologs in ferns, fern allies, and a hornwort. RNA 4 (12): 1599–609.
Manolio, Teri A., Collins, Francis S., Cox, Nancy J., Goldstein, David B., Hindorff, Lucia A., Hunter, David J., McCarthy, Mark I., Ramos, Erin M., Cardon, Lon R., Chakravarti, Aravinda, Cho, Judy H., Guttmacher, Alan E., Kong, Augustine, Kruglyak, Leonid, Mardis, Elaine, Rotimi, Charles N., Slatkin, Montgomery, Valle, David, Whittemore, Alice S., Boehnke, Michael, Clark, Andrew G., Eichler, Evan E., Gibson, Greg, Haines, Jonathan L., Mackay, Trudy F. C., McCarroll, Steven A., and Visscher, Peter M.. 2009. Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature 461 (7265): 747–53.
Matthen, Mohan, and Ariew, André. 2002. Two ways of thinking about fitness and natural selection. Journal of Philosophy 992: 55–83.
Mattick, John S. 2001. Non-coding RNAs: the architects of eukaryotic complexity. EMBO Reports 2 (11): 986–91.
Mattick, John S 2003. Challenging the dogma: the hidden layer of non-protein-coding RNAs in complex organisms. Bioessays 25 (10): 930–9.
Mattick, John S 2004. RNA regulation: a new genetics? Nature Reviews Genetics 5 (4): 316–23.
Maynard Smith, John. 2000. The concept of information in biology. Philosophy of Science 67 (2): 177–94.
Maynard Smith, J., Burian, R., Kauffman, S., Alberch, P., Campbell, J., Goodwin, B., Lande, R., Raup, D., and Wolpert, L.. 1985. Developmental constraints and evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology 60 (3): 265–87.
Smith, Maynard, John, , and Szathmáry, Eörs. 1995. The Major Transitions in Evolution. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Mayr, Ernst. 1961. Cause and effect in biology. Science 134 (3489): 1501–6.
Mayr, Ernst 1964. The evolution of living systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 51 (5): 934–41.
Mayr, Ernst 1976 [1959]. Typological versus populational thinking. In Evolution and the Diversity of Life, ed. Mayr, E.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 26–9.
Mayr, Ernst, and Provine, William B.. 1980. The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 43–69.
Meaney, Michael J. 2001a. Nature, nurture, and the disunity of knowledge. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 935 (1): 50–61.
Meaney, Michael J 2001b. Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annual Review of Neuroscience 24: 1161–92.
Meaney, Michael J 2004. The nature of nurture: maternal effect and chromatin modelling. In Essays in Social Neuroscience, ed. Cacioppo, J. T. and Berntson, G. G.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Meaney, Michael J., and Szyf, Moshe. 2005. Environmental programming of stress responses through DNA methylation: life at the interface between a dynamic environment and a fixed genome. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 7 (2): 103–23.
Mendel, Gregor. 1866. Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden [Experiments in plant hybridization]. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, Bd. IV für das Jahr 1865, Abhandlungen: 3–47.
Michel, George F., and Moore, Celia L.. 1995. Developmental Psychobiology: An Interdisciplinary Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Millikan, Ruth Garrett. 1984. Language, Thought and Other Biological Categories. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Mitchell, Sandra D. 2009. Unsimple Truths: Science, Complexity, and Policy. University of Chicago Press.
Moore, Celia L. 1984. Maternal contributions to the development of masculine sexual behavior in laboratory rats. Developmental Psychobiology 17: 346–56.
Moore, Celia L 1992. The role of maternal stimulation in the development of sexual behavior and its neural basis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 662: 160–77.
Moore, David S. 2001. The Dependent Gene: The Fallacy of ‘Nature vs. Nurture’. New York: Henry Holt/Times Books.
Morange, Michel. 2000 [1998]. A History of Molecular Biology, trans. Matthew Cobb. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Morange, Michel 2002. The relations between genetics and epigenetics: a historical point of view. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 981: 50–60.
Morange, Michel 2008. Life Explained. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Morgan, Thomas Hunt. 1926. The Theory of the Gene. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Morgan, Thomas Hunt 1934. The relation of genetics to physiology and medicine. Nobel lecture, 4 June. At .
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, Sturtevant, Alfred H., Mullen, H. J. and Bridges, Calvin B.. 1915. The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity. New York: Holt.
Morowitz, Harold J. 2003. The Emergence of Everything: How the World Became Complex. Oxford University Press.
Morris, Kevin V. 2008. RNA mediated transcriptional gene silencing. In RNA and the Regulation of Gene Expression: A Hidden Layer of Complexity, ed. Morris, K. V.. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press, 19–28.
Morris, Kevin V (ed.). 2012. Non-coding RNAs and Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression: Drivers of Natural Selection. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press.
Moss, Lenny. 2003. What Genes Can't Do. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Mousseau, Timothy A., and Fox, Charles W. (eds.). 1998. Maternal Effects as Adaptations. Oxford University Press.
Mueller, Michael, Martens, Lennart, and Apweiler, Rolf. 2007. Annotating the human proteome: beyond establishing a parts list. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Proteins and Proteomics 1774 (2): 175–91.
Müller, Gerd B. 1990. Developmental mechanisms as the origin of morphological novelty: a side-effect hypothesis. In Evolutionary Innovations, ed. Nitecki, M. H.. University of Chicago Press, 99–130.
Müller, Gerd B 2003. Homology: the evolution of morphological organization. In Origination of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene in Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, ed. Müller, G. B. and Newman, S. A.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 51–69.
Müller, Gerd B 2010. Epigenetic innovation. In Evolution – The Extended Synthesis, ed. Pigliucci, M. and Müller, G. B.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 307–32.
Müller, Gerd B., and Newman, Stuart A.. 2003. Origination of organismal form: the forgotten cause in evolutionary theory. In Origination of Organismal Form, ed. Müller, G. B. and Newman, S. A.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 3–10.
Müller, Gerd B., and Wagner, Günter P.. 1991. Novelty in evolution: restructuring the concept. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22: 229–56.
Muller, Hermann J. 1947. Pilgrim Trust Lecture: the gene. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 134 (874): 1–37.
Müller-Wille, Staffan, and Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg. 2012. A Cultural History of Heredity. University of Chicago Press.
Nagel, Ernest. 1961. The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Nanney, D. L. 1958. Epigenetic control systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 44: 712.
Nathanielsz, Peter W., and Thornburg, Kent L.. 2003. Fetal programming: from gene to functional systems – an overview. Journal of Physiology 547: 3–4.
Nature Genetics. 2010. On beyond GWAS. (Editorial). Nature Genetics 42 (7): 551.
Newman, Stuart A. 2003. From physics to development: the evolution of morphogenetic mechanisms. In Origination of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene in Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, ed. Müller, G. B. and Newman, S. A.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 221–39.
Newman, Stuart A 2010. Dynamic patterning modules. In Evolution – The Extended Synthesis, ed. Pigliucci, M. and Müller, G. B.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 281–306.
Newman, Stuart A., and Müller, Gerd B.. 2000. The epigenetic basis of character origination. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution) 288: 304–17.
Nijhout, H. F. 1990. Metaphors and the role of genes in development. BioEssays 12 (9): 441–6.
Noble, Denis. 2002. Modeling the heart: from genes to cells to the whole organ. Science 295: 1678–82.
Noble, Denis 2006. The Music of Life: Biology beyond Genes. Oxford University Press.
O’Malley, Maureen A., and Dupre, John. 2005. Fundamental issues in systems biology. BioEssays 27 (12): 1270–6.
O’Malley, Maureen A., and Stotz, Karola. 2011. Intervention, integration and translation in obesity research: genetic, developmental and metaorganismal approaches. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 6 (2): .
Odling-Smee, F. John. 1988. Niche-constructing phenotypes. In The Role of Behavior in Evolution, ed. Plotkin, H. C.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 73–132.
Odling-Smee, F. John, KevinLaland, N., and Feldman, Marcus W.. 2003. Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution. Princeton University Press.
Olby, Robert C. 1974. The Path to the Double Helix. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Olby, Robert C 1985. The Origins of Mendelism, 2nd edn. University of Chicago Press.
Olby, Robert C 2009. Francis Crick: Hunter of Life's Secret. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Oliver, Brian, and Leblanc, Benoit. 2003. How many genes in a genome? Genome Biology 5 (1): 204.1–3.
Oliver, Stephen G. 2006. From genomes to systems: the path with yeast. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences 361: 477–82.
Orgel, Leslie E., and Crick, Francis H.. 1980. Selfish DNA: the ultimate parasite. Nature 284: 604–7.
Oyama, Susan. 1985. The Ontogeny of Information: Developmental Systems and Evolution. Cambridge University Press.
Oyama, Susan 2000a. Causal democracy and causal contributions in developmental systems theory. Philosophy of Science 67 (s1): S332.
Oyama, Susan 2000b. Evolution's Eye: A Systems View of the Biology–Culture Divide. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Oyama, Susan, Griffiths, Paul E., and Gray, Russell D. (eds.). 2001. Cycles of Contingency: Developmental Systems and Evolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Pang, Ken C., Stephen, Stuart, Engström, Pär G., Tajul-Arifin, Khairina, Chen, Weisan, Wahlestedt, Claes, Lenhard, Boris, Hayashizaki, Yoshihide, and Mattick, John S.. 2005. RNAdb – a comprehensive mammalian noncoding RNA database. Nucleic Acids Research 33 (Database issue): D125–30.
Papineau, David. 1987. Reality and Representation. Oxford: Blackwell.
Park, E., Williams, B., Wold, B. J., and Mortazavi, A.. 2012. RNA editing in the human ENCODE RNA-seq data. Genome Research 22 (9): 1626–33.
Paz-Yaacov, N., Levanon, E. Y., Nevo, E., Kinar, Y., Harmelin, A., Jacob-Hirsch, J., Amariglio, N., Eisenberg, E., and Rechavi, G.. 2010. Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing shapes transcriptome diversity in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (27): 12174–9.
Pearson, Karl. 1900 [1892]. The Grammar of Science, 2nd edn. London: Black.
Pearson, Karl, Yule, G. U., Blanchard, Norman, and Lee, Alice. 1903. The law of ancestral heredity. Biometrika 2 (2): 211–36.
Pennisi, Elizabeth. 2008. Deciphering the genetics of evolution: powerful personalities lock horns over how the genome changes to set the stage for evolution. Science 321: 670–3.
Pennisi, Elizabeth 2010. Shining a light on genome's ‘dark matter’. Science 330: 1614.
Pigliucci, Massimo. 2001. Phenotypic Plasticity: Beyond Nature and Nurture, Syntheses in Ecology and Evolution. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Pigliucci, Massimo 2007. Do we need an extended evolutionary synthesis? Evolution 61 (12): 2743–9.
Pigliucci, Massimo 2009. An extended synthesis for evolutionay biology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1168: 218–28.
Pigliucci, Massimo, and Kaplan, Jonathan. 2006. Making Sense of Evolution: The Conceptual Foundations of Evolutionary Biology. University of Chicago Press.
Pigliucci, Massimo, and Müller, Gert B.. 2010a. Evolution – The Extended Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Pigliucci, Massimo, and Kaplan, Jonathan 2010b. Elements of an extended evolutionary synthesis. In Evolution: The Extended Synthesis, ed. Pigliucci, M. and Müller, G. B.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 3–17.
Plomin, Robert, and Daniels, Denise. 1987. Why are children from the same family so different from one another? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10: 1–60.
Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., and Loehlin, J.. 1977. Genotype-environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behavior. Psychological Bulletin 84: 309–22.
Ponicsan, Steven L., Kugel, Jennifer F., and Goodrich, James A.. 2010. Genomic gems: SINE RNAs regulate mRNA production. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development 20 (2): 149–55.
Portin, Petter. 1993. The concept of the gene: short history and present status. The Quarterly Review of Biology 68 (2): 173–223.
Ptashne, Mark. 2007. On the use of the word ‘epigenetic’. Current Biology 17: R233–6.
Ptashne, Mark, and Gann, Alexander. 2002. Genes and Signals. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
Putnam, Hilary. 1975. The meaning of ‘meaning’. In Philosophical Papers. Vol. 2: Mind, Language and Reality. Cambridge University Press.
Rassoulzadegan, Minoo, Grandjean, Valérie, Gounon, Pierre, Vincent, Stéphane, Gillot, Isabelle, and Cuzin, François. 2006. RNA-mediated non-mendelian inheritance of an epigenetic change in the mouse. Nature 441: 469–74.
Rechavi, Oded, Minevich, Gregory, and Hober, Oliver. 2011. Transgenerational inheritance of an acquired small RNA-based antiviral response in C. elegans. Cell 147 (6): 1248–56.
Reik, Wolf, and Walter, Jörn. 2001a. Evolution of imprinting mechanisms: the battle of the sexes begins in the zygote. Nature Genetics 27: 255–6.
Reik, Wolf, and Walter, Jörn 2001b. Genomic imprinting: parental influence on the genome. Nature Reviews Genetics 2: 21–32.
Rivier, Christian, Goldschmidt-Clermont, Michel, and Rochaix, Jean-David. 2001. Identification of an RNA-protein complex involved in chloroplast group II intron trans-splicing in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. EMBO Journal 20 (7): 1765–73.
Robert, Jason S. 2000. Schizophrenia epigenesis? Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 21 (2): 191–215.
Robert, Jason S 2001. Interpreting the homeobox: metaphors of gene action and activation in development and evolution. Evolution and Development 3 (4): 287–95.
Robert, Jason S 2004. Embryology, Epigenesis and Evolution: Taking Development Seriously. Cambridge University Press.
Robert, Jason S., Hall, Brian K., and Olson, Wendy M.. 2001. Bridging the gap between developmental systems theory and evolutionary developmental biology. Bioessays 23 (10): 954–62.
Robinson, Victoria L. 2009. Rethinking the Central Dogma: noncoding RNAs are biologically relevant. Urologic Oncology 27 (3): 304–6.
Rosenberg, Alex. 1978. The supervenience of biological concepts. Philosophy of Science 45: 368–86.
Rosenberg, Alex 1985. The Structure of Biological Science. Cambridge University Press.
Rosenberg, Alex 2006. Darwinian Reductionism: Or, How to Stop Worrying and Love Molecular Biology. University of Chicago Press.
Rowen, Lee, Young, Janet, Birditt, Brian, Kaur, Amardeep, Madan, Anup, Philipps, Dana L., Qin, Shizhen, Minx, Patrick, Wilson, Richard K., Hood, Leroy, and Graveley, Brenton R.. 2002. Analysis of the human neurexin genes: alternative splicing and the generation of protein diversity. Genomics 79 (4): 587–98.
Ruddle, Frank H., Amemiya, Chris T., Carr, Janet L., Kim, Chang-Bae, Ledje, Christina, Shashikant, Cooduvalli S, and Wagner, Guenter P.. 1999. Evolution of chordate Hox gene clusters. In Molecular Strategies in Biological Evolution, ed. Caporale, L. H.. New YorkAcademy of Sciences, 238–50.
Ruse, Michael E. 1971. Reduction, replacement, and molecular biology. Dialectica 25 (1): 39–72.
Sapp, Jan. 1987. Beyond the Gene: Cytoplasmic Inheritance and the Struggle for Authority in Genetics. Oxford University Press.
Sarkar, Sahotra. 1996. Biological information: a skeptical look at some central dogmas of molecular biology. In The Philosophy and History of Molecular Biology: New Perspectives, ed. Sarkar, S.. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 187–231.
Sarkar, Sahotra 1998. Genetics and Reductionism. Cambridge University Press.
Sarkar, Sahotra 1999. From the Reaktionsnorm to the adaptive norm: the norm of reaction 1909–1960. Biology and Philosophy 14: 235–52.
Sarkar, Sahotra 2005. Molecular Models of Life: Philosophical Papers on Molecular Biology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Schaffner, Kenneth F. 1967. Antireductionism and molecular biology. In Man and Nature: Philosophical Issues in Biology, ed. Munson, R.. New York: Dell, 44–54.
Schaffner, Kenneth F 1969. The Watson-Crick model and reductionism. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 20: 325–48.
Schaffner, Kenneth F 1993. Discovery and Explanation in Biology and Medicine. University of Chicago Press.
Schaffner, Kenneth F 1996. Theory structure and knowledge representation in molecular biology. In The Philosophy and History of Molecular Biology: New Perspectives, ed. Sarkar, S.. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 27–46.
Schaffner, Kenneth F 1998. Genes, behavior and developmental emergentism: one process, indivisible?Philosophy of Science 65 (2): 209–52.
Schaffner, Kenneth F 2006a. Behaving: its nature and nurture, part 1. In Wrestling with Behavioral Genetics: Implications for Understanding Selves and Society, ed. Parens, E., Chapman, A. and Press, N.. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 3–39.
Schaffner, Kenneth F 2006b. Behaving: its nature and nurture, part 2. In Wrestling with Behavioral Genetics: Implications for Understanding Selves and Society, ed. Parens, E., Chapman, A. and Press, N.. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 40–73.
Schaffner, Kenneth F Forthcoming. Behaving: What's Genetic, What's Not, and Why Should We Care?New York: Oxford University Press.
Schlichting, Carl D., and Pigliucci, Massimo. 1998. Phenotypic Evolution: A Reaction Norm Perspective. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
Schlitt, Thomas, and Brazma, Alvis. 2006. Modelling in molecular biology: describing transcription regulatory networks at different scales. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences 361: 483–94.
Schmalhausen, I. I. 1949. Factors of Evolution: The Theory of Stabilising Selection, trans. I. Dordick. Philadelphia and Toronto: Blakeston.
Schrödinger, Erwin. 1944. What if Life?Cambridge University Press.
Sesardic, Neven. 2005. Making Sense of Heritability. Cambridge University Press.
Shabalina, Svetlana A., Ogurtsov, Aleksey Yu, Kondrashov, Vasily A., and Kondrashov, Aleksey S.. 2001. Selective constraint in intergenic regions of human and mouse genomes. Trends in Genetics 17: 373–6.
Shannon, Claude E., and Weaver, Warren. 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press.
Shea, Nicholas. 2007a. Consumers need information: supplementing teleosemantics with an input condition. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 75 (2): 404–35.
Shea, Nicholas 2007b. Representation in the genome and in other inheritance systems. Biology and Philosophy 22: 313–31.
Shea, Nicholas 2011a. Developmental systems theory formulated as a claim about inherited information. Philosophy of Science 78: 60–82.
Shea, Nicholas 2011b. What's transmitted? Inherited information. Biology and Philosophy 26 (2): 183–9.
Shea, Nicholas in press. Inherited representations are read in development. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. First published online 29 February 2012. At .
Shin, Chanseok, and Manley, James L.. 2004. Cell signalling and the control of pre-mRNA splicing. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 5: 727–38.
Simpson, George G. 1953. The Baldwin effect. Evolution 7: 110–17.
Sloan, Phillip R., and Fogel, Brandon (eds.). 2012. Creating a Physical Biology: The Three-Man Paper and Early Molecular Biology. University of Chicago Press.
Smith, Christopher W. J., and Valcárcel, Juan. 2000. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing: the logic of combinatorial control. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 25: 381–8.
Snyder, Michael, and Gerstein, Mark. 2003. Defining genes in the genomics era. Science 300 (5617): 258–60.
Sober, Elliott. 1984. The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosophical Focus. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Sober, Elliott 1999. The multiple realizability argument against reductionism. Philosophy of Science 66 (4): 542–64.
Stamm, Stefan 2002. Signals and their transduction pathways regulating alternative splicing: a new dimension of the human genome. Human Molecular Genetics 11 (20): 2409–16.
Stanford, P. Kyle, and Kitcher, Philip. 2000. Refining the causal theory of reference for natural kind terms. Philosophical Studies 97: 99–129.
Star, Susan Leigh, and Griesemer, James R.. 1998. Institutional ecology, ‘translation,’ and boundary objects: amateurs and professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907–39 (abridged). In The Science Studies Reader, ed. Biagioli, M.. New York: Routledge, 505–24.
Stein, Lincoln D. 2001. Genome annotation: from sequence to biology. Nature Reviews Genetics 2: 493–503.
Sterelny, Kim, Dickison, Michael, and Smith, Kelly. 1996. The extended replicator. Biology and Philosophy 11 (3): 377–403.
Sterelny, Kim, and Griffiths, Paul E.. 1999. Sex and Death: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Biology. University of Chicago Press.
Stern, David, and Orgogozo, Virginie. 2008. The loci of evolution: how predictable is genetic evolution? Evolution 62 (9): 2155–77.
Stotz, Karola. 2006a. With genes like that, who needs an environment? Postgenomics’ argument for the ontogeny of information. Philosophy of Science 73 (5): 905–17.
Stotz, Karola 2006b. Molecular epigenesis: distributed specificity as a break in the Central Dogma. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 28 (4): 527–44.
Stotz, Karola 2008. The ingredients for a postgenomic synthesis of nature and nurture. Philosophical Psychology 21 (3): 359–81.
Stotz, Karola 2010. Human nature and cognitive-developmental niche construction. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 9 (4): 483–501.
Stotz, Karola, and Allen, Colin (eds.). 2008. Philosophical Psychology 21 (3: special issue, Reconciling Nature and Nurture in the Study of Behavior).
Stotz, Karola, Bostanci, Adam, and Griffiths, Paul E.. 2006. Tracking the shift to ‘post-genomics’. Community Genetics 9 (3): 190–6.
Sturm, Nancy R., and Campbell, David A.. 1999. The role of intron structures in trans-splicing and Cap 4 formation for the Leishmania spliced leader RNA. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 (27): 19361–7.
Sultan, Sonia E. 2007. Development in context: the timely emergence of eco-devo. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22 (11): 575–82.
Suomi, Stephen J. 2004. How gene–environment interactions can influence emotional development in rhesus monkeys. In Nature and Nurture: The Complex Interplay of Genetic and Environmental Influences on Human Behavior and Development, ed. Garcia-Coll, C., Bearer, E. L., and Lerner, R. M.. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 35–51.
Suppes, Patrick. 1960. A comparison of the meaning and uses of models in mathematics and the empirical sciences. Synthese 12: 287–301.
Suzuki, Y., and Nijhout, H. F.. 2006. Evolution of a polyphenism by genetic accommodation. Science 311 (5761): 650–2.
Tabery, James G. 2007. Biometric and developmental gene–environment interactions: looking back, moving forward. Development and Psychopathology 19: 971–6.
Tabery, James G 2008. R. A. Fisher, Lancelot Hogben, and the origin(s) of genotype–environment interaction. Journal of the History of Biology 41 (4): 717–61.
Tabery, James G 2009. Difference mechanisms: explaining variation with mechanisms. Biology and Philosophy 21 (5): 645–64.
Tabery, James G., and Griffiths, Paul E.. 2010. Historical and philosophical perspectives on behavioral genetics and developmental science. In Handbook of Developmental Science, Behavior and Genetics, ed. Hood, K. E., Halpern, C. T., Greenberg, G. and Lerner, R. M.. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 41–60.
Tasic, Bosiljka, Nabholz, Christoph E, Baldwin, Kristin K., Kim, Youngwook, Rueckert, Erroll H., Ribick, Scott A., Cramer, Paula, Wu, Qiang, Axel, Richard, and Maniatis, Tom. 2002. Promoter choice determines splice site selection in protocadherin alpha and -gamma pre-mRNA splicing. Molecular Cell 10 (1): 21–33.
Thompson, Paul. 1989. The Structure of Biological Theories. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Thornburg, B. G., Gotea, V., and Makałowski, W.. 2006. Transposable elements as a significant source of transcription regulating signals. Gene 365: 104–10.
Tilgner, H., Knowles, D. G., Johnson, R., Davis, C. A., Chakrabortty, S., Djebali, S., Curado, J., Snyder, M., Gingeras, T. R., and Guigó, R.. 2012. Deep sequencing of subcellular RNA fractions shows splicing to be predominantly co-transcriptional in the human genome but inefficient for lncRNAs. Genome Research 22 (9): 1616–25.
Tinbergen, Nikolaas. 1963. On the aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 20: 410–33.
Turkheimer, Eric. 2000. Three laws of behavior genetics and what they mean. Current Directions in Psychological Science 9 (5): 160–4.
Turney, Jon. 2005. The sociable gene. EMBO Reports 6 (9): 809–10.
Uller, Tobias. 2008. Developmental plasticity and the evolution of parental effects. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23 (8): 432–8.
van Fraassen, Bas. 1980. The Scientific Image. Oxford University Press.
Venter, J. C., Adams, M. D., Myers, E. W., Li, P. W., Mural, R. J., Sutton, G. G., Smith, H. O., Yandell, M., Evans, C. A., Holt, R. A., et al. 2001. The sequence of the human genome. Science 291: 1304–51.
Visscher, Peter M. 2008. Sizing up human height variation. Nature Genetics 40 (5): 489–90.
Waddington, Conrad H. 1940. Organisers and Genes. Cambridge University Press.
Waddington, Conrad H 1952. The evolution of developmental systems. In Twenty-eighth Meeting of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science, ed. Herbert, D. A.. Brisbane, Australia: A. H. Tucker, Government Printer Brisbane.
Waddington, Conrad H 1953a. Genetic assimilation of an acquired character. Evolution 7: 118–26.
Waddington, Conrad H 1953b. The ‘Baldwin effect’, ‘genetic assimilation’ and ‘homeostasis’. Evolution 7 (4): 386–7.
Waddington, Conrad H 1957. The Strategy of the Genes: A Discussion of Some Aspects of Theoretical Biology. London: Ruskin House/George Allen & Unwin.
Wade, Michael J. 1998. The evolutionary genetics of maternal effects. In Maternal Effects as Adaptations, ed. Mousseau, T. A. and Fox, C. W.. Oxford University Press, 5–21.
Wagner, Günter P. 1994. Homology and the mechanisms of development. In Homology: The Hierarchical Basis of Comparative Biology, ed. Hall, B. K.. New York: Academic Press, 273–99.
Wagner, Günter P 1995. The biological role of homologues: a building block hypothesis. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 195: 279–88.
Wagner, Günter P 1996. Homologues, natural kinds and the evolution of modularity. American Zoologist 36: 36–43.
Wahlsten, Douglas. 1990. Insensitivity of the analysis of variance to heredity–environment interaction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13: 109–61.
Wahlsten, Douglas, and Gottlieb, Gilbert. 1997. The invalid separation of effects of nature and nurture: lessons from animal experimentation. In Intelligence, Heredity and Environment, ed. Sternberg, R. J. and Grigorenko, E.. Cambridge University Press, 163–92.
Walters, Ryan D., Kugel, Jennifer F., and Goodrich, James A.. 2009. InvAluable junk: the cellular impact and function of Alu and B2 RNAs. UBMB Life 61 (8): 831–7.
Waters, C. Kenneth. 1990. Why the antireductionist consensus won't survive the case of classical Mendelian genetics. In Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association. Vol. 1: Contributed Papers, ed. Fine, A., Forbes, M., and Wessells, L.. Philosophy of Science Association, 125–39.
Waters, C. Kenneth 1994. Genes made molecular. Philosophy of Science 61: 163–85.
Waters, C. Kenneth 2000. Molecules made biological. Revue Internationale de Philosophie 4 (214): 539–64.
Waters, C. Kenneth 2004. What was classical genetics? Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 35 (4): 783–809.
Waters, C. Kenneth 2006. A pluralist interpretation of gene-centered biology. In Scientific Pluralism, Vol. 19, ed. Kellert, S., Longino, H. E. and Waters, C. K.. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 190–214.
Waters, C. Kenneth 2007. Causes that make a difference. Journal of Philosophy 104 (11): 551–79.
Watson, James D., and Crick, Francis H. C.. 1953a. Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171: 737.
Watson, James D., and Crick, Francis H. C. 1953b. Genetical implications of the structure of deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171: 964–7.
Weaver, Ian C. G., Cervoni, Nadia, Champagne, Frances A., D’Alessio, Ana C., Sharma, Shakti, Seckl, Jonathan R., Dymov, Sergiy, Szyf, Moshe, and Meaney, Michael J.. 2004. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience 7 (8): 847–54.
Weber, Bruce H., and Depew, David J.. 1996. Natural selection and self-organisation. Biology and Philosophy 11: 33–65.
Weber, Bruce H (eds.). 2003. Learning, Meaning and Emergence: Possible Baldwinian Mechanisms in the Co-evolution of Language and Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Weber, Marcel. 2005. Philosophy of Experimental Biology. Cambridge University Press.
Weber, Marcel 2006. The Central Dogma as a thesis of causal specificity. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 28 (4): 595–609.
Weiss, Kenneth M., and Buchanan, Anne V.. 2009. The cooperative genome: organisms as social contracts. International Journal of Developmental Biology 53: 753–63.
West, Meredith J., and King, Andrew P.. 1987. Settling nature and nurture into an ontogenetic niche. Developmental Psychobiology 20 (5): 549–62.
West, Meredith J., and King, Andrew P. 1988. Female visual displays affect the development of male song in the cowbird. Nature 334: 244–6.
West, Meredith J., and King, Andrew P. 2008. Deconstructing innate illusions: reflections on nature–nurture–niche from an unlikely source. Philosophical Psychology 21 (3): 383–95.
West, Meredith J., King, Andrew P., and Arberg, Anne A.. 1988. The inheritance of niches: the role of ecological legacies in ontogeny. In Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology. Vol. 9: Developmental Psychobiology and Behavioral Ecology, ed. Blass, E. M.. New York: Plenum Press, 41–62.
West, Meredith J., King, Andrew P., and White, David J.. 2003. The case for developmental ecology. Animal Behaviour 66: 617–22.
West, Meredith J., King, Andrew P., White, David J., Gros-Louis, Julie, and Freed-Brown, Grace. 2006. The development of local song preferences in female cowbirds (Molothrus ater): flock living stimulates learning. Ethology 112: 1095–107.
West-Eberhard, Mary Jane. 1998. Evolution in the light of developmental and cell biology, and vice versa. PNAS 95: 8417–19.
West-Eberhard, Mary Jane 2003. Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford University Press.
West-Eberhard, Mary Jane 2005a. Developmental plasticity and the origin of species differences. PNAS 102 (Suppl. 1): 6543–9.
West-Eberhard, Mary Jane 2005b. Phenotypic accommodation: adaptive innovation due to developmental plasticity. Journal of Experimental Zoology, Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 304: 610–18.
Wilkins, Adam. 2011. Epigenetic inheritance: where does the field stand today? What do we still need to know? In Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology, ed. Gissis, S. B. and Jablonka, E.. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 389–93.
Williams, George C. 1966. Adaptation and Natural Selection. Princeton University Press.
Williams, George C 1992. Natural Selection: Domains, Levels and Challenges. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wimsatt, William C. 1986a. Forms of aggregativity. In Human Nature and Natural Knowledge, ed. Grene, M. G., Donaghan, A., Perovich, A. N., and Wedin, M. V.. Dordrecht: Reidel, 259–91.
Wimsatt, William C 1986b. Developmental constraints, generative entrenchment and the innate-aquired distinction. In Integrating Scientific Disciplines, ed. Bechtel, W.. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff.
Winther, Rasmus G. 2006. Parts and theories in compositional biology. Biology and Philosophy 21 (4): 471–99.
Wissinger, B., Schuster, W., and Brennicke, A.. 1991. Trans splicing in Oenothera Mitochondria: nad1 mRNAs are edited in exon and trans-splicing group II intron sequences. Cell 65 (3): 473–82.
Wolkenhauer, Olaf. 2001. Systems biology: the reincarnation of systems theory applied in biology? Briefings in Bioinformatics 2 (3): 258–70.
Woodward, James. 2003. Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Woodward, James 2010. Causation in biology: stability, specificity, and the choice of levels of explanation. Biology and Philosophy 25 (3): 287–318.
Yang, Jian, Benyamin, Beben, McEvoy, Brian P, Gordon, Scott, Henders, Anjali K, Nyholt, Dale R, Madden, Pamela A, Heath, Andrew C, Martin, Nicholas G, Montgomery, Grant W, Goddard, Michael E, and Visscher, Peter M. 2010. Common SNPs explain a large proportion of the heritability for human height. Nature Genetics 42 (7): 565–9.
