Abdul-Rahim, Adnan. 2005. Palestinian Refugee Children and Caregivers in Syria. In Children of Palestine: Experiencing forced migration in the Middle East (eds) Chatty, D. & Hundt, G. Lewando. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books.
Abdul-Salam, . 2005. Interview 8 (October 25).
Abu-Rabia, Aref. 2001. A Bedouin century: Education and development among the Negev tribes in the 20th century. Oxford: Berghahn.
Abu, Alaa. 2006. Interview 18, April 24. Damascus, Syria.
,ACSHSS. 2003. Armenian Church timeline: Armenian Church Sourp Hagop Sunday School (ACSHSS).
Adel, . 2006. Interview 15, April 7. Marj al-Sultan, Syria.
Agamben, Giorgio. 1994. The Open: man and animal (trans.) Attell, K.. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Agence, France Presse. 2002. Kurds protest outside Syrian parliament against discrimination.
Ahmad, Kamal Madhar. 1994. Kurdistan during the First World War (trans.) Ibrahim, A. M.. London: Saqi.
Ahmed, Sénia. 1994. Letter from National Union of Saharawi Women. National Union of Saharawi Women Letter.
Al-Natour, Souheil. 1997. The Legal Status of Palestinians in Lebanon. Journal of Refugee Studies 10, 360–377.
Al-Rasheed, Madawi. 1994. The myth of return: Iraqi Arab and Assyrian refugees in London. Journal of Refugee Studies 7, 199–219.
Al-Rasheed, Madawi. 1995. Iraqi Assyrians in London: Beyond the ‘immigrant/refugee’ divide. Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 26, 241–255.
Ali, . 2005. Interview 1, October 12. Damascus, Syria.
Allen, William E. & Muratoff, Paul. 1953. Caucasian battlefields: A history of the wars on the Turco-Caucasian border, 1828–1921. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
,Amnesty International. 2007. Iraq: Human rights abuses against Palestinian refugees.
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.
Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.
,Anonymous. 1909. Days of horror described: American missionary an eyewitness of murder and rapine. In New York Times.
,Anonymous. 1977. Armenians in America (Special Issue). Ararat 18, 1–149.
Antonius, George. 1938. The Arab awakening: The story of the Arab National Movement. London: Hamish Hamilton.
Antonius, George. 1946. The Arab Awakening. New York: Capricorn.
,APJSO. 1997. Armenians in the Holy Land: The Patriarchate: Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem Support Organization (APJSO).
Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Arberry, Arthur. 1969. Religion in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Arendt, Hannah. 1973. The origins of totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Armenian, Delegation. 1919. Réponse au mémoire de la Sublime-Porte en date du 12 février, 1919. Constantinople.
Ashkar, Antigona. 2006. Perpetual limbo: Israel's freeze on unification of Palestinian families in the occupied territories. B'Tselem.
Baer, Gabriel. 1982. Fellah and townsman in the Middle East: Studies in social history. London: Cass.
Barakat, . 2005. Interview 6, October 18. Arnaout, Damascus, Syria.
Barber, Brian K. 2002. Politics, politics, and more politics: Youth life experiences in the Gaza Strip. In Everyday life in the Muslim Middle East (eds) Bowen, D. & Early, E. A.. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Barbir, Karl. 1980. Ottoman rule in Damascus, 1708–1758. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Barbour, Neville. 1969. Nisi Dominus. Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies.
Barkey, Karen & Hagen, Mark (eds) 1997. After empire: Multiethnic societies and nation-building: The Soviet Union and the Russian, Ottoman, and Habsburg Empires. Boulder: Westview.
Barsoumian, Hagop. 1997. The Eastern Question and the Tanzimat Era. In The Armenian people from ancient to modern times: Foreign dominion to statehood: The fifteenth century to the twentieth century: Vol. II (ed.) Hovannisian, R. G.. The Armenian people from ancient to modern times. London: Macmillan.
Barth, Fredrik (ed.) 1969. Ethnic groups and boundaries: The social organization of culture difference. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
Barton, James. 1930. Story of Near East relief (1915–1930). New York: Macmillan.
Baum, Wilhelm & Dietmar, Winkler. 2003. The church of the East: A concise history. London: Routledge Curzon.
Bauman, Zygmunt. 2006. The Fate of Humanity in the Post-Trinitarian World. In Cosmopolitanism: Perspectives from the Engelsberg Seminar 2003 (eds) Almqvist, K. & Wallrup, E.. Varnamo: Axel and Margaret Ax:son Johnson Foundation.
Bayat, Asef. 2008. Everyday Cosmopolitanism. ISIM Review 22, 5.
Bedirhan, Celadet Ali & Avesta, Yayınları. 1997. De la question Kurde: La loi de deportation et de dispersion des Kurdes. Istanbul: Avesta Yayınları.
Beinin, Joel. 1998. The dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, politics, and the formation of a modern diaspora (Contraversions). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bell, Gertrude. 1902. Turkish Rule East of the Jordan. The Nineteenth Century and After 52, 226–238.
Benhabib, Seyla (ed.) 2006. Another Cosmopolitanism (The Berkeley Tanner Lectures). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bertier de Sauvigny, Guy & David, Pinkney. 1983. The history of France. Arlington Heights, IL: Forum Press.
Bhabha, Homi K. (ed.) 1990. Nation and narration. London: Routledge.
Bober, Arie (ed.) 1972. The other Israel. New York: Doubleday.
Bocco, Riccardo, Jaber, Hala, Al Husseini, Jamal, & Latte-Abdallah, Stephanie, 1999. The Palestinian Refugees and UNRWA in Jordan, the West Bank and Gaza 1949–1999 Amman, 1999.
Bocco, Riccardo, Jaubert, Ronald, & Métral, Françoise (eds) 1993. Steppes d'Arabies, états, pasteurs, agriculteurs et commerçants: Le devenir des zones sèches (Cahiers de l'I.U.E.D). Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
Brand, Laurie A. 1988a. Palestinians in Syria: The Politics of Integration. Middle East Journal 4, 621–637.
Brand, Laurie A. 1988b. Palestinians in the Arab world: Institution building and the search for state. New York: Columbia University Press.
Brandell, Inga & Annika, Rabo. 2003. Nations and Nationalism: Dangers and Virtues of Transgressing Disciplines. Orientalia Suecana LI-LII, 35–46.
Brubaker, Rogers. 1995. Aftermaths of Empire and the Unmixing of Peoples: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Ethnic and Racial Studies 18, 189–218.
Bryce, Viscount (ed.) 1916. The treatment of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire: Documents presented to Viscount Grey of Fallodon, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO).
Castles, Stephen. 2000. Ethnicity and globalization: From migrant worker to transnational citizen. London: SAGE.
Castles, Stephen & Miller, Mark J.. 2003. The age of migration. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cattan, Henry. 1988. The Palestine Question. New York: Croom Helm Ltd.
Cernea, Michael M. 1993. Disaster-Related Refugee Flows and Development-Caused Population Displacement. In Anthropological approaches to resettlement: Policy, practice, and theory (eds) Cernea, M. M. & Guggenheim, S. E.. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Chaliand, Gerard (ed.) 1980. People without a country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. London: Zed.
Chatelard, Geraldine. 2009. What Visibility Conceals: Re-embedding Refugee Migration from iraq. Paper presented to the Dispossession and Forced Migration in the Middle East and North Africa. London, 2009.
Chatty, Dawn. 1986. From camel to truck: The Bedouin in the modern world. New York: Vantage Press.
Chatty, Dawn. 2007. Researching Refugee Youth in the Middle East: Reflections on the Importance of Comparative Research. Journal of Refugee Studies 20, 265–280.
Chatty, Dawn & Hundt, Gillian Lewando (eds) 2005. Children of Palestine: Experiencing forced migration in the Middle East. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Chirguh, Bletch. 1930. La question Kurde (Publ., Ligue nat. kurde Hoyboun), no. 6. Cairo: Paul Barbey Publisher.
Chorbajian, Leon. 1982. Armenians and Middle Eastern Americans. In America's ethnic politics (eds) Roncek, J. & Eisenberg, B.. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press.
Choucair, Julia. 2006. Lebanon: Finding a Path from Deadlock to Democracy. In Carnegie Papers Middle East Series, 64: Democracy and Rule of Law Project, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Churchill, Winston. 1933. The Great War. London: George Newnes.
Clark, Bruce. 2006. Twice a stranger: How mass expulsion forged modern Greece and Turkey. London: Granta.
Clifford, James. 1988. The predicament of culture: Twentieth-century ethnography, literature, and art. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cohen, Anthony P. 1985. The symbolic construction of community (Key ideas. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.
Cohen, Robin. 1995. The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cohen, Robin. 1997. Global diasporas: An introduction (Global diasporas). London: Routledge.
Coleman, James S. 1988. Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology 94, 95–120.
Collier, Joseph (ed.) 1978. American ethnics and minorities. Los Alamitos: Hwong Publishing Company.
Condor, C. R. 1892. Heth and Moab. London.
Crivello, Gina. 2003. Dreams of passage: Negotiating gender, status and migration in the Moroccan Rif. PhD dissertation: University of California.
Dadrian, Vahakn N. 1997. The history of the Armenian genocide: Ethnic conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. Oxford: Berghahn.
Davison, Roderic H. 1954. Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian-Muslim Equality in the Nineteenth Century. American Historical Review 59, 844–864.
Davison, Roderic H. 1963. Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Davison, Roderic H. 2003. Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian-Muslim Equality in the Nineteenth Century. In The Modern Middle East (eds) Hourani, A., Khoury, P. S., & Wilson, M. C.. London: I. B. Tauris.
Des Pres, Terrence. 1988. Praises and dispraises: Poetry and politics, the 20th century. New York: Viking.
Donnan, Hastings & Wilson, Thomas M.. 1999. Borders: Frontiers of identity, nation and state. Oxford: Berg.
Doumani, Beshara. 1992. Rediscovering Ottoman Palestine: Writing Palestinians into history. Journal of Palestine Studies21.
Dowty, Alan. 1987. Closed borders: The contemporary assault on freedom of movement. New Haven: Yale University Press.
EagletonJr, William. 1963. The Kurdish Republic of 1946 (Middle Eastern Monographs, no. 5). London: Oxford University Press.
Eisenhower, John S. D. 2001. Yanks: The epic story of the American Army in World War I. New York: Free.
El-Abed, Oroub. 2003. The Palestinians in Egypt: An investigation of livelihoods and coping strategies. The American University in Cairo Executive Summary.
El-Abed, Oroub. 2004. Unprotected in Egypt: Living and coping as a Palestinian. Cairo.
El-Abed, Oroub. 2009. Unprotected Palestinians in Egypt since 1948. Jerusalem: Institute of Palestine Studies.
El-Hamamsy, Laila. 1975. The Assertion of Egyptian Identity. In Ethnic identity: Cultural continuities and change (ed.) Vos, G. D.. Palo Alto: Mayfield.
Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. 1993. Ethnicity and nationalism: Anthropological perspectives (Anthropology, culture, and society). London: Pluto.
Erikson, Erik. 1968. Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W.W. Norton.
Fairchild, Henry Pratt. 1925. Immigration: A world movement and its American significance. New York: Macmillan.
Falk, Richard & Asli, Bâli. 2006. International Law at the Vanishing Point. In Middle East Report.
Farah, Randa. 1999. Popular memory and reconstruction of Palestinian identity: Al-Baq'a Refugee Camp, Jordan. Ph.D.: University of Toronto.
Farsoun, Samih K. & Zacharia, Christina E.. 1997. Palestine and the Palestinians. Boulder: Westview.
Fasheh, Munir. 1995. The Reading Campaign Experience within the Palestinian Society: Innovative Strategies for Learning and Building Community. Harvard Educational Review 65, 66–92.
Fletcher, Richard. 1992. Moorish Spain. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
,FO 78/2847. 1878.
,FO 78/2848. 1878.
,FO 195/1201. 1878.
,FO 195/1202. 1878.
,FO 195/1368. 1881. Stewart, July 14.
,FO 195/1886. 1883. Damascus consular report.
,FO 195/1932. 1895–6. Damascus consular report.
,FO 371/164413. 1962. Report on the census taken in the province of al Hassakah, 8 November.
,FO 424/70. 1878. Layard to Salisbury (confidential report 585/600), May 10.
,FO 424/210. 1906a. Lloyd, Constantinople, April 16.
,FO 424/210. 1906b. O'Connor to Grey (enclosure no. 28), April 16.
Freeman, Edward Augustus. 1877. The Ottoman power in Europe: Its nature, its growth, and its decline. London: Macmillan.
Freer, Goodrich. 1905. In A Syrian saddle. London.
Gambill, Gary C. 2004. The Kurdish Reawakening in Syria. Middle East Intelligence Bulletin 6, 1–8.
Gauld, W. A. 1927. The ‘Dreikaiserbundnis’ and the Eastern Question, 1877–8. The English Historical Review XLII, 560–568.
Geertz, Clifford. 1963. The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States. In Old societies and new states: The quest for modernity in Asia and Africa (ed.) Geertz, C.. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.
Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and nationalism (New perspectives on the past) (Basil Blackwell Publisher). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Gelvin, James L. 1998. Divided loyalties: Nationalism and mass politics in Syria at the close of Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gelvin, James L. 2005. The Israel-Palestine Confict: One hundred years of war. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gibney, Matthew J. 2004. The ethics and politics of asylum: Liberal democracy and the response to refugees. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Giddens, Anthony. 1984. The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Cambridge: Polity.
Gofman, K. 1920. Petroleum policy and Anglo-Saxon colonialism. Moscow.
Goldson, Edward. 1996. The Effect of War on Children. Child Abuse and Neglect 20, 809–819.
Goodwin-Gill, Guy. 1996. The refugee in international law. Oxford: Clarendon.
Gorgas, Jordi Tejel. 2007. La jeunesse Kurde entre rupture et engagement militant. In La Syrie au présent: Reflets d'une société (eds) Dupret, B., Ghazzal, Z., Courbage, Y., & Al-Dbiyat, M.. Paris: Actes Sud.
Grabill, Joseph. 1971. Protestant diplomacy and the Near East. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Great, Britain. 1895. Parliament. Sessional papers. Vol. 109, c. 7894, Turkey no. 1.
Great, Britain. 1896. Parliament. Sessional papers. Vol. 109, c. 7894, Turkey no. 1.
Gulizar, . 2006. Interview 24, June19. Amman, Jordan.
Gupta, Akhil & James, Ferguson. 1992. Beyond “culture”: Space, identity, and the politics of difference. Cultural Anthropology 7, 6–23.
Habib, Rasha Tarek. 2002. The Armenian community in Cairo: An ethnic minority by choice. MSc thesis: American University of Cairo.
Hacker, Jane. 1960. Modern 'Amman: A social study: University of Durham.
Hadawi, Sami. 1979. Bitter harvest: Palestine between 1914–1979. Delmar, NY: Caravan Books.
Haddad, Simon. 2004. The Origins of Popular Opposition to Palestinian Resettlment in Lebanon. International Migration review 38, 470–492.
Hagana, Archives file 0014. 1938. June 19.
Hagop, . 2006. Interview 21, April 27. Damascus, Syria.
Halabi, Zeina. 2004. Exclusion and Identity in Lebanon's Palestinian Refugee Camps: a Story of Sustained Conflict. Environment and Urbanization 16, 39–48.
Hampartsoum, . 2006. Interview 12, January 17. Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt.
Hannerz, Ulf. 1987. The World of Creolisation. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 57, 546–559.
Hannerz, Ulf. 1990. Cosmopolitans and Locals in World Culture. Theory, Culture & Society 7, 237–251.
Hansen, Art & Oliver-Smith, Anthony (eds) 1982. Involuntary migration and resettlement: The problems and responses of dislocated people (Westview Special Studies). Boulder: Westview.
Haron, Yafa, Eisikovits, Rivka, & Linn, Shai. 2004. Traditional Beliefs Concerning Health and Illness among Members of the Circassian Community in Israel. Journal of Religion and Health 43, 59–72.
Harrell-Bond, Barbara E. 1986. Imposing aid. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hart, Jason. 2004. Beyond Struggle and Aid: Children's Identities in a Palestinian Refugee Camp in Jordan. In Children and Youth on the Front Line (eds) Boyden, J. & J. de Berry. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books.
Harvey, Leonard. 1990. Islamic Spain, 1250–1500. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hathaway, James. 1991. The law of refugee status. Toronto: Butterworths.
Hein, Jeremy. 1993. Refugees, Immigrants and the State. Annual Review of Sociology 19, 43–59.
Helms, Christina. 1981. The cohesion of Saudi Arabia. London: Croom Helm.
Herzfeld, Michael. 1987. Anthropology through the looking-glass: Critical ethnography in the margins of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Herzl, Theodor. 1896. Der Judenstaat [The Jewish State] (trans.) D'Avigdor, S.. New York: American Zionist Emergency Council.
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. 2001. Syria: Revolution from above. London: Routledge.
Hirschon, Renée. 1998. Heirs of the Greek catastrophe: The social life of Asia Minor refugees in Piraeus. Oxford: Berghahn.
Hirschon, Renée. (ed.) 2003. Crossing the Aegean: An appraisal of the 1923 compulsory population exchange between Greece and Turkey (Studies in Forced Migration, vol. 12). Oxford: Berghahn.
Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1962. The age of revolution: Europe, 1789–1848. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1997. The End of Empire. In After empire: Multiethnic societies and nation-building: The Soviet Union and the Russian, Ottoman, and Habsburg Empires (eds) Barkey, K. & Hagen, M.. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Hopkins, MaryCarol & Donnelly, Nancy D. (eds) 1993. Selected papers on refugee issues (A publication of the Committee on Refugee Issues, a committee of the General Anthropology Division, a unit of the American Anthropological Association) 2. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
Horst, Cindy. 2005. Transnational nomads: How Somalis cope with refugee life in the Dadaab camps of Kenya (Studies in Forced Migration, vol. 19). Oxford: Berghahn.
Hourani, Albert. 1968. Ottoman Reform and the Politics of Notables. In Beginnings of modernization in the Middle East: The nineteenth century (eds) Polk, W. R. & Chambers, R. L.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hovannisian, Richard G. 1967. Armenia on the road to independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California.
Hovannisian, Richard G. 1983. Causasian Armenia between Imperial and Soviet Rule: The Interlude of National Independence. In Transcaucasia: Nationalism and socialism (ed.) Suny, R. G.. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.) 1987. The Armenian genocide in perspective. New Brunswick and Oxford: Transaction Books.
Hovannisian, Richard G. 1992. The Armenian genocide: History, politics, ethics. New York: St Martin's Press.
Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.) 1997a. The Armenian people from ancient to modern times: Foreign dominion to statehood: The fifteenth century to the twentieth century: Vol. II (The Armenian people from ancient to modern times 2). London: Macmillan.
Hovannisian, Richard G. 1997b. The Armenian Question in the Ottoman Empire 1876 to 1914. In The Armenian people from ancient to modern times: Foreign dominion to statehood: The fifteenth century to the twentieth century: Vol. II (ed.) Hovannisian, R. G.. The Armenian people from ancient to modern times. London: Macmillan.
Hovannisian, Richard G. 1997c. The Republic of Armenia. In The Armenian people from ancient to modern times: Foreign dominion to statehood: The fifteenth century to the twentieth century: Vol. II (ed.) Hovannisian, R. G.. The Armenian people from ancient to modern times. London: Macmillan.
Hrant, . 2006. Interview 13, January 17. Cairo, Egypt.
Hudson, Maria, Phillips, Joan, Ray, Kathryn, & Barnes, Helen. 2006. Social cohesion in diverse communities. London: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Hudson, Michael C. 1997. Palestinians and Lebanon: The Common Story. Journal of Refugee Studies 10, 243–260.
Humphrey, Michael. 1993. Migrants, Workers and Refugees: The Political Economy of Population Movements in the Middle East. Middle East Report 23, 2–9.
Hütteroth, Wolfgang & Kamal, Abdelfattah. 1977. Historical geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the late 16th century. Nuremberg: Junge & Sons.
Ibn, Khaldûn. 1958. The Muqaddimah: An introduction to history (trans.) Rosenthal, F. (Bollingen Series). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Issawi, Charles 1966a. The Economic History of the Middle East, 1800–1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Issawi, Charles (ed.) 1966b. The economic history of the Middle East, 1800–1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Johns, Jeremy. 1994. The Longue Duree: State and Settlement Strategies in Southern Transjordan across the Islamic Centuries. In Village, steppe and state: The social origins of modern Jordan (eds) Rogan, E. & Tell, T.. London: British Academic Press.
Kais, . 2008. Interview 38, September 20. Damascus, Syria.
Kalkas, Barbara. 1971. The Revolt of 1936: A Chronicle of Events. In The transformation of Palestine (ed.) Abu-Lughod, I.. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Kanafani, Ghassan. 1972. The 1936–39 Revolt in Palestine. New York: Committee for a Democratic Palestine.
Karal, Enver Ziya. 1982. Non-Muslim Representatives in the First Constitutional Assembly 1876–1877. In Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire (eds) Braude, B. & Lewis, B.. New York: Homles and Meier.
Karpat, Kemal H. 1972. The Transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789–1908. International Journal of Middle East Studies 3, 243–281.
Karpat, Kemal H. 1974. Ottoman Immigration Policies and Settlement in Palestine. In Settler regimes in Africa and the Arab world: The illusion of endurance (eds) Abu-Lughod, I. & Laban, B. Abu. Wilmette: The Medina University Press International.
Karpat, Kemal H. 1979. The Status of the Muslims under European Rule: The Eviction and Settlement of the Cerkes. Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs (JIMMA) 1, 7–27.
Karpat, Kemal H. 1985. Ottoman population 1830–1914: Demographic and social characteristics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Kearns, Ade & Ray, Forrest. 2000. Social Cohesion and Multi-Cultural Urban Governance. Urban Studies 37, 995–1017.
Kedourie, Elie. 1984. Minorities and Majorities in the Middle East. European Journal of Sociology 25, 276–282.
Keith-Roach, E. 1934. Changing Palestine. National Geogrpahic Magazine 65, 491–527.
[Nezan], Kendal. 1980. The Kurds under the Ottoman Empire. In A people without a country: The Kurds and Kurdistan (ed.) Chaliand, G.. London: Zed.
Kerr, Malcolm H. 1971. The Changing Political Status of Jerusalem. In The transformation of Palestine: Essays on the origin and development of the Arab-Israeli conflict (ed.) Abu-Lughod, I.. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Keyder, Çağlar. 1997. The Ottoman Empire. In After Empire: Multiethnic societies and nation-building: The Soviet Union and the Russian, Ottoman and Habsburg Empires (eds) Barkey, K. & Hagen, M.. Oxford: Westview.
Khalidi, Rashid. 2001. The Palestinians and 1948: The Underlying Causes of Failure. In The war for Palestine: Rewriting the history of 1948 (eds) Rogan, E. L. & Shlaim, A.. Cambridge Middle East Studies, no. 15. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Khalidi, Rashid. 1997. Palestinian identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness. New York: Columbia University Press.
Khalidi, Walid (ed.) 1971. From haven to conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine problem until 1948 (Anthology Series (Mu'assasat al-Dirasat al-Filastiniyah) 2). Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies.
Khalidi, Walid, 1984. Before their diaspora: A photographic history of the Palestinians 1876–1948. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies.
Khoury, Philip S. 1983. Urban notables and Arab nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Khoury, Philip S. 1984. Syrian Urban Politics in Transition: The Quarters of Damascus during the French Mandate. International Journal of Middle East Studies 16, 507–540.
Kibreab, Gaim. 1999. Revisiting the Debate on People, Place, Identity and Displacement. Journal of Refugee Studies 112, 384–410.
King, Henry Churchill & Charles, Richard Crane. 1922. First publication of King-Crane report on the Near East (Recommendation of the King-Crane Commission on Syria and Palestine, August 28, 1919)55. New York.
Kontogiorgi, Elisabeth. 2006. Population exchange in Greek Macedonia: the forced settlement of refugees 1922–1930. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Koufopoulou, Sophia. 2003. Muslim Cretans in Turkey: The Reformulation of Ethnic Identity in an Aegean Community. In Crossing the Aegean: An appraisal of the 1923 compulsory population exchange between Greece and Turkey (ed.) Hirschon, R.. Oxford: Berghahn.
Koufopoulou, Sophia & Papageorgiou, D. 1997. Morphes kai Oria “Perithoriakon” Epikoinoniakon Dyktion ston Aigaiako Horo: I Praktiti tou Lathremporiou sto Aivali kai sti Lesvo [Borders and expressions of marginalised communicative networks: The practice of smuggling in Aivali and Lesvos]. In Dytia Epikoinonias kai Politismou sto Aigaio [Communication networks and culture in the Aegean]. Athens: Pnevmatiko Idryma Samou.
Kouymjian, Dickran. 1997. Armenia from the fall of the Cilician kingdom (1375) to the forced emigration under Shah Abbas (1604). In The Armenian people from ancient to modern times: Foreign dominion to statehood: The fifteenth century to the twentieth century: Vol. II (ed.) R. Hovannisian. London: Macmillan.
Kulischer, Eugene Michel. 1948. Europe on the move: War and population changes, 1917–47. New York: Columbia University Press.
Kurd, Oghlu. 1932. Kurds and Imperialism. Middle East News Bulletin [Tashkent]13–14.
Ladas, Stephen P. 1932. The exchange of minorities. Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey. New York: Macmillan.
Lancaster, William & Fidelity, Lancaster. 1995. Land use and population in the area north of Karak. Levant 27, 103–124.
Lane-Poole, Stanley & Arthur, Gilman. 1888. The Moors in Spain (Story of the Nations). London: T. Fisher Unwin.
Langer, William. 1960. The diplomacy of imperialism, 1890–1902. New York: Knopf.
Le Petit Robert. 1978. Paris: Société du Nouveau Littré.
Lepsius, Johannes. 1897. Armenia and Europe: An indictment. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Lerner, Daniel, Pevsner, Lucille W., & Riesman, David. 1958. The passing of traditional society: Modernizing the Middle East. New York: Free Press; Collier-Macmillan.
Levy, Avigdor. 2000. Christians, Jews and Muslims in the Ottoman Empire: Lessons for contemporary coexistence: Brandeis University.
Lewis, Bernard. 1954. Studies in the Ottoman Archives, no. 1. School of Oriental and African Studies.
Lewis, Bernard. 1961. The emergence of modern Turkey. Oxford: University of Oxford Press.
Lewis, Ioan M. 1985. Social anthropology in perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lewis, Norman. 1987. Nomads and settlers in Syria and Jordan, 1800–1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lindholm, Charles. 2002. The Islamic Middle East: Tradition and change. Oxford: Blackwell Pub.
Lloyd George, David. 1933. War memoirs of David Lloyd George, vol. 5 (5). London: I. Nicholson & Watson.
Lockman, Zachary. 2004. Contending visions of the Middle East: The history and politics of Orientalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Loizos, Peter. 1999. Ottoman Half-Lives: Long Term Perspectives on Particular Forced Migrations. Journal of Refugee Studies 12, 237–263.
Loizos, Peter. 2000. Are Refugees Social Capitalists? In Social capital: Critical perspectives (eds) Baron, S., Field, J., & Schuller, T.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lowe, Robert. 2006. The Syrian Kurds: A people discovered. Chatham House.
Luke, H. & Keith-Roach, E (ed.) 1930. The Handbook of Palestine and Trans-Jordan. London: Macmillan.
MacKay, Angus. 1992. The Jews in Spain during the Middle Ages. In Spain and the Jews: The Sephardi experience 1492 and after (ed.) Kedourie, E.. London: Thames and Hudson.
Makdisi, Ussama. 2002. Ottoman Orientalism. The American Historical Review 107, 768–796.
Malkki, Liisa H. 1990. Context and Consciousness: Local Conditions for the Production of Historical and National Thought among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. In Nationalist ideologies and the production of national cultures (ed.) Fox, R.. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
Malkki, Liisa H. 1992. National Geographic: The Rooting of Peoples and the Territorialization of National Identity among Scholars and Refugees. Cultural Anthropology 7, 24–44.
Malkki, Liisa H. 1995. Purity and exile: Violence, memory, and national cosmology among Hutu refugees in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mandelstam, Andre. 1917. Le sort de l'Empire Ottoman. Paris, Lausanne.
Mardin, Şerif. 1962. The genesis of young Ottoman thought: A study in the modernization of Turkish political ideas. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Margalith, Israel. 1957. Le Baron de Rothschild et la colonisation juive en Palestine. Paris: Libraire. M. Riviere.
Margolis, Max & Alexander, Marx. 1969. History of the Jewish people. New York: Atheneum.
Marrus, Michael Robert. 1985. The unwanted: European refugees in the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press.
Marsot, Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid. 1984. Egypt in the reign of Muhammad Ali. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Massad, Joseph. 2001. Colonial effects: The making of national identity in Jordan. New York: Columbia University Press.
Mazower, Mark. 1991. Greece and the inter-war economic crisis. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
McCarthy, Justin. 1983. Muslims and minorities: The population of Ottoman Anatolia and the end of the empire. New York: New York University Press.
McCarthy, Justin. 1995. Death and exile: The ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press.
McCarthy, Justin. 2001. The Ottoman peoples and the end of empire (Historical Endings. London: Arnold.
McCarthy, Justin, Esat Arslan, , Cemalettin Taşkıran, , & Ömer Turan, . 2006. The Armenian rebellion at Van. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
McDowall, David. 2004. A modern history of the Kurds. London: I.B. Tauris.
Melson, Robert. 1996. Revolution and genocide: On the origins of the Armenian genocide and the holocaust. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Meyer, James. 2007. Immigration, Return, and the Politics of Citizenship: Russian Muslims in the Ottoman Empire, 1860–1914. International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, 15–32.
Migliorino, Nicola. 2006. ‘Kulna Suriyyin’? The Armenian Community and the State in Contemporary Syria. Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée 115–116 (Special Issue on La Syrie au quotidien. Cultures et pratiques du changement), 97–115.
Migliorino, Nicola. 2007. (Re)constructing Armenia in Lebanon and Syria: Ethno-cultural diversity and the state in the aftermath of a refugee crisis (Studies in Forced Migration, vol. 21). Oxford: Berghahn.
Miller, Donald E., & Touryan Miller, Lorna. 1982. Armenian Survivors: A Typological Analysis of Victim Response. Oral History Review10.
Miller, Donald E., & Touryan Miller, Lorna. 1987. In The Armenian genocide in perspective (ed.) Hovannisian, R. G.. New Brunswick and Oxford: Transaction Books.
Minority, Rights Group. 2008. Who are minorities?: Minority Rights Group International.
Mirak, Robert. 1997. The Armenians in America. In The Armenian people from ancient to modern times: Foreign dominion to statehood: The fifteenth century to the twentieth century: Vol. II (ed.) Hovannisian, R. G.. The Armenian people from ancient to modern times. London: Macmillan.
Mirak-Weissbach, Muriel. 2006. Shades of Sykes-Picot Accord Are Cast Over Southwest AsiaExecutive Intelligence review6–15.
Mohammed, . 2006. Interview 17, April 20. Harat al-Akrad, Damascus, Syria.
Montesquieu, (Charles de Secondat). 1748. De l'esprit des lois (The spirit of the laws) (trans.) Nugent, T.. Originally published anonymously. Online posting: constitution.org.
Montgomery, Harriet. 2005. The Kurds of Syria: An existence denied. Berlin: Europäisches Zentrum für Kurdische Studien.
Morgenthau, Henry. 1918. Ambassador Morgenthau's story. Garden City: Doubleday.
Morris, Benny. 1987. The birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947–1949. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baladyan, Mr.. 2005. Personal communication. Armenian Charitable Association, Heliopolis, Cairo.
Nalbandian, Louise. 1963. The Armenian revolutionary movement. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Nazdar, Mustafa. 1980. The Kurds in Syria. In People without a country: The Kurds and Kurdistan (ed.) Chaliand, G.. London: Zed.
Niles, Emory & Arthur, Sutherland. 1919. The report of Captain Emory H. Niles and Mr. Arthur E. Sutherland, Jr. on trip of investigation through Eastern Turkish Vilayets.
Nisan, Mordechai. 1991. Assyrians: An Ancient People, a Perennial Struggle. In Minorities of the Middle East. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company.
Nouri Pasha, Ihsan 1986. La revolte de l'agri dagh. Geneva: Editions Kurde.
O'Dowd, Liam & Wilson, M (eds) 1996. Borders, nations and states: Frontiers of sovereignty in the new Europe. Aldershot: Avebury.
Old Testament. Genesis 8:4.
Oliphant, Laurence. 1880. The land of Gilead. London.
Oliver-Smith, Anthony & Hansen, Art. 1982. Introduction: Involuntary Migration and Resettlement: Causes and Contexts. In Involuntary migration and resettlement: The problems and responses of dislocated people (eds) Hansen, A. & Oliver-Smith, A.. Westview Special Studies. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Olwig, Karen Fog & Hastrup, Kirsten (eds) 1997. Siting culture: The shifting anthropological object. London: Routledge.
Öncü, Edip. 2003. The beginnings of Ottoman-German partnership: Diplomatic and military relations between Germany and the Ottoman Empire before the First World War. Master's thesis: Bilkent University.
Ottoman Archives, F. M. (I) 346 and 6078/183. 1891. November 16: Foreign Ministry (Idare).
Ottoman Archives, F. M. (I) 47646/183. Foreign Ministry (Idare).
Owen, R. 1981a. The Middle East in the World Economy: 1800–1914. London: Methuen.
Owen, Roger. 1981b. The Middle East in the world economy, 1800–1914. London: Methuen. P.P. 1877. Vol. 91, 90, 143, 322.
Pahl, Ray & Liz, Spencer. 2003. Personal communities: Not simply families of ‘fate’ or ‘choice’. Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER).
Palairet, Michael. 1997. The Balkan economies c. 1800–1914: Evolution without development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pallis, Alexandros A. 1925. Racial Migrations in the Balkans during the Years 1912–1924. The Geographical Journal 66, 315–331.
Papikian, Hakob. 1919. Adanayi Yegherne. “Teghekagir” [The Adana Calamity. “Report”].
Pappé, Ilan. 2006. The ethnic cleansing of Palestine. Oxford: One World Publications.
Parkin, David. 1999. Mementoes as Transitional Objects in Human Displacement. Journal of Material Culture 4, 303–320.
Parsons, Talcott. [1937] 1964. The structure of social action: A study in social theory with special reference to a group of recent European writers (McGraw-Hill Publications in Sociology). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.
Pearly, David. 1946. Kurdistan: The Kurdish ideal and its reflections on Assyrian-Kurdish relations. New Jersey.
Peel, Earl (Lord).1937. Palestine Royal Commission Report. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO).
Perthes, Volker. 1995. The political economy of Syria under Asad. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
Peteet, Julia. 2005. Landscape of hope and despair: Palestinian refugee camps. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Pinson, Mark. 1972. Ottoman colonization of the Circassians in Rumili after the Crimean War. Etudes Balkaniques, 71–85.
Pinto, Paulo G. 2007. Les Kurdes en Syrie. In La Syrie au présent: Reflets d'une société (eds) Dupret, B., Ghazzal, Z., Courbage, Y. & Al-Dbiyat, M.. Paris: Actes Sud.
Price, Charles. 1969. The Study of Assimilation. In Migration (ed.) Jackson, J. A.. Sociologickâe studie; 2. London: Cambridge University Press.
Provence, Michael. 2005. The Great Syrian Revolt and the rise of Arab nationalism (CMES Modern Middle East Series, no. 22). Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Qahtan, . 2006. Interview 20, April 24. Dummar, Damascus, Syria.
Quataert, Donald. 2000. The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 (New Approaches to European History, 17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rabo, Annika. 2008. Narrating Ethnic and Religious Heterogeneity in Contemporary Aleppo. In 9th Mediterranean Research Meeting, Robert Shuman CentreMontecatini European University Institute.
Rabo, Annika & Utas, Bo (eds) 2005. The role of the state in West Asia (Transactions). Stockholm: Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul.
Rafeq, Abdul Karim. 1966. The province of Damascus, 1723–1783. Beirut: Khayats.
Ra'isa, . 2006. Interview 16, April 19. Damascus, Syria.
Rapport, Nigel & Ronald Stade, . 2007. Debate Section: A cosmopolitan turn – or return?Social Anthropology 15, 223–235.
Richmond, Anthony H. 1988. Immigration and ethnic conflict. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Richmond, Anthony H. 1994. Global apartheid: Refugees, racism, and the new world order. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Richter, Julius. 1910. A history of protestant missions in the Near East. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier.
Robert, Petit. 1978. Paris: Société du Nouveau Littré.
Rogan, Eugene. 1996. Asiret Mektebi: Abdulhamid II's School for Tribes 1892–1907. International Journal of Middle East Studies 28, 83–107.
Rogan, Eugene. 1999. Frontiers of the state in the late Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rogan, Eugene & Tariq, Tell. 1994. Village, steppe and state: The social origins of modern Jordan. London: British Academy Press.
RooseveltJr, Archibald Bulloch. 1947. The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad. Middle East Journal 1, 247–269.
Rosel, Jakob. 1997. Nationalism and Ethnicity: Ethnic Nationalism and the Regulation of Ethnic Conflict (trans.) Stress, C. f. I. R. o. S.. In War and ethnicity: Global connections and local violence (ed.) Turton, D.. Studies on the Nature of War, v. 2. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
Rosenfeld, Maya. 2004a. Confronting the Occupation: Work, education and political activism of Palestinian families in a refugee camp. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Rosenfeld, Maya. 2004b. Confronting the occcupation: Work, education and political activism of Palestinian families in a refugee camp. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Rothschild, Joseph. 1974. East Central Europe between the two World Wars. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Russell, Sharon Stanton. 1992. International migration and political turmoil in the Middle East. Population and development review 18, 719–727.
Safrastian, Arshak. 1948. Kurds and Kurdistan. London: Havril Press.
Salma, . 2005. Interview 7, October 24. Damascus, Syria.
Salt, Jeremy. 2003. The narrative gap in Ottoman Armenian history. Middle Eastern Studies 39, 19–36.
Sarkis, . 2005. Interview 10, November 2. Damascus, Syria.
Sauvaget, Jean. 1934. Esquisse d'une histoire de la ville de Damas. Revue des Etudes Islamiques 8, 421–480.
Sayigh, Rosemary. 1988. Palestinians in Lebanon: Status Ambiguity, Insecurity and Flux. Race and Class 30, 13–32.
Sayigh, Rosemary. 1994. Too many enemies: The Palestinian experience in Lebanon. London: Zed.
Sayigh, Rosemary 1979. Palestinians: From peasants to revolutionaries. London: Zed Books
Sayigh, Yezid. 1997. Armed struggle and the search for state: The Palestinian national movement, 1949–1993. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Scholch, A. 1982. European Penetration and the Economic Development of Palestine, 1856–1882. In Studies in the economic and social history of Palestine in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (ed.) Owen, R.. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Schumacher, Gottleib. 1888. The Jaulan. London: Palestinian Exploration Fund.
Scott, James. 1990. Domination and the arts of resistance: Hidden transcripts. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Seremetakis, Constantina Nadia (ed.) 1994. The senses still: Perception and memory as material culture in modernity. Boulder: Westview.
Serhan, Bassem. 2005. Palestinian Refugee Children and Caregivers in Lebanon. In Children of Palestine: Experiencing forced migration in the Middle East (eds) Chatty, D. & Hundt, G. Lewando. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books.
Shami, Seteney. 1982. Ethnicity and leadership: The Circassians in Jordan. PhD dissertation: University of California, Berkeley.
Shami, Seteney. 1994. Mobility, Modernity and Misery: Population Displacement and Resettlement in the Middle East. In Population displacement and resettlement: Development and conflict in the Middle East (ed.) Shami, S.. New York: Center for Migration Studies.
Shami, Seteney. 1995. Disjuncture in Ethnicity: Negotiating Circassian Identity in Jordan, Turkey and the Caucasus. New Perspectives on Turkey 12, 79–95.
Shami, Seteney. 2000. Prehistories of Globalization: Circassian Identity in Motion. Public Culture 12, 177–204.
Shaw, Stanford J. 1978. The Ottoman Census System and Population, 1831–1914. International Journal of Middle East Studies 9, 325–338.
Shaw, Stanford J. 1980. Ottoman Population Movements during the Last Years of the Empire, 1885–1914. Journal of Ottoman Studies, 191–205.
Shaw, Stanford J. & Kural Shaw, Ezel. 1977. History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, vol. 22. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sheshani, . 2006. Interview 23, June 18. Jerash, Jordan.
Shorter, F. C. 1983. The population of Turkey after the war of independence. Population Council.
Şimşir, Bilâl N. 1968. Rumeli'den Türk Göçleri. Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Ararştırma Enstitüsü.
Singer, J. David & Melvin, Small. 1972. The wages of war 1816–1965: A statistical handbook. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Soguk, Nevzat. 1999. States and strangers: Refugees and displacements of statecraft (Borderlines 11). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Sonia, . 2006. Interview 11, January 6. Cairo, Egypt.
Stoianovich, Traian. 1960. The Conquering Balkan Orthodox Merchant. Journal of Economic History 20, 234–313.
Tamari, Salim. 1992. The Transformation of Palestinian Society: Fragmentation and Occupation. In Palestinian society in Gaza, West Bank and Arab Jerusalem: A survey of living conditions (ed.) Knudsen, K.. Fafo Report 115. Oslo: Fafo – Norwegian Institute for Applied Social Science.
Tannous, Izzat. 1988. The Palestinians: Eyewitness history of Palestine under the British Mandate. New York: I.G.T. Company.
Tejel, Jordi. 2009. Syria's Kurds: History, politics and society. London and New York: Routledge.
Tekeli, Ilhan. 1994. Involuntary Displacement and the Problem of Resettlement in Turkey from the Ottoman Empire to the Present. In Population displacement and resettlement: Development and conflict in the Middle East (ed.) Shami, S.. New York: Centre for Migration Studies.
Temperley, Harold. 1936. England and the Near East: The Crimea. London.
Harold William Vazeille, Temperley (ed.) 1920–1924. A history of the peace conference of Paris, vol. 66). London: H. Frowde, and Hodder & Stoughton.
Thabet, Abdel Aziz. 2005. Palestinian Refugee Children and Caregivers in the Gaza Strip. In Children of Palestine: Experiencing forced migration in the Middle East (eds) Chatty, D. & Hundt, G. Lewando. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books.
Abdel Aziz Mousa, Thabet, Yehia, Abed & Panos, Vostanis. 2002. Emotional Problems in Palestinian Children Living in a War Zone: A Cross-Sectional Study. The Lancet 359, 1801–1804.
Thabet, Abdel Aziz & Vostanis, Panos. 2000. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Reactions in Children of War: A Longitudinal Study. Child Abuse and Neglect 24, 291–298.
Thompson, Elizabeth. 2000. Colonial citizens: Republican rights, paternal privilege, and gender in French Syria and Lebanon (History and Society of the Modern Middle East Series). New York: Columbia University Press.
Toledano, E. R. 1982. The Ottoman slave trade and its suppression: 1840–1890. Princeton: University of Princeton Press.
Toth, Anthony B. 2005. Tribes and Tribulations: Bedouin Losses in the Saudi and Iraqi Struggles over Kuwait's Frontiers, 1921–1943. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 32, 145–167.
Toynbee, Arnold. 1916. A Summary of Armenian History up to and Including 1915. In The treatment of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire: Documents presented to Viscount Grey of Fallodon, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (ed.) Bryce, V.. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO).
Toynbee, Arnold. 1967. Acquaintances. London: Oxford University Press.
Tsokalidou, Roula. 2006. Greek-speaking enclaves of Lebanon and Syria: Proceedings of the 2nd Simposio Internacional Bilingüismo.
Turan, Serafettin. 1963. Administrative boundaries of the 17th century Ottoman Empire. Ankara: Ataturk Universitesi.
Turton, David. 2004. The Meaning of Place in a World of Movement: Lessons from Long-Term Field Research in Southern Ethiopia. In Annual Colson Lecture. Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford University.
Um, Lorens. 2006. Interview 22, April 28. Aleppo, Syria.
,UNHCR. 1951. United Nations Convention on Refugees: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
,United States. 1943. Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, 1919: The Paris Peace Conference, vols. 3–2, 6: Department of State. Washington, DC.
,UNRWA. 1992. Basic data on Palestine refugees and UNRWA. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA).
,United States. 2009. UNRWA Basic Education.
Valensi, Lucette. 1993. The birth of the despot: Venice and the sublime Porte (trans.) Denner, A.. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Bruinessen, Martin. 1992. Agha, shaikh, and state: The social and political structures of Kurdistan. London: Zed.
Hear, Nicholas. 1993. Mass Flight in the Middle East: Involuntary Migration and the Gulf Conflict, 1990–1991. In Geography and refugees: Patterns and processes of change (eds) Black, R. & Robinson, V.. London: Belhaven.
Hear, Nicholas. 1998. New diasporas: The mass exodus, dispersal, and regrouping of migrant communities. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
Hear, Nicholas. 2000. People Abroad and People at Home in Societies under Strain. Forced Migration Review 7.
Oord, Lodewikj. 2008. The Making of Primitive Palestine: Intellectual Origins of the Palestine-Israel Conflict. History and Anthropology 19, 209–228.
Vanly, Ismet Sheriff. 1980. Kurdistan in Iraq. In People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan (ed.) Chaliand, G.. London: Zed.
Varukan, . 2005. Interview 9, November 1. Damascus, Syria.
Vatikiotis, P. J. 1967. Politics and military in Jordan: A study of the Arab Legion, 1921–1957. New York: Praeger Publishers.
Vlaykov, T. G. 1934–42. Prezhvyanoto (Experiences), 3 vol. Sofia.
Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph. 1835. Histoire de l'Empire Ottoman: Depuis son origine jusqu'à nos jours (trans.) Hellert, J. J.. Paris: Bellizard, Barthès, Dufour & Lowell.
Voutira, Eftihia. 1994. Anthropology in international humanitarian emergencies. European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO).
Voutira, Eftihia. 2006. Post-Soviet Diaspora Politics: The Case of the Soviet Greeks. Journal of Modern Greek Studies 24, 379–414.
Waines, David. 1971a. The failure of the nationalist resistance. In The transformation of Palestine: Essays on the origin and development of the Arab-Israeli conflict (ed.) Abu-Lughod, I.. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Waines, David. 1971b. The unholy war: Israel and Palestine, 1897–1971. Wilmette: Medina University Press International.
Walid, . 2005. Interview 5, October 15. Damascus, Syria.
Walker, Christopher J. 1980. Armenia: The survival of a nation. London: Croom Helm.
Walker, Christopher J. 1997. World War I and the Armenian Genocide. In The Armenian people from ancient to modern times: Foreign dominion to statehood: The fifteenth century to the twentieth century: Vol. II (ed.) Hovannisian, R. G.. The Armenian people from ancient to modern times. London: Macmillan.
Warriner, Doreen (ed.) 1965. Contrasts in emerging societies: Readings in the social and economic history of south-eastern Europe in the nineteenth century. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Weber, Max. 1968. Basic Concepts of Sociology. In Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology (eds) Weber, M., Roth, G. & Wittich, C.. New York: Bedminster Press.
Wedeen, Lisa. 1999. Ambiguities of domination: Politics, rhetoric and symbols in contemporary Syria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Weighill, Marie-Louise. 1997. Palestinians in Lebanon: the Politics of Assistance. Journal of Refugee Studies 10, 294–313.
Weighill, Marie-Louise & Shehadi, Nadim (eds) 1997. Journal of Refugee Studies, Vol. 10 no. 3).
Weightman, G. H. 1970. The Circassians. In Readings in Arab Middle Eastern societies and cultures (eds) Lutfiyya, A. & Churchill, C.. The Hague: Mouton.
Weiner, Myron. 1995. The global migration crisis: Challenge to states and to human rights (Harper Collins Series in Comparative Politics). New York: Longman.
Wilkinson, John. 1983. Traditional Concepts of Territory in South East Arabia. The Geographical Journal 149, 201–315.
Wilson, Thomas M. & Donnan, Hastings (eds) 1998. Border identities: Nation and state at international frontiers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wilson, Woodrow. 1918. 65th Congress: Joint session: Program for world's peace, January 8.
Yergin, Daniel. 1991. The Prize: The epic quest for oil, money and power. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Yusuf, . 2006. Interview 17, April 20. Harat al-Akrad, Damascus, Syria.
Zaki, Muhammad Amin. 1947. A brief history of Kurds and Kurdistan, from antiquity to the present (trans.) 'Awni, M. A.. Cairo: Matba'at al-Sa'ada.
Zaroo, Salah. 2005. Palestinian Refugee Children and Caregivers in the West Bank. In Children of Palestine: Experiencing forced migration in the Middle East (eds) Chatty, D. & Hundt, G. Lewando. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books.
Zetter, Roger, Griffiths, David, Sigona, Nando, Flynn, Don, Pasha, Tauhid & Beyon, Rhian. 2007. Immigration, social cohesion and social capital: What are the links?London: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Zogby, James. 1974. The Palestinian Revolt of the 1930s. In Settler regimes in Africa and the Arab world: The illusion of endurance (eds) Abu-Lughod, I. & Abu-Laban, B.. Wilmette, IL: Medina University Press International.
Zolberg, Aristide R. 1982. State Formation and Its Victims: Refugee Movements in Early Modern Europe. Paper presented to the Verhaegen Lecture, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, 1982.
Zolberg, Aristide R. 1983. International Migrants in Political Perspective. In Global trends in migration (eds) Kritz, M. M., Keely, C. B., & Tomasi, S. M.. New York: Center for Migration Studies.
Zolberg, Aristide R., Aguayo, Sergio, & Suhrke, Astri 1989. Escape from violence: Conflict and the refugee crisis in the developing world. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zolberg, Aristide R., Suhrke, Astri, & Aguayo, Sergio. 1986. International Factors in the Formation of Refugee Movement. International Migration Review 20, 151–169.
,Zoryan Institute. Audio and video library of testimonies of survivors of the Armenian genocide.
,Zoryan Institute. 1983. Oral testimony. Cambridge, MA.
,Zoryan Institute. 1988. Oral testimony. San Francisco.
Zubaida, Sami. 1999. Cosmopolitanism in the Middle East. In Cosmopolitanism, identity and authenticity in the Middle East (ed.) Meijer, R.. Richmond: Curzon.
Zürcher, Erik. 1993. Turkey: A modern history. London: I.B. Tauris.
Zureik, Elia. 1996. Palestinian refugees and the peace process. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies.
Zureik, Elia. 2001. Constructing Palestine through Surveillance Practices. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 28, 205–227.