PUBLISHED WORKS AND SECONDARY LITERATURE CITEDd'Alembert, J. L. (1751) Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot, trans. by R. N. Schwab (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
Ash, M. G. (1998) Gestalt Psychology in German Culture 1890–1967: Holism and the Quest for Objectivity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Aufmuth, U. (1979) Die deutsche Wandervogelbewegung unter soziologischem Aspekt (Göttingen: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht).
Awodey, S. and Carus, A. W. (2001) ‘Carnap, Completeness, and Categoricity: The Gabelbarkeitssatz of 1928’, Erkenntnis 54, pp. 145–72.
Awodey, S. and A. W. Carus (2003) ‘Carnap vs. Gödel on Syntax and Tolerance’, in Parrini, P., Salmon, W. C., and Salmon, M. H., eds., Logical Empiricism: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press), pp. 57–64.
Awodey, S. and A. W. Carus (2004) ‘How Carnap Could Have Replied to Gödel’, in Awodey and Klein (2004), pp. 199–220.
Awodey, S. and A. W. Carus (2007) ‘The Turning Point: Philosophy of Mathematics in Logical Empiricism from the Tractatus to Logical Syntax ’, in Richardson, A. and Uebel, T., eds., The Cambridge Companion to Logical Empiricism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 165–92.
Awodey, S. and Carus, A. W. (forthcoming) ‘Carnap's Dream: Gödel, Wittgenstein, and Logical Syntax ’, in Synthese.
Awodey, S. and Klein, C., eds. (2004) Carnap Brought Home: The View from Jena (LaSalle, IL: Open Court).
Awodey, S. and Reck, E. (2002) ‘Completeness and Categoricity. Part I: Nineteenth-century Axiomatics to Twentieth-Century Metalogic’, History and Philosophy of Logic 23, pp. 1–30.
Ayer, A. J. (1937) ‘Verification and Experience’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 37, pp. 137–56.
Ayer, A. J. (1982) Philosophy in the Twentieth Century (New York: Random House).
Bachelard, G. (1934) Le Nouvel Esprit scientifique (Paris: Alcan).
Bachelard, G. (1938) La Formation de l'esprit scientifique: Contribution à une psychanalyse de la connaissance objective (Paris: Vrin).
Baker, K. M. (1975) Condorcet: From Natural Philosophy to Social Mathematics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Banks, E. C. (2005) ‘Kant, Herbart, and Riemann’, Kant-Studien 96, pp. 208–34.
Bauch, B. (1911) Studien zur Philosophie der exakten Wissenschaften (Heidelberg: Winter).
Beaney, M. (1996) Frege: Making Sense (London: Duckworth).
Beaney, M. (2004) ‘Carnap's Conception of Explication: From Frege to Husserl?’ in Awodey and Klein (2004), pp. 117–50.
Beeck, K.-H. (1975) Friedrich Wilhelm Dörpfeld: Anpassung im Zwiespalt (Neuwied: Luchterhand).
Bereiter, C. and Scardamalia, M. (1993) Surpassing Ourselves: An Inquiry into the Nature and Implications of Expertise (LaSalle, IL: Open Court).
Berlin, I. (1973) ‘J. L. Austin and the Early Beginnings of Oxford Philosophy’, repr. in Personal Impressions, 2nd edn (London: Pimlico, 1998), pp. 130–45.
Beth, E. W. (1963) ‘Carnap's Views on the Advantages of Constructed Systems over Natural Languages in the Philosophy of Science’, in Schilpp (1963), pp. 469–502.
Bias-Engels, S. (1988) Zwischen Wandervogel und Wissenschaft: Zur Geschichte von Jugendbewegung und Studentenschaft 1896–1920 (Cologne: Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik).
Bird, G. H. (1995) ‘Carnap and Quine: Internal and External Questions’, Erkenntnis 42, pp. 41–64.
Bird, G. H. (2006) The Revolutionary Kant: A Commentary on the Critique of Pure Reason (LaSalle, IL: Open Court).
Blakeslee, S. (2003) ‘Moved by Thought’, The New York Times, Science Pages, (13 October 2003).
Blaug, M. (1980) The Methodology of Economics, or How Economists Explain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Bloor, D. (1976) Knowledge and Social Imagery (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul).
Bloor, D. (1996) Wittgenstein, Rules, and Institutions (London: Routledge).
Bohnert, H. G. (1975a) ‘Homage to Rudolf Carnap, 10’, in Hintikka, J., ed., Rudolf Carnap, Logical Empiricist (Dordrecht: Reidel), pp. XXⅪ–XⅬIV.
Bohnert, H. G. (1975b) ‘Carnap's Logicism’, in Hintikka, J., ed., Rudolf Carnap, Logical Empiricist (Dordrecht: Reidel), pp. 183–216.
Boltzmann, L. (1896) ‘Ein Wort der Mathematik an die Energetik’, Annalen der Physik und Chemie 57, pp. 39–71.
Bonner, J. T. (1983) The Evolution of Culture in Animals (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Boyd, R. and Richerson, P. J. (1985) Culture and the Evolutionary Process (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Brandom, R. B. (1994) Making It Explicit: Reasoning, Representing, and Discursive Commitment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Brandom, R. B. (1999) Articulating Reasons: An Introduction to Inferentialism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Bruford, W. H. (1975) The German Tradition of Self-Cultivation: Bildung from Humboldt to Thomas Mann (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Burge, T. (1992) ‘Philosophy of Language and Mind: 1950–1990’, Philosophical Review 101, pp. 3–52.
Burling, R. (2006) The Talking Ape: How Language Evolved (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Carnap, R. (1922) Der Raum: Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftslehre, Kant-Studien Ergänzungshefte, Nr. 56 (Berlin: Reuther & Reichard).
Carnap, R. (1923) ‘Über die Aufgabe der Physik und die Anwendung des Grundsatzes der Einfachstheit’, Kant-Studien 28, pp. 90–107.
Carnap, R. (1924) ‘Dreidimensionalität des Raumes und Kausalität: Eine Untersuchung über den logischen Zusammenhang zweier Fiktionen’, Annalen der Philosophie und philosophischen Kritik 4, pp. 105–30.
Carnap, R. (1926) Physikalische Begriffsbildung (Karlsruhe: Braun).
Carnap, R. (1927) ‘Eigentliche und uneigentliche Begriffe’, Symposion 1, pp. 355–74.
Carnap, R. ([Box 4, CM 13, item 5 ‘Welchen Sinn hat die Wahrscheinlichkeitsaussage über ein künftiges Ereignis? [zu. S. 26]’ (typed table), 20 November [1928]. This table appears to have been enclosed in a letter to Kaila of 28 January 1929.) Der logische Aufbau der Welt (Berlin: Weltkreis).
Carnap, R. (1928b) Scheinprobleme in der Philosophie (Berlin: Weltkreis).
Carnap, R. (1929) Abriß der Logistik, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Relationstheorie und ihrer Anwendungen (Vienna: Springer).
Carnap, R. ([Box 4, CM 13, item 7] ‘Über die Naturgesetze als Operationsvorschriften (Kon-stitutionsregeln) [Gespräch mit Feigl]’, 2 August 1930.) ‘Die alte und die neue Logik’, Erkenntnis 1, pp. 12–26.
Carnap, R. ([Box 4, CM 13, item 1] ‘Plan für Kaila-Aufsatz: Über die Erkenntnis des sog. “Nicht-Gegebenen”’ (shorthand), 2 November 1930; also an outline headed ‘Kaila-Aufsatz’ on a separate sheet dated 29 October 1930.) Review of Kaufmann (1930), Deutsche Literaturzeitung 51, cols. 1674–8.
Carnap, R. ([Box 3, CM 10, loose sheet] ‘Einführung in die wissenschaftliche Philosophie: [alter] Plan’ (shorthand), 18 November 1930.) ‘Bericht über Untersuchungen zur allgemeinen Axiomatik’, Erkenntnis 1, pp. 303–7.
Carnap, R. (1930d) Review of Kaila (1930), Erkenntnis 2, pp. 75–7.
Carnap, R. (1931) ‘Die logizistische Grundlegung der Mathematik’, Erkenntnis 2, pp. 91–105.
Carnap, R. (1932a) ‘Überwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache’, Erkenntnis 2, pp. 219–41.
Carnap, R. (1932b) ‘Die physikalische Sprache als Universalsprache der Wissenschaft’, Erkenntnis 2, pp. 432–65, trans. M. Black as Unity of Science (London: Routledge, 1934).
Carnap, R. (1932c) ‘Psychologie in physikalischer Sprache’, Erkenntnis 3, pp. 107–42.
Carnap, R. (1932d) ‘Erwiderung auf die vorstehenden Aufsätze von E. Zilsel und K. Duncker’, Erkenntnis 3, pp. 177–88.
Carnap, R. (1932e) ‘Über Protokollsätze’, Erkenntnis 3, pp. 215–28; trans. R. Creath and R. Nollan as ‘On Protocol Sentences’, Nous 21 (1987), pp. 457–70.
Carnap, R. (1934a) Logische Syntax der Sprache (Vienna: Springer), trans. Amethe Smeaton as The Logical Syntax of Language (London: Routledge, 1937).
Carnap, R. (1934b) ‘Theoretische Fragen und praktische Entscheidungen’, Natur und Geist 2, pp. 257–60.
Carnap, R. (1934c) Die Aufgabe der Wissenschaftslogik (Vienna: Gerold), trans. H. Kaal as ‘The Task of the Logic of Science’, in McGuinness, B., ed., Unified Science: The Vienna Circle Monograph Series (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1987), pp. 46–66.
Carnap, R. (1934d) ‘On the Character of Philosophical Problems’, Philosophy of Science 1, pp. 5–19; German original ‘Über den Charakter philosophischer Probleme’ published in Carnap, R., Scheinprobleme in der Philosophie und andere metaphysikkritische Schriften, ed. Mormann, T. (Hamburg: Meiner, 2004), pp. 111–27.
Carnap, R. (1935a) Philosophy and Logical Syntax (London: Routledge).
Carnap, R. (1935b) Review of Popper (1935), Erkenntnis 5, pp. 290–4.
Carnap, R. (1936) ‘Wahrheit und Bewährung’, in Actes du Congrès international de philosophie scientifique, Sorbonne, Paris 1935, fasc. 4. Unité de la science (Paris: Hermann), pp. 18–23.
Carnap, R. (1936–7) ‘Testability and Meaning’, Philosophy of Science 3, pp. 419–71 and 4, pp. 1–40.
Carnap, R. (1939) Foundations of Logic and Mathematics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Carnap, R. (1942) Introduction to Semantics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Carnap, R. (1945) ‘The Two Concepts of Probability’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 5, pp. 513–32.
Carnap, R. (1950a) ‘Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology’, repr. in his Meaning and Necessity, 2nd edn (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), pp. 205–21.
Carnap, R. (1950b) Logical Foundations of Probability (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Carnap, R. (1955) ‘On Some Concepts of Pragmatics’, Philosophical Studies 6 (1955), pp. 89–91, repr. in Meaning and Necessity, 2nd edn (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), pp. 249–51.
Carnap, R. (1956) ‘The Methodological Character of Theoretical Concepts’, in Feigl, H. and Scriven, M., eds., The Foundations of Science and the Concepts of Psychology and Psychoanalysis (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press), pp. 38–76.
Carnap, R. (1961) ‘Vorwort zur Zweiten Auflage’, in Carnap (1928), 2nd edn (Hamburg: Meiner), pp. X–XV.
Carnap, R. (1963) ‘Carnap's Intellectual Autobiography’ and ‘The Philosopher Replies’, in Schilpp (1963), pp. 3–84, 859–1013.
Carnap, R. (1966) Philosophical Foundations of Physics: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science (New York: Basic Books).
Carnap, R. (1968) ‘Inductive Logic and Inductive Intuition’, in Lakatos, I., ed., The Problem of Inductive Logic (Amsterdam: North Holland).
Carnap, R. (2000) Untersuchungen zur allgemeinen Axiomatik, ed. Bonk, T. and Mosterin, J. (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft).
Cartwright, N. (2004) ‘Causation: One Word, Many Things’, Philosophy of Science 71, pp. 805–19.
Cartwright, N., Cat, J., Fleck, L., and Uebel, T. E. (1996) Otto Neurath: Philosophy between Science and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Carus, A. W. (1999) ‘Carnap, Syntax, and Truth’, in Peregrin, J., ed., Truth and its Nature (If Any) (Dordrecht: Kluwer), pp. 15–35.
Carus, A. W. (2001) ‘The Philosopher without Qualities’, review article of T. Mormann (1999) and R. Carnap (2000), in Heidelberger, M. and Stadler, F., eds., History of Philosophy and Science (Dordrecht: Kluwer), pp. 369–77.
Carus, A. W. (2002) ‘Moral Expertise’, in Smith, B., ed., Liberal Education in a Knowledge Society (Chicago and LaSalle, IL: Open Court), pp. 175–222.
Carus, A. W. (2004) ‘Sellars, Carnap, and the Logical Space of Reasons’, in Awodey and Klein (2004), pp. 313–52.
Carus, A. W. (forthcoming) ‘On Carnap's Logic of Normative Statements’.
Carus, A. W. and Ogilvie, S. C. (forthcoming) ‘Turning Qualitative into Quantitative Evidence: A Well-Used Method Made Explicit’, Economic History Review (longer version available online as Cambridge Working Paper in Economics 0512, Faculty of Economics and Politics, University of Cambridge).
Cassirer, E. (1907) ‘Kant und die moderne Mathematik’, Kant-Studien 12, pp. 1–49.
Cassirer, E. (1910) Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff: Untersuchungen über die Grundfragen der Erkenntniskritik (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1994), trans. W. C. and M. C. Swabey as Substance and Function and Einstein's Theory of Relativity (LaSalle, IL: Open Court, 1923).
Cassirer, E. (1912) ‘Hermann Cohen und die Erneuerung der Kantischen Philosophie’, Kant-Studien 17, pp. 252–73.
Cassirer, E. (1922) Das Erkenntnisproblem in der Philosophie und Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit, vol. 2, 3rd edn (repr. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft 1994).
Cassirer, E. (1927) ‘Erkenntnistheorie nebst den Grenzfragen der Logik und Denkpsychologie’, repr. in Cassirer, E., Erkenntnis, Begriff, Kultur (Hamburg: Meiner, 1993) pp. 77–154.
Cassirer, E. (1929) ‘Formen und Formwandlungen des philosophischen Wahrheitsbegriffs’, inaugural lecture at the University of Hamburg on 7 November 1929, repr. in Cassirer, E., Geist und Leben: Schriften zu den Lebensordnungen von Natur und Kunst, Geschichte und Sprache (Leipzig: Reclam, 1993) pp. 193–217.
Ceynowa, K. (1993) Zwischen Pragmatismus und Fiktionalismus: Hans Vaihingers ‘Philosophie des Als Ob’ (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann).
Coffa, A. (1991) The Semantic Tradition from Kant to Carnap: To the Vienna Station (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Cohen, H. (1871) Kants Theorie der Erfahrung (Berlin: Dümmler).
Cohen, H. (1885) Kants Theorie der Erfahrung, 2nd edn (Berlin: Dümmler).
Coleman, D. C. (1977) The Economy of England, 1450–1750 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Comte, A. (1822) Plan des travaux scientifiques nécessaires pour réorganiser la société, trans. ed. Ostwald, W. as Entwurf der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten, welche für eine Reorganisation der Gesellschaft erforderlich sind (Leipzig: Unesma, 1914).
Creath, R. (1996) ‘The Unity of Science: Carnap, Neurath, and Beyond’, in Galison and Stump (1996).
Dahms, H.-J. (1994) Positivismusstreit: Die Auseinandersetzungen der Frankfurter Schule mit dem logischen Positivismus, dem amerikanischen Pragmatismus und dem kritischen Realismus (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp).
Dahms, H.-J. (2004) ‘Neue Sachlichkeit in the Architecture and Philosophy of the 1920s’, in Awodey and Klein (2004), pp. 353–72.
Danto, A. (1995) ‘The Decline and Fall of the Analytical Philosophy of History’, in Ankersmit, F. A. and Kellner, H., eds., A New Philosophy of History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp. 71–85.
Dedekind, R. (1887) Was sind und was sollen die Zahlen? (Braunschweig: Vieweg).
Deltete, R. (1999) ‘Helm and Boltzmann: Energetics at the Lübeck Naturforscherversammlung’, Synthese 119, pp. 45–68.
Denker, A., ed. (2002) M. Heidegger and Rickert, H., Briefe 1912–1933 and andere Dokumente (Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann).
Dingler, H. (1919) Die Grundlagen der Physik: Synthetische Prinzipien der mathematischen Naturphilosophie (Berlin and Leipzig: Vereinigung wissenschaftlicher Verleger).
DiSalle, R. (1992) ‘Helmholtz's Empiricist Philosophy of Mathematics: Between Laws of Perception and Laws of Nature’, in Cahan, D., ed., Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press), pp. 461–97.
DiSalle, R. (2006) Understanding Space-Time: The Philosophical Development of Physics from Newton to Einstein (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Dörpfeld, F. W. (1963) Ausgewählte pädagogische Schriften, ed. Albert, Reble (Paderborn: Schöningh).
Dray, W. (2000) ‘Explanation in History’, in Fetzer, J. H., ed., Science, Explanation, and Rationality: The Philosophy of C. G. Hempel (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 217–42.
Driesch, H. (1913) Die Logik als Aufgabe (Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck).
Dubois-Reymond, E. (1872) ‘Über die Grenzen des Naturerkennens’, repr. in Reden von Emil Dubois-Reymond, 2nd edn (Leipzig: Veit, 1912), vol. 1, pp. 441–72.
Dubois-Reymond, E. (1880) ‘Die sieben Welträtsel’, repr. in Reden von Emil Dubois-Reymond, 2nd edn (Leipzig: Veit, 1912), vol. 2, pp. 65–98.
Dummett, M. (1963) ‘Realism’, repr. in Truth and other Enigmas (London: Duckworth, 1978), pp. 145–65.
Dummett, M. (1973) ‘The Significance of Quine's Indeterminacy Thesis’, repr. in Truth and other Enigmas (London: Duckworth, 1978), pp. 375–416.
Dummett, M. (1981) Frege: Philosophy of Language, 2nd edn (London: Duckworth).
Dummett, M. (1991) Frege: Philosophy of Mathematics (London: Duckworth).
Dummett, M. (1993) ‘Realism and Anti-Realism’, in The Seas of Language (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 462–78.
Dupré, J. (1993) The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Earman, J. (1992) ‘Carnap, Kuhn, and the Philosophy of Scientific Methodology’, in Horwich, P., ed., World Changes: Thomas Kuhn and the Nature of Science (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 9–36.
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Einstein, A. (1916) ‘Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie’, Annalen der Physik 49, pp. 769–822.
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Eisler, R. (1910) Geschichte des Monismus (Leipzig: Kröner).
Elias, N. (1939) Über den Prozess der Zivilisation: Soziogenetische und phylogenetische Untersuchungen (repr. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1997).
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Feigl, H. (1943) ‘Logical Empiricism’, in Runes, D. D., ed., Twentieth-Century Philosophy (New York: Philosophical Library), repr. in Feigl, H. and Sellars, W., eds., Readings in Philosophical Analysis (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1949), pp. 3–26.
Feigl, H. (1963) ‘Physicalism, Unity of Science, and the Foundations of Psychology’, in Schilpp (1963), pp. 227–68.
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Frege, G. (1881) ‘Booles rechnende Logik und die Begriffsschrift’, in G. Frege, Nachgelassene Schriften, ed. Hermes, H., Kambartel, F., and Kaulbach, F. (Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1969).
Frege, G. (1882) ‘Über die wissenschaftliche Berechtigung einer Begriffsschrift’, Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik 81, repr. in Frege, G., Begriffsschrift und andere Aufsätze (Hildesheim: Olms, 1964).
Frege, G. (1884) Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik: Eine logisch-mathematische Untersuchung über den Begriff der Zahl, repr. 1986 (Hamburg: Meiner), pp. 9–52.
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Friedman, M. (2002) ‘Geometry as a Branch of Physics: Background and Context for Einstein's “Geometry and Experience”’, in Malament, D., ed., Reading Natural Philosophy: Essays in the History and Philosophy of Science and Mathematics (LaSalle, IL: Open Court), pp. 193–229.
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Galilei, G. (1644) The Assayer, in Drake, S., ed., Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo (New York: Doubleday, 1957).
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