Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Behind the Model
  • Cited by 8
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
December 2015
Print publication year:
2015
Online ISBN:
9781107706941
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107706941
Subjects:
Economics, Research Methods in Politics, Economic Thought, Philosophy and Methodology, Research Methods in Sociology and Criminology, Research Methods In Sociology and Criminology, Philosophy of Social Science, Philosophy, Research Methods In Politics
Series:
Strategies for Social Inquiry
Information

Book description

This ambitious book looks 'behind the model' to reveal how economists use formal models to generate insights into the economy. Drawing on recent work in the philosophy of science and economic methodology, the book presents a novel framework for understanding the logic of economic modeling. It also reveals the ways in which economic models can mislead rather than illuminate. Importantly, the book goes beyond purely negative critique, proposing a concrete program of methodological reform to better equip economists to detect potential mismatches between their models and the targets of their inquiry. Ranging across economics, philosophy, and social science methods, and drawing on a variety of examples, including the recent financial crisis, Behind the Model will be of interest to anyone who has wondered how economics works - and why it sometimes fails so spectacularly.

Reviews

'The 2007–9 global financial crisis and Great Recession demonstrated that the most prestigious economic models were incapable of recognizing, much less preventing, the debacle. How could this be possible? Peter Spiegler’s critique of mainstream mathematical modeling methodology delivers a compelling explanation. More important still, Spiegler advances alternative theoretical and empirical methodologies that are capable of reframing economics as a viable scientific endeavor. Behind the Model is a deeply insightful work that should force all open-minded economists to rethink their most basic presuppositions and practices.'

Robert Pollin - Distinguished Professor of Economics and Co-Director, Political Economy Research Institute (PERI), University of Massachusetts, Amherst

'This book takes us quickly beyond all the standard criticisms of the use of mathematical formalism in economics to broader questions of how mathematical and verbal argumentation connect to our understanding of the real world. Behind the Model is the most sophisticated discussion of the role of mathematical formalism in economics in decades, and its influence will be long lasting.'

William Milberg - Dean and Professor of Economics, The New School for Social Research

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

Contents

Contents
References
References
Acemoglu, Daron 2005 Google Scholar. “Understanding institutions,” presentation slides, Lionel Robbins Lectures, http://econ-www.mit.edu/faculty/acemoglu/selected, accessed September 19, 2008.
Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge, UK; New York Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press.
Aiyagari, S. Rao 1994. “On the contribution of technology shocks to business cycles,” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review 18 Google Scholar(3): 22–34.
Akerlof, George A. 1982. “Labor contracts as partial gift exchange,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 97 CrossRef | Google Scholar(4): 543–69.
Akerlof, George A. 2011 Google Scholar. “Rising to the challenge: equity, adjustment and balance in the world economy,” Panel discussion, Institute for New Economic Thinking Conference, Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, April 10.
Akerlof, George A. and Shiller, Robert J. 2009. Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism. Princeton, NJ Google Scholar: Princeton University Press.
Allied Social Sciences Association 2009 Google Scholar. ‘Panel discussion: recent financial crisis’, ASSA Annual Meeting, January 3, www.aeaweb.org/webcasts/2009/Recent_Financial_Crisis_Jan_3_2009/Player.php.
Allied Social Sciences Association 2010 Google Scholar. “Panel discussion: how should the financial crisis change how we teach economics?” ASSA Annual Meeting, January 3, Part 1, www.aeaweb.org/webcasts/2010/fin_crisis_1/. Part 2, www.aeaweb.org/webcasts/2010/fin_crisis_2/.
Almond, Gabriel A. and Verba, Sidney 1963. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton, NJ CrossRef | Google Scholar: Princeton University Press.
Ashraf, Nava, Berry, James, and Shapiro, Jesse M. 2010. “Can higher prices stimulate product use? Evidence from a field experiment in Zambia,” American Economic Review 100 CrossRef | Google Scholar(5): 2383–413.
Audi, Robert J. (ed.) 1999. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge, UK; New York Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press.
Bailer-Jones, Daniela M. 1999. “Tracing the development of models in the philosophy of science,” in Magnani, Lorenzo, Nersessian, Nancy, and Thagard, Paul (eds.) Model-Based Reasoning in Scientific Discovery. Dordrecht Google Scholar: Kluwer, pp. 23–40.
Bailer-Jones, Daniela M. 2002. “Models, metaphors and analogies,” in Machamer, Peter and Silberstein, Michael, eds., The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Science. Oxford, UK; Malden, MA Google Scholar: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 108–27.
Bailer-Jones, Daniela M. 2003. “When scientific models represent,” International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 17 CrossRef | Google Scholar(1): 59–74.
Bajaj, Vikas 2006 Google Scholar. “Mortgages grow riskier, and investors are attracted,” New York Times, September 9, www.nytimes.com/2006/09/06/business/06place.html, accessed November 10, 2014.
Barro, Robert J. 1974. “Are government bonds net wealth?” Journal of Political Economy 82 CrossRef | Google Scholar(6): 1095–117.
Barro, Robert J. 1997. Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study. Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: MIT Press.
Barro, Robert J. 2009. “Voodoo multipliers,” Economists' Voice 6 Google Scholar(2), article 5.
Barthes, Roland 1982. “Introduction to the structural analysis of narratives,” in Sontag, S. (ed.) A Roland Barthes Reader. London Google Scholar: Vintage, pp. 251–95.
Baumol, William J. 1986. “Productivity growth, convergence, and welfare: what the long-run data show,” American Economic Review 76 Google Scholar(5): 1072–85.
Beales, Richard and Tett, Gillian 2005. “How rating agencies navigate the lucrative waters of structured finance,” Financial Times Google Scholar, London edn, July 28, p. 23.
Bernanke, Ben S. 2004 Google Scholar. “The great moderation,” remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke at the meetings of the Eastern Economic Association, Washington, DC, February 24, www.federalreserve.gov/Boarddocs/Speeches/2004/20040220/, accessed July 1, 2012.
Bernanke, Ben S. 2010 Google Scholar. “Implications of the financial crisis for economics,” remarks at the conference co-sponsored by the Center for Economic Policy Studies and the Bendheim Center for Finance, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, September 24, 2010, www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20100924a.htm, accessed July 1, 2012.
Besley, Tim and Hennessy, Peter 2009. “The global financial crisis – why didn't anybody notice?” British Academy Review 14 Google Scholar: 8–10.
Besley, Tim and Hennessy, Peter 2010. “Financial and economic horizon-scanning,” British Academy Review 15 Google Scholar: 12–14.
Bewley, Truman F. 1999. Why Wages Don't Fall During a Recession. Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Harvard University Press.
Black, Max 1962. Models and Metaphors. Ithaca, NY Google Scholar: Cornell University Press.
Black, Max 1993. “More about metaphor,” in Ortony, Andrew (ed.) Metaphor and Thought, nd edn. Cambridge, UK; New York Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press, pp. 19–41.
Black, R.D. Collison, Coats, A.W., and Goodwin, Craufurd D.W. (eds.) 1973. The Marginal Revolution in Economics: Interpretation and Evaluation. Durham, NC Google Scholar: Duke University Press.
Blanchard, Olivier J. 2008 CrossRef | Google Scholar. “The state of macro,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 14259.
Blinder, Alan S., Canetti, Elie R.D., Lebow, David E., and Rudd, Jeremy D. 1998. Asking about Prices: A New Approach to Understanding Price Stickiness. New York Google Scholar: Russell Sage Foundation.
Blomberg, Brock and Harrington, Joseph E. Jr. 2000. “A theory of rigid extremists and flexible moderates with an application to the US Congress,” American Economic Review 90 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 605–20.
Botticini, Maristella and Siow, Aloysius 2003. “Why dowries?” American Economic Review 93 CrossRef | Google Scholar(4): 1385–98.
Boumans, Marcel 1999. “Built-in justification,” in Morgan, Mary S. and Morrison, Margaret (eds.) Models as Mediators: Perspectives on Natural and Social Science. Cambridge, UK; New York Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–96.
Boumans, Marcel 2005. How Economists Model the World into Numbers. London CrossRef | Google Scholar: Routledge.
Burtless, Gary 1995. “The case for randomized field trials in economic and policy research,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 63–84.
Burton, Peter, Phipps, Shelley, and Curtis, Lori 2002. “All in the family: a simultaneous model of parenting style and child conduct,” American Economic Review 92 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 368–72.
Buiter, Willem 2009 Google Scholar. “The unfortunate uselessness of most ‘state of the art' academic monetary economics,” http://voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/3210, accessed February 28, 2014.
Caballero, Ricardo J. 2010. “Macroeconomics after the crisis: time to deal with the pretense-of-knowledge syndrome,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 24 CrossRef | Google Scholar(4): 85–102.
Cappelli, Peter and Chauvin, Keith 1991. “An interplant test of the efficiency wage hypothesis,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 106 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 769–87.
Case, Karl E. and Shiller, Robert J. 2003. “Is there a bubble in the housing market?” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (2 Google Scholar): 299–342.
Cassidy, John 2010 Google Scholara. “Interview with Eugene Fama,” The New Yorker, January 13, www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/johncassidy/2010/01/interview-with-eugene-fama.html, accessed September 6, 2011.
Cassidy, John 2010 Google Scholarb. “Interview with John Cochrane,” The New Yorker, January 13, www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/johncassidy/2010/01/interview-with-john-cochrane.html, accessed September 6, 2011.
Cavendish, Henry 1798. “Experiments to determine the density of the Earth,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 88 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 469–526.
Chang, Ha-Joon 2006 Google Scholar. “Understanding the relationship between institutions and economic development: Some key theoretical issues,” UNU-WIDER Research Paper, World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Chari, V.V. 2010. Testimony before the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, US House of Representatives, Building a Science of Economics for the Real World: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Investigation and Oversight, Committee on Science and Technology, US House of Representatives, 111th Congress, Second Session, July 20, Washington, DC Google Scholar: Government Printing Office, pp. 32–7.
Chari, V.V. and Kehoe, Patrick J. 2006. “Modern macroeconomics in practice: how theory is shaping policy,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 CrossRef | Google Scholar(4): 3–28.
Cochrane, John H. 2009 Google Scholar. “Fiscal stimulus, fiscal inflation, or fiscal fallacies?” http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/john.cochrane/research/papers/fiscal2.ht, accessed June 24, 2012.
Cochrane, John H. 2011. “Why did Paul Krugman get it so wrong?” Economic Affairs 31 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 36–40.
Coddington, Alan 1975. “The rationale of general equilibrium theory,” Economic Inquiry 13 CrossRef | Google Scholar(4): 539–58.
Cogan, John F., Cwik, Tobias, Taylor, John B., and Wieland, Volker 2009 Google Scholar. “New Keynesian versus Old Keynesian government spending multipliers,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 14782.
Cogan, John F. and Taylor, John B. 2011 Google Scholar. “Stimulus has been a Washington job killer,” Wall Street Journal, October 4, p. A21.
Cogan, John F. and Taylor, John B. 2012. “What the government purchases multiplier actually multiplied in the 2009 stimulus package,” in Ohanion, Lee. E., Taylor, John B., and Wright, Ian J. (eds.) Government Policies and the Delayed Economic Recovery. Stanford, CA Google Scholar: Hoover Institution Press.
Cohen, Jessica and Dupas, Pascaline 2010. “Free distribution or cost-sharing? Evidence from a randomized malaria prevention experiment,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 125 CrossRef | Google Scholar(1): 1–45.
Colander, David 2005a. “The future of economics: the appropriately educated person in pursuit of the knowable,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 29 CrossRef | Google Scholar(6): 927–41.
Colander, David 2005b. “The making of an economist redux,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 CrossRef | Google Scholar(1): 175–98.
Colander, David 2009. Testimony before the Committee on Science and Technology, US House of Representatives, The Risks of Financial Modeling: VaR and the Economic Meltdown, September 10. Washington, DC Google Scholar: Government Printing Office, pp. 127–41.
Colander, David 2010. Testimony before the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, US House of Representatives, Building a Science of Economics for the Real World: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Investigation and Oversight, Committee on Science and Technology, US House of Representatives, 111th Congress, Second Session, July 20, Washington, DC Google Scholar: Government Printing Office, pp. 39–45.
Colander, David, Goldberg, Michael, Haas, Armin, Juselius, Katarina, Kirman, Alan, Lux, Thomas, and Sloth, Birgitte 2009. “The financial crisis and the systemic failure of the economics profession,” Critical Review 21 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2–3): 249–67.
Colander, David, Holt, Richard, and Rosser, Barkley 2004. “The changing face of mainstream economics,” Review of Political Economy 16 CrossRef | Google Scholar(4): 485–99.
Colander, David, Howitt, Peter, Kirman, Alan, Leijonhufvud, Axel, and Mehrling, Perry 2008. “Beyond DSGE models: toward an empirically based macroeconomics,” American Economic Review 98 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 236–40.
Commons, John R. 1924. Legal Foundations of Capitalism. New York Google Scholar: Macmillan.
Commons, John R. 1934. Institutional Economics: Its Place in Political Economy. New York Google Scholar: Macmillan.
Contessa, Gabriele 2007. “Scientific representation, interpretation, and surrogative reasoning,” Philosophy of Science 74 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 48–68.
Courcelle-Seneuil, J.-G. 1858. Traité theoretique et pratique d'économie politique, 2 vols. Paris Google Scholar: Guillaumin.
Darnell, Adrian C. (ed.) 1994. The History of Econometrics, 2 vols. Aldershot, Hants, UK Google Scholar: Edward Elgar.
Davidson, Paul 2009. The Keynes Solution: The Path to Global Economic Prosperity. New York Google Scholar: Palgrave Macmillan.
Davis, Douglas D. and Holt, Charles A. 1993. Experimental Economics. Princeton, NJ Google Scholar: Princeton University Press.
Davis, John B. 2007. “The turn in economics and the turn in economic methodology,” Journal of Economic Methodology 14 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 275–90.
Dell'Ariccia, Giovanni and Marquez, Robert 2006. “Lending booms and lending standards,” The Journal of Finance 61 CrossRef | Google Scholar(5): 2511–46.
DeLong, J. Bradford 1987 Google Scholar. “Have productivity levels converged? Productivity growth, convergence, and welfare in the very long run,” National Bureau of Economics Working Paper #2419. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Dennis, Ken 1982a. “Economic theory and the problem of translation: part one,” Journal of Economic Issues 16 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 691–712.
Dennis, Ken 1982b. “Economic theory and the problem of translation: part two,” Journal of Economic Issues 16 CrossRef | Google Scholar(4): 1039–62.
Dequech, David 2002. “The demarcation between the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ institutional economics: recent complications,” Journal of Economic Issues 36 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 565–72.
DeWalt, Kathleen M. and DeWalt, Billie R. 1998. “Participant observation,” with Wayland, C.B., in Bernard, H. R. (eds.) Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology. Walnut Creek, CA Google Scholar: AltaMira.
Diamond, Douglas W. and Rajan, Raghuram G. 2005. “Liquidity shortages and banking crises,” The Journal of Finance 60 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 615–47.
Dixit, Avinash, Grossman, Gene M., and Gul, Faruk 2000. “The dynamics of political compromise,” Journal of Political Economy 108 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 531–68.
Domar, E. D. 1946. “Capital expansion, rate of growth, and employment,” Econometrica 14 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 137–47.
Duflo, Esther and Banerjee, Abhijit 2011. Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty. New York Google Scholar: PublicAffairs.
Duhem, Pierre 1954. The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, nd edn. trans. Wiener, Philip P.. Princeton, NJ Google Scholar: Princeton University Press.
Dupas, Pascaline 2014. “Short-run subsidies and long-run adoption of new health products: evidence from a field experiment,” Econometrica 82 Google Scholar | PubMed(1): 197–228.
Eatwell, John and Milgate, Murray 2011. The Rise and Fall of Keynesian Economics. New York CrossRef | Google Scholar: Oxford University Press.
Ericsson, Jan and Renault, Olivier 2006. “Liquidity and credit risk,” Journal of Finance 61 CrossRef | Google Scholar(5): 2219–50.
Faccio, Mara, Masulis, Ronald W., and McConnell, John J. 2006. “Political connections and corporate bailouts,” Journal of Finance 61 CrossRef | Google Scholar(6): 2597–635.
Fang, Hanming 2001. “Social culture and economic performance,” American Economic Review 91 CrossRef | Google Scholar(4): 924–37.
Farmer, J. Doyne and Foley, Duncan 2009. “The economy needs agent-based modeling,” Nature 460 CrossRef | Google Scholar(6): 685–6.
Finkelstein, L. 1975. “Fundamental concepts of measurement: definition and scales,” Measurement and Control 8 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 105–10.
Fisher, Irving 1911. The Purchasing Power of Money: Its Determination and Relation to Credit, Interest and Crises. New York Google Scholar: Macmillan.
Friedman, Milton 1953. Essays in Positive Economics. Chicago Google Scholar: University of Chicago Press.
Friedman, Milton 1991. “Old wine in new bottles,” Economic Journal 101 CrossRef | Google Scholar(January): 33–40.
Gadamer, Hans-Georg 1987. “The problem of historical consciousness,” in Rabinow, Paul and Sullivan, William M. (eds.) Interpretive Social Science: A Second Look, Berkeley, CA Google Scholar: University of California Press.
Gadamer, Hans-Georg 1989. Truth and Method. New York Google Scholar: Continuum.
Gallegati, Mauro and Richiardi, Matteo G. 2011. “Agent based models in economics and complexity,” in Myers, Robert A. (ed.), Complex Systems in Finance and Econometrics. Berlin Google Scholar: Springer, pp. 30–53.
Geertz, Clifford 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, New York Google Scholar: Basic Books.
Gibbard, Allan and Varian, Hal R. 1978. “Economic models,” Journal of Philosophy 75 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 664–77.
Giere, Ronald N. 1979. Understanding Scientific Reasoning. New York Google Scholar: Holt, Reinhart & Winston.
Giere, Ronald N. 1988. Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach. Chicago CrossRef | Google Scholar: University of Chicago Press.
Giere, Ronald N. 1999. Science Without Laws. Chicago Google Scholar: University of Chicago Press.
Giere, Ronald N. 2004. “How models are used to represent reality,” Philosophy of Science 71 CrossRef | Google Scholar(December): 742–52.
Gintis, Herbert 2006. “The evolution of private property,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 64 Google Scholar(1): 1–16.
Glaeser, Edward L., Gyourko, Joseph, and Saks, Raven E. 2005. “Why have housing prices gone up?” American Economic Review 95 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 329–33.
Glaeser, Edward L. and Shleifer, Andrei 2003. “The rise of the regulatory state,” Journal of Economic Literature 41 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 401–25.
Godfrey-Smith, Peter 2006. “The strategy of model-based science,” Biology and Philosophy 21 Google Scholar: 725–40.
Goodman, Allen C. and Thibodeau, Thomas G. 2008. “Where are the speculative bubbles in US housing markets?” Journal of Housing Economics 17 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 117–37.
Gorton, Gary and Huang, Lixin 2004. “Liquidity, efficiency, and bank bailouts,” American Economic Review 94 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 455–83.
Groenewegen, John, Kerstholt, Frans and Nagalkerke, Ad 1995. “On integrating new and old institutionalism: Douglass North building bridges,” Journal of Economic Issues 29 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 467–76.
Grossman, Gene M. 1986. “Strategic export promotion: a critique,” in Krugman, Paul R. (ed.), Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economics. Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: MIT Press, pp. 47–68.
Guala, Francesco 2005. The Methodology of Experimental Economics. Cambridge, UK; New York CrossRef | Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press.
Guiso, Luigi, Sapienza, Paola, and Zingales, Luigi 2006. “Does culture affect economic outcomes?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 23–48.
Haavelmo, Trygve 1944. “The probability approach in econometrics,” Econometrica 12 CrossRef | Google Scholar(supplement): iii–vi, 1–115.
Hacking, Ian 1983. Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science. Cambridge, UK; New York CrossRef | Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press.
Hahn, F.H. 1970. “Some adjustment problems,” Econometrica 38 CrossRef | Google Scholar(1): 1–17.
Hands, D. Wade 2001. Reflection Without Rules: Economic Methodology and Contemporary Science Theory. New York and Cambridge, UK CrossRef | Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press.
Hanssen, F. Andrew 2004. “Is there a politically optimal level of judicial independence?” American Economic Review 94 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 712–29.
Harrod, R.F. 1939. “An essay in dynamic theory,” Economic Journal 49 CrossRef | Google Scholar(193): 14–33.
Hausman, Daniel 1984. “Why look under the hood?” in Hausman, Daniel (ed.), The Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology. New York Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press.
Hausman, Daniel 1992. The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics. Cambridge, UK; New York CrossRef | Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press.
Hausman, Daniel (ed.), 1984. The Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology. New York Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press.
Heckman, James J. and Smith, Jeffrey A. 1995. “Assessing the case for social experiments,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 85–110.
Heidelberger, Michael 1993. “Fechner's impact for measurement theory,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 146–8.
Henderson, H.D. 1938. “The significance of the rate of interest,” Oxford Economic Papers 1 Google Scholar: 1–13.
Herfel, William E., Krajewski, Wladyslaw, Niiniluoto, Ilkka, and Wójcicki, Ryszard (eds.) 1995. Theories and Models in Scientific Processes, Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and Humanities 44. Amsterdam Google Scholar: Rodopi.
Hess, Gregory D. and Orphanides, Athanasios 2001. “War and democracy,” Journal of Political Economy 109 CrossRef | Google Scholar(4): 776–810.
Hesse, Mary B. 1963. Models and Analogies in Science. London Google Scholar: Sheed & Ward.
Hesse, Mary B. 1966. Models and Analogies in Science. Notre Dame, IN Google Scholar: University of Notre Dame Press.
Himmelberg, Charles, Mayer, Christopher, and Sinai, Todd 2005. “Assessing high house prices: bubbles, fundamentals and misperceptions,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 CrossRef | Google Scholar(4): 67–92.
Hirschman, Albert O. 1970. Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Response to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Harvard University Press.
Hodgson, Geoffrey 1988. Economics and Institutions. London Google Scholar: Polity Press.
Hodgson, Geoffrey 1999 Google Scholar. “Structures and institutions: reflection on institutionalism, structuration theory, and critical realism,” presented at European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy conference, Prague.
Hodgson, Geoffrey 2007. “Evolutionary and institutional economics as the new mainstream?” Evolutionary Institutional Economics Review 4 CrossRef | Google Scholar(1): 7–25.
Hodgson, Geoffrey 2008. “After 1929 economics changed: will economists wake up in 2009?” Real-World Economics Review 48 Google Scholar: 273–8.
Hodgson, Geoffrey 2009. “The great crash of 2008 and the reform of economics,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 33 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 1205–21.
Holmes, Douglas R. 2013. Economy of Words: Communicative Imperatives in Central Banks. Chicago CrossRef | Google Scholar: University of Chicago Press.
Hoover, Kevin D. 2001. Causality in Macroeconomics. New York CrossRef | Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press.
Hoover, Kevin D. 2005 Google Scholar. “The methodology of econometrics,” available at http://public.econ.duke.edu/~kdh9/Source Materials/Research/econometric_methodology_plus_abstract.pdf, accessed August 1, 2014.
Hughes, R.I.G. 1997. “Models and representation,” Philosophy of Science 64 CrossRef | Google Scholar (Supplement. Proceedings of the 1996 Biennial Meetings of the Philosophy of Science Association, Part II): S325–S336.
Hutchison, T.W. 1938. The Significance and Basic Postulates of Economic Theory. London Google Scholar: Macmillan.
Iacoviello, Matteo 2005. “House prices, borrowing constraints, and monetary policy in the business cycle,” American Economic Review 95 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 739–64.
Ireland, Peter N. 2004. “A method for taking models to the data,” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 28 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 1205–26.
Jevons, W. S. 1958. The Principles of Science: A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method, nd edn. Intr. by Nagel, Ernest. New York Google Scholar: Dover Publications.
Jevons, W. S. 1965. The Theory of Political Economy, th edn. reprint of the 1957 edition. New York Google Scholar: Augustus M. Kelley.
Johnson, Simon and Kwak, James 2010. 13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown. New York Google Scholar: Pantheon.
Juselius, Katarina and Franchi, Massimo 2007. “Taking a DSGE model to the data meaningfully,” Economics 1 Google Scholar, 2007(4), available at http://dx.doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2007-4, accessed August 1, 2014.
Kehoe, Timothy J. and Levine, David K. 2001. “Liquidity constrained markets versus debt constrained markets,” Econometrica 69 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 575–98.
Keynes, J. M. 1936. The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. London Google Scholar: Macmillan.
Kiyotaki, Nobuhiro and Moore, John 1997. “Credit cycles,” Journal of Political Economy 105 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 211–48.
Krishnan, C.N.V., Ritchken, P.H., and Thomson, J.B. 2005. “Monitoring and controlling bank risk: does risky debt help?” Journal of Finance 40 Google Scholar(1): 343–78.
Krugman, Paul 2009 Google Scholar. “How did economists get it so wrong?” New York Times Magazine, September 2, www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/magazine/06Economic-t.html, accessed August 31, 2014.
Krusell, Per and Smith, Anthony A. Jr. 1998. “Income and wealth heterogeneity in the macroeconomy,” Journal of Political Economy 106 CrossRef | Google Scholar(5): 867–96.
Krusell, Per and Smith, Anthony A. Jr. 2006. “Quantitative macroeconomic models with heterogeneous agents,” in Blundell, R., Newey, W., and Persson, T. (eds.) Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Theory and Applications. Econometric Society Monographs 41. Cambridge Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press, pp. 298–340.
Kuhn, Thomas S. 1996. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, rd edn. Chicago CrossRef | Google Scholar: University of Chicago Press.
Kydland, Finn E. and Prescott, Edward C. 1982. “Time to build and aggregate fluctuations,” Econometrica 50 CrossRef | Google Scholar(6): 1345–70.
Lakatos, Imre 1978. The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. Cambridge, UK CrossRef | Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press.
Langlois, Richard N. 2003. “The vanishing hand: the changing dynamics of industrial capitalism,” Industrial and Corporate Change 12 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 351–85.
Lawson, Tony 1997. Economics and Reality. London; New York CrossRef | Google Scholar: Routledge.
Lawson, Tony 2003. Reorienting Economics. London; New York Google Scholar: Routledge.
Lawson, Tony 2009. “The current economic crisis: its nature and the course of academic economics,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 33 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 759–77.
Layard, Richard and Nickell, Stephen 1986. “Unemployment in Britain,” Economica 53 CrossRef | Google Scholar(210 Supplemental Issue on Unemployment): S121-S169.
LeBaron, Blake and Tesfatsion, Leigh 2008. “Modeling macroeconomies as open-ended dynamic systems of interacting agents,” American Economic Review 98 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 246–50.
Leijonhufvud, Axel 2009. “Out of the corridor: Keynes and the crisis,” Cambridge Journal of Economics 33 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 741–57.
Leontief, Wassily 1971. “Theoretical assumptions and nonobserved facts,” American Economic Review 61 Google Scholar(1): 1–7.
Lépinay, Vincent A. 2011. Codes of Finance: Engineering Derivatives in a Global Bank. Princeton, NJ Google Scholar: Princeton University Press.
LeRoy, Stephen F. 2004. “Rational exuberance,” Journal of Economic Literature 42 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 783–804.
Levy, Robert I. and Hollan, Douglas W. 1998. “Person-centered interviewing and observation,” in Bernard, H. Russell (ed.) Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology. Walnut Creek, CA Google Scholar: AltaMira.
Lucas, Robert E. 1972. “Expectations and the neutrality of money,” Journal of Economic Theory 4 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 103–24.
Lucas, Robert E. 2003. “Macroeconomic priorities,” American Economic Review 93 CrossRef | Google Scholar(1): 1–14.
Lycan, William G. 1999. “Philosophy of language,” in Audi, Robert J. (ed.) The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Cambridge, UK; New York Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press, pp. 673–6.
Machamer, Peter and Silberstein, Michael (eds.) 2002. The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Science. Oxford, UK; Malden, MA Google Scholar: Blackwell Publishers.
MacIntyre, Alasdair 1978. “Is a science of comparative politics possible?” in Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy. Notre Dame, IN Google Scholar: University of Notre Dame Press.
Mäki, Uskali 1992. “On the method of isolation in economics,” Idealization IV: Intelligibility in Science: Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities 26 Google Scholar: 37–51.
Mäki, Uskali 1994. “Reorienting the assumptions issue,” in Backhouse, Roger E. (ed.) Economists and the Economy: The Evolution of Economic Ideas, nd edn. New Brunswick, NJ Google Scholar: Transaction Publishers, pp. 236–56.
Mäki, Uskali 2005. “Models are experiments, experiments are models,” Journal of Economic Methodology 12 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 303–15.
Mäki, Uskali 2009a. “MISSing the World: models as isolations and credible surrogate systems,” Erkenntnis 70 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 29–43.
Mäki, Uskali 2009b. “Models and truth,” in EPSA Epistemology and Methodology of Science, Suárez, Mauricio, Dorato, Mauro and Rédei, Miklós, eds. Dordrecht Google Scholar: Springer, pp. 177–87.
Marglin, Stephen A. 1974. “What do bosses do? The origins and functions of hierarchy in capitalist production,” Review of Radical Political Economics 6 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 60–112.
Marglin, Stephen A. 1975. “What do bosses do? Part II,” Review of Radical Political Economics 7 CrossRef | Google Scholar(1): 20–37.
Marglin, Stephen A. and Spiegler, Peter 2014 Google Scholar. “Did the states pocket the Obama stimulus money? Lessons from cross-section regression and interviews with state officials,” Political Economy Research Institute Working Paper #371.
Maskin, Eric and Tirole, Jean 2004. “The politician and the judge: accountability in government,” American Economic Review 94 CrossRef | Google Scholar(4): 1034–54.
McCleary, Rachel M. and Barro, Robert J. 2006. “Religion and economy,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 20 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 49–72.
McCloskey, Deirdre N. 1990. If You're So Smart: The Narrative of Economic Expertise. Chicago Google Scholar: University of Chicago Press.
McCloskey, Donald N. 1983. “The rhetoric of economics,” Journal of Economic Literature 21 Google Scholar(2): 481–517.
Mead, Margaret 1953. Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Cultures. New York Google Scholar: Modern Library.
Meade, J.E. and Andrews, P.W.S. 1938. “Summary of replies to questions on effects of interest rates,” Oxford Economic Papers 1 Google Scholar: 14–31.
Mill, John Stuart 1972. The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XVII, The Later Letters of John Stuart Mill 1849–1873, Part IV. Mineka, Francis E. and Lindley, Dwight N. (eds.) Toronto CrossRef | Google Scholar: University of Toronto Press; London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/254#lf0223-17_footnote_nt_1141_ref, accessed April 2, 2015.
Mill, John Stuart 1974. A System of Logic Ratiocinative and Inductive: Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence and the Methods of Scientific Investigation. Robson, J.M. (ed.). Introduction MacRae, R.F.. Toronto Google Scholar: University of Toronto Press.
Mirowski, Philip 2013. Never Let a Good Crisis Go to Waste: How Neoliberalism Survived the Financial Meltdown. New York Google Scholar: Verso.
Moore, Jr., Barrington 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston, MA Google Scholar: Beacon Press.
Morgan, Mary S. 1990. The History of Econometric Ideas. Cambridge, UK CrossRef | Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press.
Morgan, Mary S. 1997. “The technology of analogical models: Irving Fisher's monetary worlds,” Philosophy of Science 64 CrossRef | Google Scholar (Supplement. Proceedings of the 1996 Biennial Meetings of the Philosophy of Science Association. Part II: Symposia papers): S304–S314.
Morgan, Mary S. 2001. “Models, stories and the economic world,” Journal of Economic Methodology 8 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 361–84.
Morgan, Mary S. 2008. “Models,” in Durlauf, Steven N. and Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.) The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, nd edn. London Google Scholar: Palgrave Macmillan.
Morgan, Mary S. and Morrison, Margaret (eds.) 1999. Models as Mediators: Perspectives on Natural and Social Science. Cambridge UK; New York CrossRef | Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press.
Morgenson, Gretchen 2007 Google Scholar. “Crisis looms in mortgages,” New York Times, March 11, p. A1.
Morley, James 2010 Google Scholar. “James Morley on the failure of ‘modern’ macroeconomics,” Brad DeLong's Grasping Reality, June 27, http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2010/06/james-morley-on-the-failure-of-modern-macroeconomics.html, accessed September 6, 2011.
Morrison, Alan D. and White, Lucy 2005. “Crises and capital requirements in banking,” American Economic Review 95 CrossRef | Google Scholar(5): 1548–72.
Mulligan, Casey B. 2009. “Is macroeconomics off track?” The Economists’ Voice 6 Google Scholar: Article 6.
Murphy, Kevin M. and Shleifer, Andrei 2004. “Persuasion in politics,” American Economic Review 94 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 435–9.
North, Douglass C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge, UK CrossRef | Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press.
North, Douglass C. 1991. “Institutions,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 CrossRef | Google Scholar(1): 97–112.
Ortalo-Magné, François and Rady, Sven 2006. “Housing market dynamics: on the contribution of income shocks and credit constraints,” Review of Economic Studies 73 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 459–85.
Page, Scott E. 2010. Testimony before the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, US House of Representatives, Building a Science of Economics for the Real World: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Investigation and Oversight, Committee on Science and Technology, US House of Representatives, 111th Congress, Second Session, July 20, Washington, DC Google Scholar: Government Printing Office, pp. 29–32.
Peart, Sandra J. 1995. “‘Disturbing causes,’ ‘noxious errors,’ and the theory-practice distinction in the economics of J.S. Mill and W.S. Jevons,” Canadian Journal of Economics 28 CrossRef | Google Scholar(4b): 1194–211.
Peek, Joe and Wilcox, James A. 2006. “Housing, credit constraints and macro stability: the secondary mortgage market and reduced cyclicality of residential investment,” American Economic Review 96 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 135–40.
Piore, Michael 1979. “Qualitative research techniques in economics,” Administrative Science Quarterly 24 CrossRef | Google Scholar(4): 560–9.
Popper, Karl R. 1968. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London Google Scholar: Hutchinson.
Popper, Karl R. 1969. Conjectures and Refutations. London Google Scholar: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Popper, Karl R. 1994. The Myth of the Framework: In Defence of Science and Rationality. Notturno, M. A. (ed.) London Google Scholar: Routledge.
Quigley, John M. and Raphael, Steven 2005. “Regulation and the high cost of housing in California,” American Economic Review 95 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 323–8.
Quine, W.v.O. 1963. From a Logical Point of View, nd edn. New York Google Scholar: Harper & Row.
Reddy, Sanjay G. 2013. “Randomise this! On poor economics,” Journal of Agrarian Studies 2 Google Scholar(2), www.ras.org.in/randomise_this_on_poor_economics.
Riles, Annelise 2011. Collateral Knowledge: Legal Reasoning in the Global Financial Markets. Chicago CrossRef | Google Scholar: University of Chicago Press.
Rodrik, Dani 1999. “Democracies pay higher wages,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 707–38.
Rodrik, Dani, Subramanian, Arvind, and Trebbi, Francesco 2004. “Institutions rule: the primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development,” Journal of Economic Growth 9 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 131–65.
Samuelson, Paul A. 1947. Foundations of Economic Analysis. Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Harvard University Press.
Sargent, Thomas 2010. “Interview with Thomas Sargent,” The Region Google Scholar, September, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=4526.
Scheinkman, José A. and Xiong, Wei 2003. “Overconfidence and speculative bubbles,” The Journal of Political Economy 111 CrossRef | Google Scholar(6): 1183–219.
Schneider, Martin and Tornell, Aaron 2004. “Balance sheet effects, bailout guarantees and financial crises,” Review of Economic Studies 3 Google Scholar: 883–913.
Sen, Amartya 1999. Development as Freedom. New York Google Scholar: Alfred A. Knopf.
Sethi, Rajiv 1996. “Evolutionary stability and social norms,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 29 CrossRef | Google Scholar(1): 113–40.
Shapiro, Carl and Stiglitz, Joseph E. 1984. “Equilibrium unemployment as a worker discipline device,” American Economic Review 74 Google Scholar(3): 433–44.
Shiller, Robert J. 2007 Google Scholar. “Understanding recent trends in house prices and home ownership,” Proceedings: Housing, Housing Finance and Monetary Policy Symposium, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, www.kansascityfed.org/publicat/sympos/2007/PDF/Shiller_0415.pdf.
Sims, Christopher A. 1980. “Macroeconomics and reality,” Econometrica 48 CrossRef | Google Scholar(1): 1–48.
Sims, Christopher A. 2007. “On the fit of New Keynesian Models: comment,” Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 25 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2): 152–4.
Skidelsky, Robert 2009. Keynes: The Return of the Master. New York Google Scholar: Public Affairs.
Smets, Frank and Wouters, Rafael 2007. “Shocks and frictions in US business cycles: a Bayesian DSGE approach,” American Economic Review 97 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 586–606.
Smith, Margaret Hwang and Smith, Gary 2006. “Bubble, bubble, where's the housing bubble?” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (1 Google Scholar): 1–50.
Smith, Vernon L. 1976. “Experimental economics: induced value theory,” American Economic Review 66 Google Scholar(2): 274–9.
Smith, Vernon L. 1982. “Microeconomic systems as an experimental science,” American Economic Review 72 Google Scholar(5): 923–55.
Smith, Yves 2011. Econned: How Unenlightened Self Interest Undermined Democracy and Corrupted Capitalism. London Google Scholar: Palgrave Macmillan.
Snowdon, Brian and Vane, Howard R. 1999. Conversations with Leading Economists: Interpreting Modern Macroeconomics. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA Google Scholar: Edward Elgar Publishers.
Solow, Robert M. 1956. “A contribution to the theory of economic growth,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 70 CrossRef | Google Scholar(1): 65–94.
Solow, Robert M. 1957. “Technical change and the aggregate production function,” Review of Economics and Statistics 39 Google Scholar(3): 312–20.
Solow, Robert M. 1979. “Another possible source of wage stickiness,” Journal of Macroeconomics 1 CrossRef | Google Scholar(1): 79–82.
Solow, Robert M. 2010. “Testimony before the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, US House of Representatives,” Building a Science of Economics for the Real World: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Investigation and Oversight, Committee on Science and Technology, US House of Representatives, 111th Congress, Second Session, July 20, Washington, DC Google Scholar: Government Printing Office, pp. 12–15.
Spiegler, Peter 2012. “The unbearable lightness of the economics-made-fun genre,” Journal of Economic Methodology 19 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 283–301.
Spiegler, Peter and Milberg, William 2009. “The taming of institutions in economics: The rise and methodology of the new, new institutionalism,” Journal of Institutional Economics 5 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 289–313.
Spiegler, Peter 2013. “Methodenstreit 2013? Historical perspective on the contemporary debate over how to reform economics,” Forum for Social Economics 42 CrossRef | Google Scholar(4): 311–45.
Stevens, S.S. 1959. “Measurement, psychophysics, and utility,” in C. Churchman, West and Ratoosh, Philburn (eds.) Measurements: Definitions and Theories. New York Google Scholar: Wiley.
Stockhammer, Engelbert and Onaran, Ozlem 2012 Google Scholar. “Wage-led growth: theory evidence and policy,” Political Economy Research Institute Working Paper No. 300, www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/working_papers/working_papers_251-300/WP300.pdf.
Suárez, Mauricio 2004. “An inferential conception of scientific representation,” Philosophy of Science 71 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 767–79.
Summers, Lawrence 2011 Google Scholar. “A conversation on new economic thinking with Larry Summers and Martin Wolf,” video recording, Institute for New Economic Thinking Conference, Bretton Woods, NH, April 8, http://ineteconomics.org/video/bretton-woods/larry-summers-and-martin-wolf-new-economic-thinking.
Suppe, Frederick 1989. The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism. Urbana and Chicago, IL Google Scholar: University of Illinois Press.
Suppes, Patrick 1960. “A comparison of the meaning and uses of models in mathematics and the empirical sciences,” in Studies in the Methodology and Foundations of Science: Selected papers from 1951 to 1969. Dordrecht Google Scholar: D. Reidel.
Suppes, Patrick 1962. “Models of data,” in Nagel, Ernest, Suppes, Patrick, and Tarski, Alfred (eds.) Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science: Proceedings of the 1960 International Congress. Stanford, CA Google Scholar: Stanford University Press, pp. 252–61.
Suppes, Patrick 1967. “What is a scientific theory?” in Morgenbesser, Sidney (ed.) Philosophy of Science Today. New York Google Scholar: Basic Books, pp. 55–67.
Swoyer, C. 1981. “Structural representation and surrogative reasoning,” Synthese 87 Google Scholar: 449–508.
Taylor, Charles 1985. “Interpretation and the sciences of man,” in Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Papers 2. Cambridge, UK CrossRef | Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, John B. 2011a. “An empirical analysis of the revival of fiscal activism in the 2000s,” Journal of Economic Literature 49 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 686–702.
Taylor, John B. 2011 Google Scholarb. “The 2009 stimulus package: two years later,” testimony before the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Subcommittee on Regulatory Affairs, Stimulus Oversight and Government Spending, US House of Representatives, February 16, http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/2009-Stimulus-two-years-later.pdf, accessed June 24, 2012.
Taylor, Lance 2010. Maynard's Revenge: The Collapse of Free Market Macroeconomics. Cambridge, MA Google Scholar: Harvard University Press.
Terkel, Studs 1985. Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do. New York Google Scholar: Viking Penguin.
Tett, Gillian 2005a. “Innovative ways to repackage debt and spread risk have brought higher returns but have yet to be tested through a full credit cycle: not everyone believes buyers are fully aware of the potential downside,” Financial Times Google Scholar, London edn, April 19, p. 17.
Tett, Gillian 2005b. “Why more opacity is dangerous for financial markets,” Financial Times Google Scholar, London edn, October 21, p. 19.
Tinbergen, J. 1935. “Suggestions on quantitative business cycle theory,” Econometrica 3 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 241–308.
Tuck, Richard 1979. Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development. Cambridge, UK CrossRef | Google Scholar: Cambridge University Press.
Uhlig, Harald 2010. “Some fiscal calculus,” American Economic Review 100 CrossRef | Google Scholar(2, Papers and Proceedings of the One Hundred Twenty Second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association): 30–4.
US House Committee on Science and Technology 2010 Google Scholar. Building a Science of Economics for the Real World, July 20, www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg57604/pdf/CHRG-111hhrg57604.pdf, accessed August 1, 2014.
US Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs 2011 Google Scholar. Wall Street and the Financial Crisis: Anatomy of a Financial Collapse, www.hsgac.senate.gov//imo/media/doc/Financial_Crisis/FinancialCrisisReport.pdf, accessed August 1, 2014.
Van Fraassen, Bas 2000. The Scientific Image. Oxford Google Scholar: Oxford University Press.
Van Order, Robert 2006. “A model of financial structure and financial fragility,” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 38 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 565–85.
Veblen, Thorstein 1912. The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions. New York Google Scholar: Macmillan.
Veblen, Thorstein 1915. The Theory of Business Enterprise. New York Google Scholar: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Veblen, Thorstein 1919. “Why is economics not an evolutionary science?” in Veblen, Thorstein, The Place of Science in Modern Civilization. New York Google Scholar: Cosimo.
Wadhwani, Sushil B. and Wall, Martin 1989 Google Scholar. “The effects of unions on corporate investment: Evidence from accounts data,” Centre for Labour Economics, London School of Economics, Discussion Paper No. 355.
Wadhwani, Sushil B. and Wall, Martin 1991. “A direct test of the efficiency wage model using UK micro-data,” Oxford Economic Papers, New Series 43 CrossRef | Google Scholar(4): 529–48.
Weisberg, M. 2007a. “Who is a modeler?” British Journal of the Philosophy of Science 58 CrossRef | Google Scholar: 207–33.
Weisberg, M. 2007b. “Three kinds of idealization,” Journal of Philosophy 104 CrossRef | Google Scholar(12): 639–59.
Williamson, Oliver E. 1975. Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. New York Google Scholar: The Free Press.
Williamson, Oliver E. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York Google Scholar: The Free Press.
Williamson, Oliver E. 2000. “The new institutional economics: taking stock, looking ahead,” Journal of Economic Literature 38 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 595–613.
Winter, Sidney G. 2010. “Testimony before the Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight, US House of Representatives,” Building a Science of Economics for the Real World: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Investigation and Oversight, Committee on Science and Technology, US House of Representatives 111th Congress, Second Session, July 20, Washington, DC Google Scholar: Government Printing Office, pp. 15–27.
Woodward, Jim 1989. “Data and phenomena,” Synthese 79 CrossRef | Google Scholar(3): 393–472.
Worsley, Peter 1968. The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of “Cargo” Cults in Melanesia, rd edn. New York Google Scholar: Schocken.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.