Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T23:14:52.174Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2022

Philip B. K. Potter
Affiliation:
University of Virginia
Chen Wang
Affiliation:
University of Idaho
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Zero Tolerance
Repression and Political Violence on China's New Silk Road
, pp. 240 - 275
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abedine, Saad. 2009. “Al Qaeda Tells China’s Uyghurs to Prepare for Holy War.” CNN, October 9. www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/10/08/china.uyghur.threat/index.html.Google Scholar
Abuza, Zachary. 2017. “The Uighurs and China’s Regional Counter-Terrorism Efforts.” Terrorism Monitor 15 (16): 812.Google Scholar
Achen, Christopher H. 2005. “Let’s Put Garbage-Can Regressions and Garbage-Can Probits Where They Belong.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 22 (4): 327339.Google Scholar
Allen, Kenneth W., Chen, John, and Saunders, Phillip Charles. 2017. Chinese Military Diplomacy, 2003–2016: Trends and Implications. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. 2020. “China: Uyghur Jailed for 15 Years in Secret Trial: Ekpar Asat.” May 13. www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa17/2314/2020/en/.Google Scholar
Anand, Dibyesh. 2019. “Colonization with Chinese Characteristics: Politics of (In)Security in Xinjiang and Tibet.” Central Asian Survey 38 (1): 129147.Google Scholar
Atkinson, Scott E., Sandler, Todd, and Tschirhart, John. 1987. “Terrorism in a Bargaining Framework.” The Journal of Law and Economics 30 (1): 121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azman, Nur Aziemah. 2020. “‘Divine Retribution’: The Islamic State’s COVID-19 Propaganda.” The Diplomat, March 24. https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/divine-retribution-the-islamic-states-covid-19-propaganda/.Google Scholar
Bailey, Michael A., Strezhnev, Anton, and Voeten, Erik. 2017. “Estimating Dynamic State Preferences from United Nations Voting Data.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 61 (2): 430456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandurski, David. 2012. “Preserving Stability.” China Media Project, September 14. http://chinamediaproject.org/2012/09/14/preserving-stability/.Google Scholar
Barbour, Brandon, and Jones, Reece. 2013. “Criminals, Terrorists, and Outside Agitators: Representational Tropes of the ‘Other’ in the 5 July Xinjiang, China Riots.” Geopolitics 18 (1): 95114.Google Scholar
Baum, Matthew A., and Potter, Philip B. K.. 2015. War and Democratic Constraint: How the Public Influences Foreign Policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2010. “China Bans English Words in Media.” December 21. www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-12050067.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2013. “What Does Xi Jinping’s China Dream Mean?” June 6. www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-22726375.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2014. “The CCP Held the Second Xinjiang Work Forum [中共举行第二次新疆工作座谈会].” May 29. www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/china/2014/05/140529_china_xinjiang_education.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2019. “Sakharov Prize: Jailed Uighur Academic Ilham Tohti Wins Award.” October 24. www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50166713.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2020a. “Li Wenliang: Coronavirus Death of Wuhan Doctor Sparks Anger.” February 7. www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51409801.Google Scholar
BBC News. 2020b. “Coronavirus: Senior Chinese Officials ‘Removed’ as Death Toll Hits 1,000.” February 11. www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51453848.Google Scholar
Becquelin, Nicolas. 2000. “Xinjiang in the Nineties.” The China Journal 44: 6590.Google Scholar
Beech, Hannah. 2016. “China Campaigns against ‘Western Values,’ but Does Beijing Really Think They're That Bad?” Time, April 29. https://time.com/4312082/china-textbooks-western-values-foreign-ngo/.Google Scholar
Bennhold, Katrin, and Rosenthal, Elisabeth. 2008. “Olympic Torch Relay through Paris Turns into Melee.” The New York Times, April 7. www.nytimes.com/2008/04/07/world/europe/07iht-torch.4.11743769.html.Google Scholar
Benson, Linda. 1988. “Osman Batur: The Kazak’s Golden Legend.” In The Kazaks of China, edited by Benson, L. and Svanberg, I., 141189. Uppsala: Uppsala University.Google Scholar
Betts, Richard. 1998. “The New Threat of Mass Destruction.” Foreign Affairs, January–February. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1998-01-01/new-threat-mass-destruction.Google Scholar
Blackwill, Robert D., and Legro, Jeffrey W.. 1989. “Constraining Ground Force Exercises of NATO and the Warsaw Pact.” International Security 14 (3): 6898.Google Scholar
Blair, Christopher W., Chenoweth, Erica, Horowitz, Michael C., Perkoski, Evan, and Potter, Philip B. K.. 2022. “Honor among Thieves: Understanding Rhetorical and Material Cooperation among Violent Nonstate Actors.” International Organization 76 (1): 164203.Google Scholar
Blanchard, Ben. 2008. “China Tries to Shift Focus Away from School Collapses.” Reuters, May 26. www.reuters.com/article/us-quake-schools/china-tries-to-shift-focus-away-from-school-collapses-idUSPEK16279720080526.Google Scholar
Blanchard, Ben. 2014. “Three Get Death for China Train Station Attack.” Reuters, September 12. www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang/three-get-death-for-china-train-station-attack-idUSKBN0H70A220140912.Google Scholar
Blanchard, Ben. 2017. “Syria Says up to 5,000 Chinese Uighurs Fighting in Militant Groups.” Reuters, May 11. www.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-china/syria-says-up-to-5000-chinese-uighurs-fighting-in-militant-groups-idUSKBN1840UP.Google Scholar
Blasko, Dennis J. 2010. “People’s Liberation Army and People’s Armed Police Ground Exercises with Foreign Forces, 2002–2009.” In The PLA at Home and Abroad: Assessing the Operational Capabilities of China’s Military, edited by Kamphausen, Roy, Scobell, Andrew, and Lai, David, 337428. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College.Google Scholar
Blasko, Dennis J. 2015. “Chinese Special Operations Forces: Not Like ‘Back at Bragg.’” War on the Rocks, January 1. https://warontherocks.com/2015/01/chinese-special-operations-forces-not-like-back-at-bragg/.Google Scholar
Blumenthal, Daniel. 2019. “The Unpredictable Rise of China.” The Atlantic. February 3. www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/02/how-americans-misunderstand-chinas-ambitions/581869/.Google Scholar
Boschee, Elizabeth, Lautenschlager, Jennifer, O’Brien, Sean, Shellman, Steve, Starz, James, and Ward, Michael. 2018. “ICEWS Coded Event Data.” Harvard Dataverse, V22.Google Scholar
Botobekov, Uran. 2016. “Al-Qaeda, the Turkestan Islamic Party, and the Bishkek Chinese Embassy Bombing.” The Diplomat, September 29. https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/al-qaeda-the-turkestan-islamic-party-and-the-bishkek-chinese-embassy-bombing/.Google Scholar
Boix, Carles, and Svolik, Milan W.. 2013. “The Foundations of Limited Authoritarian Government: Institutions, Commitment, and Power-Sharing in Dictatorships.” The Journal of Politics 75 (2): 300316.Google Scholar
Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., Freeman, John R., Hitt, Matthew P., and Pevehouse, Jon C. W.. 2014. Time Series Analysis for the Social Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boxun News. 2012. “‘One Village, One Police’, Xinjiang recruits 8,000 Policemen to Preserve Stability [一村一警 新疆新招8000名民警维护稳定].” January 31. https://news.boxun.com/news/gb/china/2012/01/201201311408.shtml.Google Scholar
Bovingdon, Gardner. 2010. Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Brandt, Patrick T., and Williams, John T.. 2007. Modeling Multiple Time Series. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Branigan, Tania. 2008. “This Is Not a Natural Disaster – This Is Done by Humans.” The Guardian, May 13. www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/13/china.naturaldisasters3.Google Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brzezinski, Zbigniew. 1997. The Grand Chessboard. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Buckley, Chris. 2013. “China Takes Aim at Western Ideas.” The New York Times, August 20. www.nytimes.com/2013/08/20/world/asia/chinas-new-leadership-takes-hard-line-in-secret-memo.html.Google Scholar
Buckley, Chris, and Bradsher, Keith. 2018. “When Xi Speaks, Chinese Officials Jump. Maybe Too High.” The New York Times, March 16. www.nytimes.com/2018/03/16/world/asia/xi-jinping-china-power.html.Google Scholar
Buckley, Chris, and Mozur, Paul. 2019. “How China Uses High-Tech Surveillance to Subdue Minorities. The New York Times, May 22. www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/china-surveillance-xinjiang.html.Google Scholar
Bueno de Mesquita, Ethan. 2008. “The Political Economy of Terrorism: A Selective Overview of Recent Work.” The Political Economist 10 (1): 112.Google Scholar
Bueno de Mesquita, Ethan, and Dickson, Eric S.. 2007. “The Propaganda of the Deed: Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Mobilization.” American Journal of Political Science 51 (2): 364381.Google Scholar
Byler, Darren. 2018. “Violent Paternalism: On the Banality of Uyghur Unfreedom.” The Asia-Pacific Journal 16 (24): 4.Google Scholar
Byman, Daniel. 2013. “Outside Support for Insurgent Movements.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 36 (12): 9811004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callahan, William A. 2004. “National Insecurities: Humiliation, Salvation, and Chinese Nationalism.” Alternatives 29 (2): 199218.Google Scholar
Cao, Huhua. 2010. “Urban–Rural Income Disparity and Urbanization: What Is the Role of Spatial Distribution of Ethnic Groups? A Case Study of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in Western China.” Regional Studies 44 (8): 965982.Google Scholar
Cao, Xun, Duan, Haiyan, Liu, Chuyu, Piazza, James A., and Wei, Yingjie. 2018a. “Digging the ‘Ethnic Violence in China’ Database: The Effects of Inter-ethnic Inequality and Natural Resources Exploitation in Xinjiang.” China Review 18 (2): 121154.Google Scholar
Cao, Xun, Duan, Haiyan, Liu, Chuyu, and Wei, Yingjie. 2018b. “Local Religious Institutions and the Impact of Interethnic Inequality on Conflict.” International Studies Quarterly 62 (4): 765781.Google Scholar
Caravelli, John M. 1983. “Soviet and Joint Warsaw Pact Exercises: Functions and Utility.” Armed Forces & Society 9 (3): 393426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, Erin Baggott, and Carter, Brett L.. 2022. “When Autocrats Threaten Citizens with Repression: Evidence from China.” British Journal of Political Science 52 (2): 671696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cave, Danielle, Hoffman, Samantha, Joske, Alex, Ryan, Fergus, and Thomas, Elise. 2019. Mapping China’s Tech Giants. Australian Strategic Policy Institute’s International Cyber Policy Centre, April 18. www.aspi.org.au/report/mapping-chinas-tech-giants#.Google Scholar
Chan, Minnie. 2015. “PLA to Announce Overhaul: Five ‘Strategic Zones’ Will Replace Regional Commands, Most Army HQ to Be Scrapped.” South China Morning Post, December 20. www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1893468/peoples-liberation-army-be-split-five-combat-regions.Google Scholar
Chang, Felix K. 2016. “China’s Encirclement Concerns.” Foreign Policy Research Institute, June 24. www.fpri.org/2016/06/chinas-encirclement-concerns/.Google Scholar
Charbonneau, Louis. 2019. “Countries Blast China at UN over Xinjiang Abuses.” Human Rights Watch, October 30. www.hrw.org/news/2019/10/30/countries-blast-china-un-over-xinjiang-abuses#.Google Scholar
Charles, Deborah. 2008. “Group Threatens Olympics Attack, Claims Bombed Buses.” Reuters, July 26. www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-threat/group-threatens-olympics-attack-claims-bombed-buses-idUSN2529568020080725.Google Scholar
Chase, Steven. 2020. “Ottawa Faces Call to Probe Forced-Labour Camps Operating in China’s Xinjiang Province.” The Globe and Mail, July 29, www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-ottawa-faces-call-to-probe-forced-labour-camps-operating-in-chinas/.Google Scholar
Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. 2019. “Baloch Liberation Army Attacks Chinese Assets for 3rd Time since Aug 2018.” Economic Times, April 1. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/22-bsf-personnel-test-positive-for-covid-19-in-tripura/articleshow/75584000.cms.Google Scholar
Chaziza, Mordechai. 2018. “China’s Counterterrorism Policy in the Middle East.” In Terrorism and Counterterrorism in China: Domestic and Foreign Policy Dimensions, edited by Clarke, Michael, 141156. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chen, Dingding, and Ding, Xuejie. 2014. “How Chinese Think about Terrorism: A Survey of Chinese Attitudes in the Wake of the March Attack on Kunming.” The Diplomat, April 19. https://thediplomat.com/2014/04/how-chinese-think-about-terrorism/.Google Scholar
Chenoweth, Erica. 2010. “Democratic Competition and Terrorist Activity.” The Journal of Politics 72 (1): 1630.Google Scholar
Chenoweth, Erica. 2013. “Terrorism and Democracy.” Annual Review of Political Science 16 (1): 355378.Google Scholar
Chenoweth, Erica, and Stephan, Maria J.. 2011. Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Chin, Josh. 2020. “Wuhan Mayor Says Beijing Rules Partially Responsible for Lack of Transparency.” The Wall Street Journal, January 27. www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-premier-tours-virus-epicenter-as-anger-bubbles-at-crisis-response-11580109098.Google Scholar
Chin, Josh, and Bürge, Clément. 2017. “Twelve Days in Xinjiang: How China’s Surveillance State Overwhelms Daily Life.” The Wall Street Journal, December 19. www.wsj.com/articles/twelve-days-in-xinjiang-how-chinas-surveillance-state-overwhelms-daily-life-1513700355?mg=prod/accounts-wsj.Google Scholar
China.org.cn. 2012. “CPC Leaders Visit ‘Road to Revival’.” November 30. www.china.org.cn/video/2012-11/30/content_27272086.htm.Google Scholar
China Daily. 2014. “China Eyes More Enabling International Environment for Peaceful Development.” November 30. www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-11/30/content_18998580.htm.Google Scholar
China Daily. 2015. “Chinese FM Calls for United Front to Fight Terrorism.” November 16. www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015xiattendG20APEC/2015-11/16/content_22464090.htm.Google Scholar
China Daily. 2016. “自治区召开’访惠聚’总结表彰动员送行大会 [The Autonomous Region Holds Convention to See Off Fanghuiju Working Groups].” February 25. https://china.chinadaily.com.cn/2016-02/25/content_23642621.htm.Google Scholar
China Internet Network Information Center. 2014. Statistical Report on Internet Development in China. July 2014. https://cnnic.com.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/201411/P020141102574314897888.pdf.Google Scholar
Ching, Frank. 2011. “Why China Needed Bin Laden.” The Diplomat, May 26. https://thediplomat.com/2011/05/why-china-needed-bin-laden/.Google Scholar
Chung, Chien-peng. 2004. “The Shanghai Co-operation Organization: China’s Changing Influence in Central Asia.” The China Quarterly 180: 9891009.Google Scholar
Ciorciari, John, Potter, Philip, Ali, Javed, and Van Wie, Ryan. 2020. “The High Costs of a Precipitous US Withdrawal from Afghanistan.” The Hill, January 4.Google Scholar
Clark, Hunter, Pinkovskiy, Maxim, and Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. 2017. China’s GDP Growth May Be Understated. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. w23323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, Michael. 2015. “Xinjiang from the ‘Outside-In’ and the ‘Inside-Out’: Exploring the Imagined Geopolitics of a Contested region.” In Inside Xinjiang: Space, Place and Power in China’s Muslim Far Northwest, edited by Hayes, Anna and Clarke, Michael, 225260. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Clarke, P. Colin, and Rexton Kan, Paul. 2017. Uighur Foreign Fighters: An Underexamined Jihadist Challenge. The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism.Google Scholar
Clayton, Thomas. 2020. Al Qaeda and Islamic State Affiliates in Afghanistan. Congressional Research Service, January 31. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10604.pdf.Google Scholar
Clover, Charles. 2017. “Mystery Deepens over Chinese Forces in Afghanistan.” Financial Times, February 26. www.ft.com/content/0c8a5a2a-f9b7-11e6-9516-2d969e0d3b65.Google Scholar
Cohen, Ariel. 2006. The Dragon Looks West: China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul, and Hoeffler, Anke. 2004. “Greed and Grievance in Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers 56 (4): 563595.Google Scholar
Comolli, Virginia. 2015. Boko Haram: Nigeria’s Islamist Insurgency. London: C. Hurst & Co.Google Scholar
Computational Event Data System. 2013. Cameo Event Data Codebook. August 21. http://eventdata.parusanalytics.com/data.dir/cameo.html.Google Scholar
Counterterrorism Law of the People’s Republic of China (Order No. 36 of the President of the PRC). 2015. Chinalawinfo Co. Ltd, Peking University Center for Legal Information. http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=4a6094a588ac744ebdfb&lib=law&SearchKeyword=Counterterrorism&SearchCKeyword=.Google Scholar
CPC News. 2016. “Xi Jinping tiguo de sange ‘xianjing dinglv’ shisha? [What Are the Three Traps and Dilemmas Mentioned by Xi Jinping].” May 18.Google Scholar
Creemers, Rogier. 2017. “Cyber China: Upgrading Propaganda, Public Opinion Work and Social Management for the Twenty-First Century.” Journal of Contemporary China 26 (103): 85100.Google Scholar
Crelinsten, Ronald D. 1989. “Terrorism and the Media: Problems, Solutions, and Counterproblems.” Political Communication 6 (4): 311339.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Martha. 1981. “The Causes of Terrorism.” Comparative Politics 13 (4): 379399.Google Scholar
Cronin, A. K. 2009. How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cui, Liru. 2018. “China’s ‘Period of Historic Opportunities.’” China US Focus, February 1. www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/chinas-period-of-historic-opportunities.Google Scholar
Cunningham, Edward, Saich, Tony, and Turiel, Jesse. 2020. Understanding CCP Resilience: Surveying Chinese Public Opinion through Time. Harvard Kennedy School Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation. https://ashharvardedu/files/ash/files/final_policy_brief_76.Google Scholar
Dai, Yaoyao, and Shao, Zijie. 2016. “Populism and Authoritarian Survival in China: Conceptualization and Measurement.” CP: Newsletter of the Comparative Politics Organized Section of the American Political Science Association 26(2): 3140.Google Scholar
Dalacoura, K. 2006. “Islamist Terrorism and the Middle East Democratic Deficit: Political Exclusion, Repression and the Causes of Extremism.” Democratization 13 (3): 508525.Google Scholar
Dalrymple, Michelle L., Lena Hudson, Irene, and Philip Kinvig Ford, Rodney. 2003. “Finite Mixture, Zero-Inflated Poisson and Hurdle Models with Application to SIDS.” Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 41 (3–4): 491504.Google Scholar
Dang, Xiaofei. 2017. “Enhance Cooperation on Anti-terrorism to Safeguard World Peace and Stability: Interview with Cheng Guoping, State Commissioner for Counter-Terrorism and Security Matters of China.” China Today, May 5. www.chinatoday.com.cn/english/report/2017-05/05/content_740109.htm.Google Scholar
Davenport, Christian. 2007. “State Repression and the Tyrannical Peace.” Journal of Peace Research 44 (4): 485504.Google Scholar
Defense Science Board. 1997. “The Defense Science Board 1997 Summer Study Task Force on DoD Response to Transnational Threats.” Volume 1, Final Report. Washington, DC: Department of Defense.Google Scholar
De Figueiredo, R., and Weingast, Barry. 2000. Vicious Cycles: Endogenous Political Extremism and Political Violence. UC Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5j47x3jv.Google Scholar
Deng, Yong, and Wang, Fei-Ling. 2005. China Rising: Power and Motivation in Chinese Foreign Policy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense. 2018. Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2018. May 16. https://media.defense.gov/2018/Aug/16/2001955282/-1/-1/1/2018-CHINA-MILITARY-POWER-REPORT.PDF.Google Scholar
De Tocqueville, Alexis. 1955 [1856]. The Old Regime and the Revolution, translated by Stuart Gilbert. New York: Anchor.Google Scholar
De, Tocqueville, Alexis. 2010. The Old Regime and the French Revolution. New York: Anchor.Google Scholar
Dillon, Michael. 2004. Xinjiang–China’s Muslim Far Northwest. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dillon, Michael. 2018. Xinjiang in the Twenty-First Century: Islam, Ethnicity and Resistance. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
D’Orazio, Vito. 2012. “War Games: North Korea’s Reaction to US and South Korean Military Exercises.” Journal of East Asian Studies 12 (2): 275294.Google Scholar
D’Orazio, Vito. 2013. “Joint Military Exercises: 1970–2010.” PhD thesis, Pennsylvannia University. www.vitodorazio.com/uploads/1/3/0/2/13026085/jmes.pdf.Google Scholar
Doyon, Jerome. 2019. “‘Counter-Extremism’ in Xinjiang: Understanding China’s Community-Focused Counterterrorism Tactics.” War on the Rocks, January 14. https://warontherocks.com/2019/01/counter-extremism-in-xinjiang-understanding-chinas-community-focused-counter-terrorism-tactics/.Google Scholar
Dragu, Tiberiu. 2017. “On Repression and Its Effectiveness.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 29 (4): 599622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dragu, Tiberiu, and Polborn, Mattias. 2014. “The Rule of Law in the Fight against Terrorism.” American Journal of Political Science 58 (2): 511525.Google Scholar
Drakos, Konstantinos, and Gofas, Andreas. 2006. “In Search of the Average Transnational Terrorist Attack Venue.” Defense and Peace Economics 17 (2): 7393.Google Scholar
Dreyer, June Teufel. 1999. “China, the Monocultural Paradigm.” Orbis 43 (4): 581597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duchâtel, Mathieu. 2016. Terror Overseas: Understanding China’s Evolving Counter-Terror Strategy. European Council on Foreign Relations, October 26. www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/terror_overseas_understanding_chinas_evolving_counter_terror_strategy7160.Google Scholar
Duchâtel, Mathieu. 2019. “China’s Foreign Fighters Problem.” War on the Rocks. January 25. warontherocks.com/2019/01/chinas-foreign-fighters-problem/.Google Scholar
Duchâtel, Mathieu, Lafont-Rapnouil, Manuel, and Gowan, Richard. 2016. Into Africa: China’s Global Security Shift. The European Council on Foreign Relations. www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/into_africa_chinas_global_security_shift.Google Scholar
Dupré, Jean-François. 2020. “Making Hong Kong Chinese: State Nationalism and Its Blowbacks in a Recalcitrant City.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 26 (1): 826.Google Scholar
DW. 2014. “World Uyghur Congress Claims that the Attack in Shache, Xinjiang Caused Nearly 100 Casualties.” July 30. https://p.dw.com/p/1CmB4.Google Scholar
DW. 2018. “Vostok 2018: Russia Lets the War Games with China Begin.” September 10. www.dw.com/en/vostok-2018-russia-lets-the-war-games-with-china-begin/a-45435748.Google Scholar
Dzyubenko, Olga. 2016. “Kyrgyzstan Says Uighur Militant Groups behind Attack on China’s embassy.” Reuters, September 6. www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-blast-china/kyrgyzstan-says-uighur-militant-groups-behind-attack-on-chinas-embassy-idUSKCN11C1DK.Google Scholar
Economy, Elizabeth C. 2019. “Yes, Virginia, China Is Exporting Its Model.” Council on Foreign Relations, December 11. www.cfr.org/blog/yes-virginia-china-exporting-its-model.Google Scholar
Editorial Board. 2018a. “We Can’t Ignore This Brutal Cleansing in China.” The Washington Post, August 14. www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/we-cant-ignore-this-brutal-cleansing-in-china/2018/08/14/e0b7b0f0-9f19-11e8-83d2-70203b8d7b44_story.html.Google Scholar
Editorial Board. 2018b. “China’s Orwellian Tools of High-Tech Repression.” The Washington Post, September 17. www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/chinas-orwellian-tools-of-high-tech-repression/2018/09/17/b06a9a72-baa1-11e8-9812-a389be6690af_story.html.Google Scholar
Eland, Ivan. 1998. Does U.S. Intervention Overseas Breed Terrorism? The Historical Record. Cato Institute, December 17. www.cato.org/publications/foreign-policy-briefing/does-us-intervention-overseas-breed-terrorism-historical-record.Google Scholar
Enders, Walter. 2010. Applied Econometric Time-Series. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Ericson, Andrew S., and Strange, Austin M.. 2015. Six Years at Sea … and Counting: Gulf of Aden Anti-piracy and China’s Maritime Commons Presence. Washington, DC: The Jamestown Foundation.Google Scholar
Escribà-Folch, Abel. 2012. “Authoritarian Responses to Foreign Pressure: Spending, Repression, and Sanctions.” Comparative Political Studies 45 (6): 683713.Google Scholar
Escribà-Folch, Abel. 2013. “Repression, Political Threats, and Survival under Autocracy.” International Political Science Review 34 (5): 543560.Google Scholar
Eubank, William Lee, and Weinberg, Leonard. 1994. “Does Democracy Encourage Terrorism?Terrorism and Political Violence 6 (4): 417435.Google Scholar
Eubank, William Lee, and Weinberg, Leonard. 2001. “Terrorism and Democracy: Perpetrators and Victims.” Terrorism and Political Violence 13 (1): 155164.Google Scholar
Eyerman, Joe. 1998. “Terrorism and Democratic States: Soft Targets or Accessible Systems.” International Interactions 24 (2): 151170.Google Scholar
Famularo, Julia. 2018. “‘Fighting the Enemy with Fists and Daggers’: The Chinese Communist Party’s Counter-Terrorism Policy in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region.” In Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in China: Domestic and Foreign Policy Dimensions, edited by Clarke, Michael, 3974. London: Hurst & Company.Google Scholar
Farnen, Russell F. 1990. “Terrorism and the Mass Media: A Systemic Analysis of a Symbiotic Process.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 13 (2): 99143.Google Scholar
Feldstein, Steven. 2020. “When It Comes to Digital Authoritarianism, China Is a Challenge – But Not the Only Challenge.” War on the Rocks, February 12. https://warontherocks.com/2020/02/when-it-comes-to-digital-authoritarianism-china-is-a-challenge-but-not-the-only-challenge/.Google Scholar
Felter, Claire, and Maizland, Lindsay. 2020. What You Need to Know about the Coronavirus Outbreak. Council on Foreign Relations, February 13. www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-you-need-know-about-coronavirus-outbreak.Google Scholar
Feng, Emily. 2018. “China Extends Uighur Crackdown beyond Its Borders.” Financial Times, August 26. www.ft.com/content/179dea50-95f9-11e8-b67b-b8205561c3fe.Google Scholar
Finlan, Alastair. 2003. “Warfare by Other Means: Special Forces, Terrorism and Grand Strategy.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 14 (1): 92108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fishman, Brian. 2011. “Al-Qaeda and the Rise of China: Jihadi Geopolitics in a Post-Hegemonic World.The Washington Quarterly 34 (3): 4762.Google Scholar
Forbes, Andrew D. W., and Forbes, L. L. C.. 1986. Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Foreign Ministry of PRC. 2006. “Carry on Traditional Friendship and Deepen All-Round Cooperation.” Address by Hu Jintao President of the People’s Republic of China at Islamabad Convention Center. November 24. www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/yzs_663350/gjlb_663354/2757_663518/2758_663520/t285917.shtml.Google Scholar
Fu, Qiang. 2015. “The Economy of Hotan Is Thriving [喀什和田经济发展蓬勃向上].” Xinjiang Daily. September 15. Reprinted by CPC News. http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2015/0917/c398213-27598576.html.Google Scholar
Fuller, Graham E., and Lipman, Jonathan N.. 2004. “Islam in Xinjiang.” In Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, edited by Frederick Starr, S., 320352. Armonk, NY: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Gaibulloev, Khusrav, Piazza, James A., and Sandler, Todd. 2017. “Regime Types and Terrorism.” International Organization 71 (3): 491522.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer. 2008. Political Institutions under Dictatorship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer, and Przeworski, Adam. 2007. “Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats.” Comparative Political Studies 40 (11): 12791301.Google Scholar
Garside, Juliette, and Graham-Harrison, Emma. 2019 “UK Calls for UN Access to Chinese Detention Camps in Xinjiang.” The Guardian, November 25. www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/25/uk-calls-for-un-access-chinese-detention-camps-xinjiang.Google Scholar
Gartner, Scott Sigmund, and Regan, Patrick M.. 1996. “Threat and Repression: The Non-linear Relationship between Government and Opposition Violence.” Journal of Peace Research 33 (3): 273287.Google Scholar
Geddes, Barbara, Wright, Joseph, and Frantz, Erica. 2014. “Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set.” Perspectives on Politics 12 (2): 313331.Google Scholar
Gehlbach, Scott, Sonin, Konstantin, and Svolik, Milan W.. 2016. “Formal Models of Nondemocratic Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 19: 565584.Google Scholar
Geng, Shuag. 2021. “Remarks by Ambassador Geng Shuang at Security Council Briefing on the Situation in Afghanistan.” Permanent Mission of the PRC to the UN, www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceun/eng/hyyfy/t1899842.htm.Google Scholar
Gerner, Deborah J., Schrodt, Philip A., Yilmaz, Omur, and Abu-Jabr, Rajaa. 2002. “The Creation of CAMEO (Conflict and Mediation Event Observations): An Event Data Framework for a Post Cold War World.” Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 29–September 1.Google Scholar
Gettleman, Jeffrey, and Knowlton, Brian. 2007. “Rebels Kill Workers at Chinese Oil Facility in Ethiopia.” The New York Times, April 24. www.nytimes.com/2007/04/24/world/africa/24iht-addis.5.5427283.html.Google Scholar
Gibler, Douglas M. 2009. International Military Alliances, 1648–2008. Washington, DC: CQ Press.Google Scholar
Gibson, Giles. 2016. “Exclusive: Chinese Security Forces Caught Patrolling Deep inside Eastern Afghanistan.” WION, October 27. www.wionews.com/south-asia/exclusive-chinese-security-forces-caught-patrolling-deep-inside-eastern-afghanistan-8008.Google Scholar
Gilley, Bruce, and Holbig, Heike. 2009. “The Debate on Party Legitimacy in China: A Mixed Quantitative/Qualitative Analysis.” Journal of Contemporary China 18 (59): 339358.Google Scholar
Gladney, Dru C. 2004a. “The Chinese Program of Development and Control, 1978–2001.” In Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, edited by Frederick Starr, S., 101119. Armonk, NY: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Gladney, Dru C. 2004b. “Responses to Chinese rule: Patterns of cooperation and opposition.” In Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, edited by Frederick Starr, S., 375396. Armonk, NY: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Gladney, Dru C. 2004c. Dislocating China: Reflections on Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Global Times. 2016. “阿中巴塔成立四国军队反恐合作协调机制:不针对任何其他国家 [Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, and Tajikistan Formed QCCM: Do Not Target Any Third-Party Country].” August 4. http://mil.qianlong.com/2016/0804/806943.shtml.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Joshua S. 1992. “A Conflict-Cooperation Scale for WEIS Events Data.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 36 (2): 369385.Google Scholar
Grambsch, Patricia M., and Therneau, Terry M.. 1994. “Proportional Hazards Tests and Diagnostics Based on Weighted Residuals.” Biometrika 81 (3): 515526. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/81.3.515.Google Scholar
Gramer, Robbie. 2017. “The Islamic State Pledged to Attack China Next. Here’s Why.” Foreign Policy, March 1. https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/01/the-islamic-state-pledged-to-attack-china-next-heres-why/.Google Scholar
Greitens, Sheena Chestnut. 2017. “Rethinking China’s Coercive Capacity: An Examination of PRC Domestic Security Spending, 1992–2012.” The China Quarterly 232: 10021025.Google Scholar
Greitens, Sheena Chestnut, Lee, Myunghee, and Yazici, Emir. 2020. “Counterterrorism and Preventive Repression: China’s Changing Strategy in Xinjiang.” International Security 44 (3): 947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gul, Ayaz. 2018. “China Calls for ‘Responsible’ US Withdrawal from Afghanistan.” VOA, December 31. www.voanews.com/south-central-asia/china-calls-responsible-us-withdrawal-afghanistan.Google Scholar
Gunaratna, Rohan. 2002. Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Gunaratna, Rohan, Acharya, Arabinda, and Pengxin, Wang. 2010. Ethnic Identity and National Conflict in China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Guo, Rongxing. 2015a. China’s Spatial (Dis)integration: Political Economy of the Interethnic Unrest in Xinjiang. Amsterdam: Chandos Publishing.Google Scholar
Guo, Yuandan. 2015b. “专家解读中国军费:054护卫舰30亿 052驱逐舰40亿.” Global Times, March 6. http://news.ifeng.com/a/20150306/43283652_0.shtml.Google Scholar
Gurr, Ted Robert. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Haas, Marcel de. 2016. “War Games of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization: Drills on the Move!The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 29 (3): 378406.Google Scholar
Hancock, Tom. 2018. “China Censorship Moves from Politics to Economics.” Financial Times, November 13. www.ft.com/content/1daaaf52-e32c-11e8-a6e5-792428919cee.Google Scholar
Hannah, Greg, Clutterbuck, Lindsay, and Rubin, Jennifer. 2008. Radicalization or Rehabilitation: Understanding the Challenge of Extremist and Radicalized Prisoners. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR571.html.Google Scholar
Hannum, Emily, and Xie, Yu. 1998. “Ethnic Stratification in Northwest China: Occupational Differences between Han Chinese and National Minorities in Xinjiang, 1982-1990.” Demography 35 (3): 323333.Google Scholar
Hasmath, Reza. 2011. “Managing China’s Muslim Minorities: Migration, Labor and the Rise of Ethnoreligious Consciousness among Uyghurs in Urban Xinjiang.” In Religion and the State: A Comparative Sociology, edited by Barbalet, Jack, Possamai, Adam, and Bryan, S. Turner, 121137. London: Anthem Press.Google Scholar
Hass, Ryan. 2020. “Why Now? Understanding Beijing’s New Assertiveness in Hong Kong.” Brookings. www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/17/why-now-understanding-beijings-new-assertiveness-in-hong-kong/.Google Scholar
Hastings, Justin V. 2011. “Charting the Course of Uighur Unrest.” The China Quarterly 208: 893912.Google Scholar
He, Bin. 2018. “中巴经济走廊提供了安全和稳定 [CEPC Provides Security and Stability].” Guangming Daily, May 3, p. 12.Google Scholar
Higgins, Andrew. 2018. “300,000 Troops and 900 Tanks: Russia’s Biggest Military Drills since Cold War.” New York Times, August 28. www.nytimes.com/2018/08/28/world/europe/russia-military-drills.html.Google Scholar
Hilton, Isabel. 2012. “China’s Economic Reforms Have Let Party Leaders and Their Families Get Rich.” The Guardian, October 26. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/26/china-economic-reforms-leaders-rich.Google Scholar
Hincks, J. 2017. “China’s Restive Xinjiang Province Changes Family Planning Rules to ‘Promote Ethnic Equality.’” Time, August 1. http://time.com/4881898/china-xinjiang-uighur-children/.Google Scholar
Hoffman, A. M., Shelton, C., and Cleven, E.. 2013. “Press Freedom, Publicity, and the Cross-National Incidence of Transnational Terrorism.” Political Research Quarterly 66 (4): 896909.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Bruce. 2006. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Holbig, Heike, and Gilley, Bruce. 2010. “Reclaiming Legitimacy in China.” Politics and Policy 38 (3): 395422.Google Scholar
Holdstock, Nick. 2015. China’s Forgotten People: Xinjiang, Terror and the Chinese State. New York: I.B. Touris and Co.Google Scholar
Holz, Carsten A. 2014. “The Quality of China’s GDP Statistics.” China Economic Review 30: 309338.Google Scholar
Hong, Huaqing, and He, Xianzhong. 2015. “Ideologies of Monoculturalism in Confucius Institute Textbooks: A Corpus-Based Critical Analysis.” In Language, Ideology and Education, edited by Curdt-Christiansen, Xiao Lan and Weninger, Csilla, 104122. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hong, Ji Yeon, and Yang, Wenhui. 2018. “Oilfields, Mosques and Violence: Is There a Resource Curse in Xinjiang?British Journal of Political Science 50 (1): 4578.Google Scholar
Horgan, John, and Beth Altier, Mary. 2012. “The Future of Terrorist De-radicalization Programs.” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 13 (2): 8390.Google Scholar
Hornby, Lucy, and Mitchell, Tom. 2017. “Xi Jinping Confirmed as China’s Most Powerful Leader since Mao.” Financial Times, October 24. www.ft.com/content/5b9f4b96-b86d-11e7-8c12-5661783e5589.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Michael C. 2010. “Nonstate Actors and the Diffusion of Innovations: The Case of Suicide Terrorism.” International Organization 64 (1): 3364.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Michael C., and Potter, Philip B. K.. 2014. “Allying to Kill: Terrorist Intergroup Cooperation and the Consequences for Lethality.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 58 (2): 199225.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Michael C., Perkoski, Evan, and Potter, Philip B. K.. 2018. “Tactical Diversity in Militant Violence.” International Organization 72 (1): 139171.Google Scholar
Hou, Yue, and Quek, Kai. 2019. “Violence Exposure and Support for State Use of Force in a Non-democracy.” Journal of Experimental Political Science 6 (2): 120130.Google Scholar
Howell, Anthony, and Cindy Fan, C.. 2011. “Migration and Inequality in Xinjiang: A Survey of Han and Uyghur Migrants in Urumqi.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 52 (1): 119139.Google Scholar
Huang, Haifeng, Boranbay-Akan, Serra, and Huang, Ling. 2016. “Media, Protest Diffusion, and Authoritarian Resilience.” Political Science Research and Methods 7 (1): 2342.Google Scholar
Humphreys, Macartan. 2005. “Natural Resources, Conflict, and Conflict Resolution: Uncovering the Mechanisms.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (4): 508537.Google Scholar
Hutchings, Graham. 2001. Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, G. John. 2008. “The Rise of China and the Future of the West: Can the Liberal System Survive?” Foreign Affairs, January. www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/2008-01-01/rise-china-and-future-west.Google Scholar
Information Office of the State Council. 2019. “Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang.” White Paper. August 16. http://english.scio.gov.cn/2019-08/16/content_75106484.htm.Google Scholar
Iredale, Robyn R., Bilik, Naran, Su, Wang, Guo, Fei, and Hoy, Caroline. 2001. Contemporary Minority Migration, Education, and Ethnicity in China. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Ismail, Mohammed Sa'id, and Ismail, Mohammed Aziz. 1960. Moslems in the Soviet Union and China. Tehran, Iran: Privately printed pamphlet, published as vol. 1. Translation printed in Washington: JPRS 3936, September 19. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a365044.pdf.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Andrew. 2016. “Xinjiang Seethes under Chinese Crackdown.” The New York Times, January 2. www.nytimes.com/2016/01/03/world/asia/xinjiang-seethes-under-chinese-crackdown.html.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Justin. 2010. “The Many Deaths of a Kazak Unaligned: Osman Batur, Chinese Decolonization, and the Nationalization of a Nomad.” The American Historical Review 115 (5): 12911314.Google Scholar
Jankowiak, William. 2008. “Ethnicity and Chinese Identity: Ethnographic Insight and Political Positioning.” In The Cambridge Companion to Modern Chinese Culture, edited by Louie, Kam, 91114. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jedinia, Mehdi, and Kajjo, Sirwan. 2018. “Analysts: Uighur Jihadis in Syria Could Pose Threat.” VOA News, December 15. www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/analysts-uighur-jihadis-syria-could-pose-threat.Google Scholar
Jia, Lianrui. 2019. “What Public and Whose Opinion? A Study of Chinese Online Public Opinion Analysis.” Communication and the Public 4 (1): 2134.Google Scholar
Johnson, Chalmers. 2001. “Blowback.” The Nation 273 (11): 1315. www.thenation.com/article/archive/blowback/.Google Scholar
Joscelyn, Thomas. 2019a. “Al Qaeda Declares Solidarity with Turkistan Islamic Party in the Face of Chinese Oppression.” Foundation for the Defense of Democracies’ Long War Journal, April 17. www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2019/04/al-qaeda-declares-solidarity-with-turkistan-islamic-party-in-the-face-of-chinese-oppression.php.Google Scholar
Joscelyn, Thomas. 2019b. “Turkistan Islamic Party Musters Large Force for Battles in Syria.” Foundation for the Defense of Democracies’ Long War Journal, June 29. www.fdd.org/analysis/2019/06/29/turkistan-islamic-party-musters-large-force-for-battles-in-syria/.Google Scholar
Kaiman, Jonathan. 2013. “Islamist Group Claims Responsibility for Attack on China’s Tiananmen Square.” The Guardian, November 25. www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/25/islamist-china-tiananmen-beijing-attack.Google Scholar
Kan, Shirley A. 2010. US-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for US Policy. Congressional Research Service, July 15. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL33001.pdf.Google Scholar
Kang, Dake. 2019. “China Locks Down Xinjiang a Decade after Deadly Ethnic Riots.” Associated Press News, July 5. www.apnews.com/1e095c203d4a40c0a79d78d1a41634ab.Google Scholar
Kaplan, Jeffrey. 2010. Terrorist Groups and the New Tribalism: Terrorism’s Fifth Wave. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Alison. 2010. “The ‘Century of Humiliation,’ Then and Now: Chinese Perceptions of the International Order.” Pacific Focus 25 (1): 133.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Alison. 2011. “The ‘Century of Humiliation’ and China’s National Narratives.” Testimony before the U.S.–China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing on “China’s Narratives regarding National Security Policy.” www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/3.10.11Kaufman.pdf.Google Scholar
Keck, Zachary. 2014. “Al-Qaeda Declares War on China, Too.” The Diplomat, October 22. https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/al-qaeda-declares-war-on-china-too/.Google Scholar
Keefe, John. 2002. Anatomy of the Ep-3 Incident, April 2001. Arlington County, VA: Center for Naval Analyses.Google Scholar
Kendzior, Sarah. 2013. “The Curse of Stability in Central Asia.” Foreign Policy 19: 6639.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Pan, Jennifer, and Roberts, Margaret E.. 2013. “How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression.” American Political Science Review 107 (2): 326343.Google Scholar
Kuang, X. 2018. “Central State vs. Local Levels of Government: Understanding News Media Censorship in China.” Chinese Political Science Review 3: 154171.Google Scholar
Kuhn, Robert Lawrence. 2004. The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin. New York: Crown Publishers.Google Scholar
Lacey, Marc. 2001. “Powell to Allow Taiwan’s President to Stop Briefly in U.S.” The New York Times, May 15, A10.Google Scholar
LaFree, Gary, Dugan, Laura, and Miller, Erin. 2014. Putting Terrorism in Context: Lessons from the Global Terrorism Database. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Laliberté, André, and Lanteigne, Marc, ed. 2007. The Chinese Party-State in the 21st Century: Adaptation and the Reinvention of Legitimacy. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lam, Willy Wo-Lap. 2001. “China, U.S. Boost Ties against Terrorism.” CNN, October 19. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/10/19/willy.lam/index.html.Google Scholar
Lampton, David M. 2001. The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the Era of Reform, 1978–2000. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Lau, Lawrence J. 2018. “Why Now? The Rationale behind Xi Jinping’s Power Consolidation.” South China Morning Post, March 7. www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2135962/why-now-rationale-behind-xi-jinpings-power-consolidation.Google Scholar
Lau, Mimi. 2019. “Wanted: Chinese Cadres to Hold Beijing’s Line in Xinjiang as Han Chinese Head for the Exits” South China Morning Post, December 4. www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3040628/wanted-chinese-cadres-hold-beijings-line-xinjiang-han-head.Google Scholar
Leading Industry Research. 2020. “2007–2019: National and Xinjiang Public Security Expenditures.” March 24. www.leadingir.com/datacenter/view/4837.html.Google Scholar
Legal Daily. 2014. “Xinjiang Public Security Agencies Launched ‘Zero Point’ Operation to Strike Terrorism. 23 Crime Groups and over 200 Suspects Were Overthrown and Arrested [新疆警方“零点行动”严打暴恐 三地打掉23个犯罪团伙抓获200余嫌犯].” May 25. www.legaldaily.com.cn/index_article/content/2014-05/25/content_5546323.htm?node=5955.Google Scholar
Lei, Yu-Hsiang, and Michaels, Guy. 2014. “Do Giant Oilfield Discoveries Fuel Internal Armed Conflicts?Journal of Development Economics 110: 139157.Google Scholar
Leibold, James. 2014. “Xinjiang Work Forum Marks New Policy of ‘Ethnic Mingling.’China Brief 14 (12): 36.Google Scholar
Leibold, James. 2019a. Planting the Seed: Ethnic Policy in Xi Jinping’s New Era of Cultural Nationalism. China Brief, 19 (22): 9–14.Google Scholar
Leibold, James. 2019b. “The Spectre of Insecurity: The CCP’s Mass Internment Strategy in Xinjiang.” China Leadership Monitor, March 1. www.prcleader.org/leibold.Google Scholar
Li, Boyang. 2014. “Chinese Narratives of ‘National Humiliation’ and Japan’s Role in the Construction of China’s National Identity, 1915 to the early 2000s.” https://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10063/3419/thesis.pdf?sequence=2.Google Scholar
Li, Haiqing. 2017. “Xianjing yici xu shenyong [The Term ‘Trap’ Needs to Be Used with Caution].” People’s Daily, December 17.Google Scholar
Li, Jiayao. 2019. “Chinese Navy Sees Broadened Horizon, Enhanced Ability through 10 Years of Escort Missions.” China Military, January 2. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2019-01/02/content_9392807.htm.Google Scholar
Li, Quan. 2005. “Does Democracy Promote or Reduce Transnational Terrorist Incidents?Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (2): 278297.Google Scholar
Li, Xiaoxia. 2018. The Change of the Stability Status in Xinjiang and Analysis of Xinjiang’s Stability Maintenance Policies [新疆稳定形式变化及维稳政策分析].” www.shehui.pku.edu.cn/upload/editor/file/20180820/20180820234045_3372.pdf.Google Scholar
Licht, Amanda A., and Hannah Allen, Susan. 2018. “Repressing for Reputation: Leadership Transitions, Uncertainty, and the Repression of Domestic Populations.” Journal of Peace Research 55 (5): 582595.Google Scholar
Lippman, Thomas W. 1999. “Bush Makes Clinton’s China Policy an Issue.” The Washington Post, August 20, A9.Google Scholar
Liu, Amy H., and Peters, Kevin. 2017. “The Hanification of Xinjiang, China: The Economic Effects of the Great Leap West.” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 17 (2): 265280.Google Scholar
Liu, Chuyu. 2019. “Local Public Goods Expenditure and Ethnic Conflict: Evidence from China.” Security Studies 28 (4): 739772.Google Scholar
Liu, Qingjian. 2014. “中国外交的战略基础:形成, 发展与挑战 [The Foundations of China’s Diplomatic Strategy: Origins, Development, and Challenges].” CPCNEWS.CN, October 14. http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2014/1014/c68742-25828466.html.Google Scholar
Liu, S. 2011. “Structuration of Information Control in China.” Cultural Sociology 5 (3): 323339.Google Scholar
Lorentzen, Peter. 2014. “China’s Strategic Censorship.” American Journal of Political Science 58 (2): 402414.Google Scholar
Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2005. Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents, and Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lyall, Jason. 2009. “Does Indiscriminate Violence Incite Insurgent Attacks? Evidence from Chechnya.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 53 (3): 331362.Google Scholar
Made, Jan van der. 2019. “European Countries Demand UN Access to China’s Xinjiang Camps after New Leaks.” RFI. November 26. www.rfi.fr/en/20191126-european-countries-demand-access-china-s-xinjiang-education-camps-after-new-leak.Google Scholar
Maizland, Lindsay. 2020. “China’s Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang.” Council on Foreign Relations. www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-repression-uighurs-xinjiang.Google Scholar
Malik, J. Mohan. 2002. “Dragon on Terrorism: Assessing China’s Tactical Gains and Strategic Losses after 11 September.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 24 (2): 252293.Google Scholar
Mao, Zedong. 1956. “On the Ten Major Relationships.” Selected Works of Mao Tsetung 5: 284307.Google Scholar
Marano, S. George. 2019. “US Exit from Afghanistan Would Leave the Way Clear for China to Increase Its Influence in the Region.” South China Morning Post, December 11. www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3041372/us-exit-afghanistan-would-leave-way-clear-china-increase-its.Google Scholar
Martin, L. John. 1985. “The Media’s Role in International Terrorism.” Terrorism 8 (2): 127146.Google Scholar
Martina, Michael. 2017. “China Warns of Imminent Attacks by ‘Terrorists’ in Pakistan.” Reuters, December 8. www.reuters.com/article/us-china-silkroad-pakistan/china-warns-of-imminent-attacks-by-terrorists-in-pakistan-idUSKBN1E216N.Google Scholar
Martina, Michael, and Rajagopalan, Megha. 2014. “Islamist Group Claims China Stations Bombing: SITE.” Reuters, May 14. www.reuters.com/article/cnews-us-china-xinjiang-idCABREA4D07H20140514.Google Scholar
Marty, Franz J. 2017. “The Curious Case of Chinese Troops on Afghan Soil.” The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, February 3. www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13424-the-curious-case-of-chinese-troops-on-afghan-soil.html.Google Scholar
Mattes, Michaela, and Rodriguez, Mariana. 2014. “Autocracies and International Cooperation.” International Studies Quarterly 58 (3): 527538.Google Scholar
Mattes, Michaela, Ashley Leeds, Brett, and Carroll, Royce. 2015. “Leadership Turnover and Foreign Policy Change: Societal Interests, Domestic Institutions, and Voting in the United Nations.” International Studies Quarterly 59 (2): 280290.Google Scholar
Mattingly, Daniel. 2020. “Xi Jinping May Lose Control of the Coronavirus Story.” Foreign Policy, February 10. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/10/xi-jinping-may-lose-control-of-the-coronavirus-story/.Google Scholar
Maurer-Fazio, Margaret. 2012. “Ethnic Discrimination in China’s Internet Job Board Labor Market.” IZA Journal of Migration 1 (1): 12.Google Scholar
McDermott, Roger. 2004. Countering Global Terrorism: Developing the Antiterrorist Capabilities of the Central Asian Militaries. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College.Google Scholar
McMillen, Donald H. 1984. “Xinjiang and Wang Enmao: New Directions in Power, Policy and Integration?The China Quarterly 99: 569593.Google Scholar
Mei, Shixiong, and Yang, Zurong. 2002. “第一次与外军举行联合演习:2002年中吉反恐演习 [The First Joint Military Exercise with Foreign Forces: 2002 China–Kyrgyzstan Counter-Terrorism Exercise].” Xinhua, August 15. www.xinhuanet.com//2017-08/15/c_1121487737.htm.Google Scholar
Metcalf, Mark. “The National Humiliation Narrative: Dealing with the Present by Fixating on the Past.” Education about Asia 25: 4350. www.asianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/the-national-humiliation-narrative-dealing-with-the-present-by-fixating-on-the-past.pdf.Google Scholar
Millward, James. 2004. Violent Separatism in Xinjiang: A Critical Assessment. Washington, DC: East-West Center.Google Scholar
Millward, James. 2009. Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Millward, James A. 2021. Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. London: Hurst Publishers.Google Scholar
Ministry of Finance. 2016. “Notice of the Ministry of Finance on Printing and Distributing of the Reform Plan of the Categorization of Government Income and Expenditures.” http://xzzf.mof.gov.cn/mofhome/mof/zhengwuxinxi/caizhengwengao/caizhengbuwengao2006/caizhengbuwengao20062/200805/t20080519_23693.html.Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2021a. “Wang Yi Meets with U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Wendy Sherman.” July 26. www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1895278.shtml.Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2021b. “Wang Yi Meets with Head of the Afghan Taliban Political Commission Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar.” July 28. www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cgfirenze/ita/zxhd/t1895950.htm.Google Scholar
Ministry of National Defense. 2011. “National Defense White Paper 2006.” January 6. www.mod.gov.cn/regulatory/2011-01/06/content_4617808_4.htm.Google Scholar
Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China. 2018. “和平使命-2016 上合组织成员国联合军演将在吉尔吉斯斯坦举行 [Peace Mission-2016 SCO Joint Military Exercise Will Be Held in Kyrgyzstan].” www.mod.gov.cn/topnews/2016-09/14/content_4730811.htm.Google Scholar
Minzner, Carl F. 2009. “Riots and Cover-ups: Counterproductive Control of Local Agents in China.” University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 31 (1): 53124.Google Scholar
Moore, Malcolm. 2009. “Al-Qaeda Vows Revenge on China over Uighur Deaths.” The Telegraph, July 14. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/5822791/Al-Qaeda-vows-revenge-on-China-over-Uighur-deaths.html.Google Scholar
Mozur, Paul, and Wong, Edward. 2019. “By Taking Aim at Chinese Tech Firms, Trump Signals a Strategy Shift.” New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2019/10/08/business/china-human-rights-technology-xinjiang.html.Google Scholar
Mulcahy, Elizabeth, Merrington, Shannon, and Bell, Peter. 2013. “The Radicalisation of Prison Inmates: A Review of the Literature on Recruitment, Religion and Prisoner Vulnerability.” Journal of Human Security 9 (1): 414.Google Scholar
Mumford, Andrew. 2018. “Theory-Testing Uyghur Terrorism in China.” Perspectives on Terrorism 12 (5): 1826.Google Scholar
Nacos, Brigitte L. 2002. Mass-Mediated Terrorism: The Central Role of the Media in Terrorism and Communication. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Nacos, Brigitte L. 2006. “Terrorism/Counterterrorism and Media in the Age of Global Communication.” In United Nations University Global Seminar Second Shimame-Yamaguchi Session, Terrorism—A Global Challenge. Unpublished paper. https://archive.unu.edu/gs/files/2006/shimane/Nacos_text_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Nacos, Brigitte L. 2007. Mass-Mediated Terrorism: The Central Role of the Media in Terrorism and Counterterrorism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Nacos, Brigitte L. 2016. Mass-Mediated Terrorism: Mainstream and Digital Media in Terrorism and Counterterrorism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Nathan, Andrew J., and Scobell, Andrew. 2012. China’s Search for Security. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Nebehay, Stephany. 2018. “UN Calls on China to Free Uighurs from Alleged Reeducation Camps.” Reuters, August 30. www.reuters.com/article/us-china-rights-un/u-n-calls-on-china-to-free-uighurs-from-re-education-camps-idUSKCN1LF1D6.Google Scholar
Neuman, Scott, Feng, Emily, and Jingnan, Huo. 2020. “China to Investigate after Whistleblower Doctor Dies from Coronavirus.” NPR, February 7. www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/02/07/803680463/china-to-investigate-after-whistleblower-doctor-dies-from-coronavirus.Google Scholar
Noonan, Michael P., Clarke, Colin P., Deal, Jacqueline, Teufel Dreyer, June, and Mer, Barak. 2019. “Roundtable: The Uyghurs, China, and Islamist Terrorism.” Foreign Policy Research Institute. www.fpri.org/article/2019/12/roundtable-the-uyghurs-china-and-islamist-terrorism/.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Kevin J. 1996. “Rightful Resistance.” World Politics 49 (1): 3155.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Kevin J., and Li, Lianjiang. 2006. Rightful Resistance in Rural China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
OECD. 2019. “Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) (Indicator).” https://data.oecd.org/leadind/consumer-confidence-index-cci.htm.Google Scholar
Office of the Press Secretary. 2001. “Meeting with the Dalai Lama.” May 23. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/05/20010523-3.html.Google Scholar
Office of the Press Secretary. 2002. “President Bush Meets with Chinese President Jiang Zemin.” February 21. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/02/20020221-7.html.Google Scholar
Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission. 2017. www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2017-05/15/c_1120953877.htm.Google Scholar
Olesen, Alexa. 2014. “China Sees Islamic State Inching Closer to Home.” Foreign Policy, August 11. https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/08/11/china-sees-islamic-state-inching-closer-to-home/.Google Scholar
Orfy, Mohammed Moustafa. 2014. NATO and the Middle East: The Geopolitical Context Post-9/11. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Owyang, Michael T., and Shell, Hannah. 2017. “China’s Economic Data: An Accurate Reflection, or Just Smoke and Mirrors?The Regional Economist 25 (2): 612.Google Scholar
Pa, Ka, Dai, Weisen, Yang, Fan, and Muddie, Luisetta. 2015. “Top Xinjiang Editor Expelled from China’s Communist Party foe ‘Opposing Party Line.’” Radio Free Asia, November 2. www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/editor-11022015153453.html.Google Scholar
Pan, Guang. 2004. “China’s Anti-terror Strategy and China’s Role in Global Anti-terror Cooperation.” Asia Europe Journal 2: 523532.Google Scholar
Panda, Jagannath P. 2007. “Assessing the Impact of the Sino-Indian Army Exercise on Bilateral Relations.” China Brief 7 (15). https://jamestown.org/program/assessing-the-impact-of-the-sino-indian-army-exercise-on-bilateral-relations/.Google Scholar
Pannell, Clifton W., and Schmidt, Philipp. 2006. “Structural Change and Regional Disparities in Xinjiang, China.Eurasian Geography and Economics 47 (3):329352.Google Scholar
Palmer, Doug. 2020. “CBP Could Take Action against Xinjiang Cotton Products.” Politico. www.politico.com/newsletters/weekly-trade/2020/09/08/cbp-could-take-action-against-xinjiang-cotton-products-790272.Google Scholar
Party History Research Office of the CPC Central Committee. 2010. History of the Communist Party of China, Volume II: 28. Beijing: History of Chinese Communist Party Publishing House.Google Scholar
People.com. 2001. “Zhonggong Dangshi shang de 80 ju kouhao [80 Slogans in the History of CPC].” June 26. www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/252/5303/5304/20010626/497648.html.Google Scholar
People.com. 2008. “人民日报连续三天发文探讨中国为什么这么安全[People’s Daily Discusses Why China Is So Safe Three Days in a Row].” http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0209/c1002-29814449.html.Google Scholar
People.com. 2012. “Foreign Media Focus on the Recruitment of 8,000 New Police Officers in Xinjiang When ‘One Village, One Police’ Policy Was Implemented to Preserve Stability [外媒紧盯新疆增加8000警力 维稳实现一村一警].” February 12. http://military.people.com.cn/GB/172467/16988690.html.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 1966. “The Encirclement of China.” www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00396336608440627?journalCode=tsur20.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 1990. “Wending Yadao Yiqie [Stability above Everything Else].” June 6.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 1995. “Recall the Establishment of XUAR.” September 28.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 1998. “Jieshao Xinjiang jingji shehui fazhan qingkuang [Introducing the Economic and Social Development in Xinjiang].” March 13, p. 2.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 1999a. Li Peng jieshou zhongguo jizhe lianhe caifang shi tan dongtu wenti [Li Peng Answers Questions about East Turkestan Issue].” April 19, p. 6.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 1999b. “Li Peng weiyuanzhang fangwen xila tuerqi xuliya bajisitan mengjialaguo he taiguo liuguo qingkuang de shumian baogao [A Written Report about Li Peng’s Visit to Greece, Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Thailand].” April 30.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 2000. “Zhu Rongji Meets with Turkish Guests.” February 16, p. 1.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 2002a. “‘Dongtu kongbu shili nantui zuize’ [‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity].” January 22, p. 3.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 2002b. “Lianheguo anlihui rending ‘dongtu’ wei kongbu zuzhi [UN Designated East Turkistan Islamic Movement as a Terrorist Organization].” September 13, p. 3.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 2002c. “Waijiaobu fayanren da jizhe wen [Ministry of Foreign Affairs Spokesman Answers Journalists’ Questions].” October 6, p. 2.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 2004. “Waijiaobu fayanren da jizhe wen [Ministry of Foreign Affairs Spokesman Answers Journalists’ Questions].” October 30, p. 4.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 2018. “One Million of Xinjiang Cadres Become Families with People from All Ethnic Groups [新疆百万干部职工与各族群众结亲认对].” November 7, p. 11.Google Scholar
People’s Daily. 2020. “中共中央国务院关于新时代推进西部大开发形成新格局的指导意见 [The CCP Central Committee and the State Council Unveil Guideline on Advancing Western Development in New Era].” May 18, p. 1.Google Scholar
Piazza, James A. 2006. “Rooted in Poverty? Terrorism, Poor Economic Development, and Social Cleavages.” Terrorism and Political Violence 18 (1): 159177.Google Scholar
Piazza, James A. 2017. Repression and Terrorism: A Cross-National Empirical Analysis of Types of Repression and Domestic Terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence 29 (1): 102118.Google Scholar
Piazza, James A. 2018. “Transnational Ethnic Diasporas and the Survival of Terrorist Organizations.” Security Studies 27 (4): 607632.Google Scholar
Pils, Eva. 2006. “Asking the Tiger for His Skin: Rights Activism in China.” Fordham International Law Journal 30 (4): 1209.Google Scholar
Potter, Phillip B. K. 2013. “Terrorism in China.” Strategic Studies Quarterly 7 (4): 7092.Google Scholar
Potter, Philip B. K., and Wang, Chen. 2022. “Governmental Responses to Terrorism in Autocracies: Evidence from China.” British Journal of Political Science 52 (1): 358380.Google Scholar
Polyakova, Alina, and Meserole, Chris. 2019. “Exporting Digital Authoritarianism: The Russian and Chinese Models.” The Brookings Institution, August. www.brookings.edu/research/exporting-digital-authoritarianism/.Google Scholar
Putz, Catherine. 2019. “Which Countries Are for or against China’s Xinjiang Policies?” The Diplomat, July 15. https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/.Google Scholar
Qian, Qichen. 2005. Ten Episodes in China’s Diplomacy. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Qin, Bei, Strömberg, David, and Wu, Yanhui. 2017. “Why Does China Allow Freer Social Media? Protests versus Surveillance and Propaganda.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 31 (1): 117140.Google Scholar
Qu, Pengfei. 2019. “BRI and the Development of Xinjiang Conference Is Held in Hangzhou [‘一带一路’与新疆社会发展学术研讨会在杭州召开].” Guangming, January 22. www.gmw.cn/xueshu/2019-01/22/content_32392446.htm.Google Scholar
Quackenbush, Casey. 2017. “Three Things to Know about China’s Kindergarten Abuse Scandal.” Time, November 27. https://time.com/5037556/china-beijing-kindergarten-abuse-scandal/.Google Scholar
Rabasa, Angel, Pettyjohn, Stacie L., Ghez, Jeremy, and Boucek, Christopher. 2010. Deradicalizing Islamist Extremists. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG1053.html.Google Scholar
Rabinovitch, Simon. 2010. “China’s GDP Is ‘Man-Made’, Unreliable: Top Leader.” Reuters, December 6. www.reuters.com/article/us-china-economy-wikileaks-idUSTRE6B527D20101206.Google Scholar
Radio Free Asia. 2015. “Death Toll in Xinjiang Coal Mine Attack Climbs to 50.” September 30. www.rfa.org/english/news/Uighur/attack-09302015174319.html.Google Scholar
Radio Free Asia. 2018. “Chinese Authorities Jail Four Wealthiest Uighurs in Xinjiang’s Kashgar in New Purge.” January 5. www.rfa.org/english/news/Uighur/wealthiest-01052018144327.html.Google Scholar
Ramzy, Austin, and Buckley, Chris. 2019. “‘Absolutely No Mercy’: Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims.” The New York Times, November 16. www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/16/world/asia/china-xinjiang-documents.html.Google Scholar
Rapoport, David C. 2004. “The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism.” In Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy, edited by Cronin, Audrey Kurth and Ludes, James M., 4673. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Reed, J. Todd, and Raschke, Diana. 2010. The ETIM: China’s Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar
Regan, James. 2020. “France Says China’s Repression of Xinjiang Is Unacceptable.” Bloomberg, July 22. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-22/france-says-china-s-repression-of-xinjiang-uighurs-unacceptable.Google Scholar
Resolutions of the CPC Central Committee on Major Issues Regarding the Building of a Harmonious Socialist Society. 2006. www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2006/content_453176.htm.Google Scholar
Reuter, Ora John, and Robertson, Graeme B.. 2015. “Legislatures, Cooptation, and Social Protest in Contemporary Authoritarian Regimes.” The Journal of Politics 77 (1): 235248.Google Scholar
Reuters, . 2009. “Militant Urges Targeting China over Uighurs.” August 1. www.reuters.com/news/picture/militant-urges-targeting-china-over-uigh-idUSTRE5701SS20090801.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sean R. 2020. The War on the Uyghurs. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Roggio, Bill. 2011.”Al Qaeda Appoints New Leader of Forces in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas.” Foundation for the Defense of Democracies’ Long War Journal, May 9. www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/05/al_qaeda_appoints_ne_2.php.Google Scholar
Roggio, Bill. 2012.”Turkistan Islamic Party Leader Thought Killed in US Drone Strike.” Foundation for the Defense of Democracies’ Long War Journal, August 25. www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/08/turkistan_islamic_pa_1.php.Google Scholar
Roggio, Bill. 2015. “Turkistan Islamic Party Emir Thought Killed in 2010 Reemerged to Lead Group in 2014.” Foundation for the Defense of Democracies’ Long War Journal, June 11. www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/06/turkistan-islamic-party-emir-thought-killed-in-2010-reemerged-to-lead-group-in-2014.php.Google Scholar
Rohner, Dominic, and Frey, Bruno S.. 2007. “Blood and Ink! The Common-Interest-Game between Terrorists and the Media.” Public Choice 133 (1–2): 129145.Google Scholar
Ross, Jeffrey Ian. 1993. “Structural Causes of Oppositional Political Terrorism: Towards a Causal Model.” Journal of Peace Research 30 (3):317329.Google Scholar
Ross, Michael. 2006. “A Closer Look at Oil, Diamonds, and Civil War.” Annual Review of Political Science 9: 265300.Google Scholar
Rudelson, Justin, and Jankowiak, William. 2004. “Acculturation and Resistance: Xinjiang Identities in Flux” In Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, edited by Frederick Starr, S., 299319. Armonk, NY: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
Ruser, Nathan, Leibold, James, Munro, Kelsey, and Hoja, Tilla. 2020. “Cultural Erasure.” Australian Strategic Policy Institute, September 24,.Google Scholar
Ruwitch, John. 2018. “Timeline – The Rise of Chinese Leader Xi Jinping.” Reuters, March 16. www.reuters.com/article/us-china-parliament-xi-timeline/timeline-the-rise-of-chinese-leader-xi-jinping-idUSKCN1GS0ZA.Google Scholar
Sampson, Catherine. 1992. “Bombers Raise Chinese Fears.” The Times, February 22.Google Scholar
Sánchez-Cuenca, I., and De la Calle, L. 2009. Domestic Terrorism: The Hidden Side of Political Violence. Annual Review of Political Science 12: 3149.Google Scholar
Sandler, Todd. 1995. “On the Relationship between Democracy and Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 7 (4): 19.Google Scholar
Sandler, Todd, Tschirhart, John T., and Cauley, Jon. 1983. “A Theoretical Analysis of Transnational Terrorism.” American Political Science Review 77 (1): 3654.Google Scholar
Schiavenza, Matt. 2013. How Humiliation Drove Modern Chinese History. The Atlantic, October 26.Google Scholar
Schmid, Alex Peter. 1992. “Terrorism and Democracy.” Terrorism and Political Violence 4 (4): 1425.Google Scholar
Schmid, Alex Peter. 2004. “Frameworks for Conceptualising terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 16 (2): 197221.Google Scholar
Schmid, Alex Peter, and De Graaf, Janny. 1982. Violence as Communication: Insurgent Terrorism and the Western News Media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Schubert, Gunter. 2008. “One-Party Rule and the Question of Legitimacy in Contemporary China: Preliminary Thoughts on Setting up a New Research Agenda.” Journal of Contemporary China 17 (54): 191204.Google Scholar
Schweller, Randall L., and Pu, Xiaoyu. 2011. “After Unipolarity: China’s Visions of International Order in an Era of US Decline.” International Security 36 (1): 4172.Google Scholar
Scobell, Andrew, Ratner, Ely, and Beckley, Michael. 2014. China’s Strategy toward South and Central Asia: An Empty Fortress. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.Google Scholar
Senate Foreign Relations Committee. 2002. “Hearing: Fiscal Year 2003 Foreign Affairs Budget.” February 5. https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/18525.Google Scholar
Shadmehr, Mehdi. 2015. “Extremism in Revolutionary Movements.” Games and Economic Behavior 94: 97121.Google Scholar
Shakil, F. M. 2021. “Why China Fears US Withdrawal from Afghanistan.” Asia Times. January 12. https://asiatimes.com/2021/01/why-china-fears-us-withdrawal-from-afghanistan/.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, David L. 2000. “China’s Military Views the World: Ambivalent Security.” International Security 24 (3): 5279.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, David L. 2007. “China’s Propaganda System: Institutions, Processes and Efficacy.” The China Journal 57: 2558.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, David L. 2008. China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, David. 2013. “Assessing China’s New Leadership One Year On.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/David_Shambaugh.pdf.Google Scholar
Shao, L. 2018. “The Dilemma of Criticism: Disentangling the Determinants of Media Censorship in China.” Journal of East Asian Studies 18 (3): 279297.Google Scholar
Shen, S. 2007. China and Antiterrorism. New York: Nova Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Shi, Xiaobin. 2017. “Statement by Mr. Shi Xiaobin of the Chinese Delegation at the 72nd session of the UN General Assembly under Agenda Item 109: Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism.” Permanent Mission of the PRC to the UN. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:78F3xhoBmWMJ:chnun.chinamission.org.cn/eng/hyyfy/t1499504.htm+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us.Google Scholar
Shi, Yinglun. 2018. “Interview: SCO Summit to Enhance Anti-terrorism Cooperation, Boost Regional Connectivity – Afghan President.” Xinhua, June 8. www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/08/c_137240396.htm.Google Scholar
Shichor, Yitzhak. 2004. “The Great Wall of Steel: Military and Strategy in Xinjiang.” In Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, edited by Starr, S. Frederick, 120160. Abington: Routledge.Google Scholar
Shirk, Susan L., ed. 2011. Changing Media, Changing China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Simpson, Peter. 2012. “China’s Vice President Orders More Thought Control over Students.” The Telegraph, January 5. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8995123/Chinas-vice-president-orders-more-thought-control-over-students.html.Google Scholar
Sims, Christopher A. 1980. “Macroeconomics and Reality.” Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society 48 (1): 148.Google Scholar
Sina. 2009. “SWAT Forces from Thirty-One Cities Dispatched to Xinjiang to Maintain Stability after 7.5 Event [7-5事件后全国31个城市特警乘专机赴疆维稳].” August 17. http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-08-17/090718450526.shtml.Google Scholar
Siqueira, Kevin, and Sandler, Todd. 2006. “Terrorists versus the Government: Strategic Interaction, Support, and Sponsorship.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (6): 878898.Google Scholar
SITE Intelligence Group. 2013. “TIP Leader Speaks on Suicide Attack at Tiananmen Square.” November 22. https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/tip-leader-speaks-on-suicide-attack-at-tiananmen-square.html.Google Scholar
Small, Andrew. 2010China’s Caution on Afghanistan–Pakistan.” The Washington Quarterly 33 (3): 8197.Google Scholar
Small, Andrew. 2018. “China and Counter-Terrorism: Beyond Pakistan?” In Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in China: Domestic and Foreign Policy Dimensions, edited by Clarke, Michael, 129140. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Finley, Smith, Joanne. 2019. “The Wang Lixiong Prophecy: ‘Palestinization’ in Xinjiang and the Consequences of Chinese State Securitization of Religion.” Central Asian Survey 38 (1): 81101.Google Scholar
Sohu News. 2007. “PAP Searched for East Turkestan Terrorists with Helicopters [武警乘直升飞机搜索‘东突’分子].” http://news.sohu.com/20070118/n247680609.shtml.Google Scholar
Sohu News. 2014. “中外联合军演花销巨大, 谁来出钱? [Joint Military Exercises Are Expensive, Who Pays?].” August 24. https://m.sohu.com/n/556320341/Google Scholar
Sohu News. 2017. “Serve the Frontline of Stability-Maintenance, Keda Systems Are Installed in over 3000 Convenience Police Stations in Xinjiang [服务维稳第一线, 科达驻守新疆3000多个便民警务站].” February 17. www.sohu.com/a/126497275_219099.Google Scholar
Sohu News. 2019. “Another Heavy Punch to Promote Ethnic Mingling in Xinjiang, Big Change to the Preferential Policy That Awards Bonus Points in the National College Entrance Exams! [新疆加强民族交融再出重拳, 高考加分政策重大改革!].” May 12. www.sohu.com/a/313397034_679976.Google Scholar
Special Operations Forces and Counter-Terrorism.” 2006. Strategic Comments 12 (7): 12. www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1356788061272.Google Scholar
Speckhard, Anne, and Shajkovci, Ardian. 2018. “Prison: Militant Jihadist Recruiting Grounds or Refuge for Rehabilitation?” Homeland Security Today, December 11. www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/terrorism-study/prison-militant-jihadist-recruiting-grounds-or-refuge-for-rehabilitation/.Google Scholar
Starr, S. Frederick, ed. 2004. Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland. Armonk, NY: Taylor and Francis.Google Scholar
(START) National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. 2018. Global Terrorism Database (GTD). www.start.umd.edu/gtd/.Google Scholar
START (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism). 2021. Global Terrorism Database Codebook: Methodology, Inclusion Criteria, and Variables. University of Maryland, August. www.start.umd.edu/gtd/downloads/Codebook.pdf.Google Scholar
Stern, Rachel E., and Hassid, Jonathan. 2012. “Amplifying Silence: Uncertainty and Control Parables in Contemporary China.” Comparative Political Studies 45 (10): 12301254.Google Scholar
Stewart, Elliot. 2021. “The Islamic State Stopped Talking about China” War on the Rocks. https://warontherocks.com/2021/01/the-islamic-state-stopped-talking-about-uighurs/.Google Scholar
Stimson Center. 2018. Counterterrorism Spending: Protecting America While Promoting Efficiencies and Accountability. www.stimson.org/wp-content/files/file-attachments/CT_Spending_Report_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Stockmann, Daniela, and Gallagher, Mary E.. 2011. “Remote Control: How the Media Sustain Authoritarian Rule in China.” Comparative Political Studies 44 (4): 436467.Google Scholar
Stojanovic, Dusan. 2019. “Chinese Snooping Tech Spreads to Nations Vulnerable to Abuse.” Associated Press News, October 17. https://apnews.com/9fd1c38594444d44acfe25ef5f7d6ba0.Google Scholar
Storey, Henry. 2019. “Why Nobody Is Taking Action on Xinjiang and Why It Matters.” Australian Institute of International Affairs (blog), December 30. www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/taking-action-xinjiang-matters/.Google Scholar
Svolik, Milan W. 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Svolik, Milan W. 2013. “Contracting on Violence: The Moral Hazard in Authoritarian Repression and Military Intervention in Politics.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 57 (5): 765794.Google Scholar
Swanson, Ana, and Wong, Edward. 2020. “U.S. Adds Sanctions over Internment of Muslims in China.” New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2020/07/31/us/politics/sanctions-china-xinjiang-uighurs.html.Google Scholar
Swanstrom, Niklas. 2005. “China and Central Asia: A New Great Game or Traditional Vassal Relations?Journal of Contemporary China 14 (45): 569584.Google Scholar
Tang, Jiaxuan. 2011. Heavy Storm and Gentle Breeze: A Memoir of China’s Diplomacy. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Tanner, Murray Scot, and Bellacqua, James. 2016. “China’s Response to Terrorism.” CNA Report. CNA Analysis and Solutions. www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/Chinas%20Response%20to%20Terrorism_CNA061616.pdf.Google Scholar
Taubman, Philip. 1981. “U.S. and Peking Join in Tracking Missiles in Soviet.” New York Times, June 18, A1.Google Scholar
Thatcher, Margaret. 1985. “Speech to American Bar Association.” www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106096.Google Scholar
The Economist. 2009. “Riots in Xinjiang: Beijing’s nightmare.” July 9. www.economist.com/leaders/2009/07/09/beijings-nightmare.Google Scholar
The Economist. 2018. “Russia and China Hold the Biggest Military Exercises for Decades.” September 6. www.economist.com/europe/2018/09/06/russia-and-china-hold-the-biggest-military-exercises-for-decades.Google Scholar
The Guardian. 2014. “Chinese Authorities Offer Cash to Promote Interethnic Marriages.” September 2. www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/02/chinese-authorties-cash-inter-ethnic-marriages-uighur-minority.Google Scholar
The Ministry of Public Security of the PRC. 2012. “The Third List of Identified Terrorists.” April 6. www.gov.cn/gzdt/2012-04/06/content_2107385.htm.Google Scholar
The Montreal Gazette. 1950. “Chinese Moslem Head Says War Will Go On.” January 10. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bDIrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SpkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4393,1365448&dq=ma+pu-fang&hl=en.Google Scholar
The State Council Information Office. 2011. “China’s National Defense in 2010.” March 11. www.scio.gov.cn/zxbd/nd/2011/Document/883530/883530.htm.Google Scholar
The State Council Information Office. 2019. “Vocational Education and Training in Xinjiang.” http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/201908/17/content_WS5d57573cc6d0c6695ff7ed6c.html.Google Scholar
Thomas, Neil. 2019. “How Beijing Embraces Public Opinion to Govern and Control.” Paulson Institute. https://macropolo.org/china-public-opinion-authoritarian-resilience/?rp=m.Google Scholar
Thum, Rian. 2018. “The Uyghurs in Modern China.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-160.Google Scholar
Tiezzi, Shannon. 2019. “Rival Camps Clash over Xinjiang at UN Committee Session.” The Diplomat, October 31. https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/rival-camps-clash-over-xinjiang-at-un-committee-session/.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 2004. “Terror, terrorism, terrorists.” Sociological Theory 22 (1): 513.Google Scholar
Tohti, Ilham. 2015. “Present-Day Ethnic Problems in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region: Overview and Recommendations (4) – Ethnic Alienation and Segregation.” translated by Cindy Carter. China Change, May 4. https://chinachange.org/2015/05/04/present-day-ethnic-problems-in-xinjiang-uighur-autonomous-region-overview-and-recommendations-4-ethnic-alienation-and-segregation/.Google Scholar
Trédaniel, Marie, and Lee, Pak K.. 2017. “Explaining the Chinese Framing of the ‘Terrorist’ Violence in Xinjiang: Insights from Securitization Theory.Nationalities Papers 46 (1): 177195.Google Scholar
Truex, Rory. 2019. “Focal Points, Dissident Calendars, and Preemptive Repression.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 63 (4): 10321052.Google Scholar
Tschantret, Joshua. 2018. “Repression, Opportunity, and Innovation: The Evolution of Terrorism in Xinjiang, China.” Terrorism and Political Violence 30 (4): 569588.Google Scholar
Turkel, Nury. 2020. “The U.S. Must Use the New Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act to Sanction Chinese Officials for Religious Persecution.” Time. https://time.com/5847184/uyghur-human-rights-policy-act-china/.Google Scholar
United Nations Security Council. 2011.“Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement.” April 7. www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list/summaries/entity/eastern-turkistan-islamic-movement.Google Scholar
United Nations Security Council. 2020. “Letter from the Chair of the Security Council Committee.” January 20. https://undocs.org/S/2020/53.Google Scholar
Uyghur Human Rights Project. 2017. “Simulated Autonomy: Uyghur Underrepresentation in Political Office.” https://uhrp.org/docs/political-representation-repor.pdf.Google Scholar
Vagneur-Jones, Antoine. 2017. “War and Opportunity: The Turkistan Islamic Party and the Syrian conflict.” Foundation pour la Recherche Strategique, March 2. www.frstrategie.org/en/publications/notes/war-and-opportunity-turkistan-islamic-party-syrian-conflict-2017.Google Scholar
Verma, Pranshu, and Wong, Edward. 2020. “U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Chinese Officials over Mass Detention of Muslims.” New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/world/asia/trump-china-sanctions-uighurs.html.Google Scholar
Voice of America. 2021. “观察人士:美军撤离阿富汗, 中国的担忧与日俱增 [Observers: US Withdraw from Afghanistan, China’s Worries Grows].” www.voachinese.com/a/china-Afghanistan-08102021/5997945.html.Google Scholar
Wallace, Kelly. 2001. “Bush Pledges Whatever It Takes to Defend Taiwan.” CNN, April 25. www.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/04/24/bush.taiwan.abc/index.html.Google Scholar
Wan, William. 2013. “Chinese Police Say Tiananmen Square Crash Was ‘Premeditated, Violent, Terrorist Attack.’” The Washington Post, October 30. www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/chinese-police-say-tiananmen-square-crash-was-premeditated-violent-terrorist-attack/2013/10/30/459e3e7e-4152-11e3-8b74-d89d714ca4dd_story.html.Google Scholar
Wang, Adrian, and Ng, Teddy. 2014. “Urumqi Bombing Was Suicide Attack by Uighur Extremists.” South China Morning Post, May 1. www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1502056/two-religious-extremists-carried-out-suicide-attack-urumqi-xinjiang.Google Scholar
Wang, David D. 1998. “East Turkestan Movement in Xinjing.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 4 (1): 118.Google Scholar
Wang, Yongqing 王永庆. 2012. Li Shide huisheng: Gercia huiyi lu 历史的回声:格尔夏回忆录 [The Echo of History: A Memoir of Gercia]. Xinjiang: Xinjiang shengchan jianshe bingtuan chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wang, Yuhua. 2019. “The Political Legacy of Violence during China’s Cultural Revolution.” British Journal of Political Science 51 (2): 463487.Google Scholar
Wang, Yuhua, and Minzner, Carl. 2015. “The Rise of the Chinese Security State.” The China Quarterly 222: 339359.Google Scholar
Wang, Zheng. 2008. “National Humiliation, History Education, and the Politics of Historical Memory: Patriotic Education Campaign in China.” International Studies Quarterly 52 (4): 783806.Google Scholar
Wang, Zheng. 2014. Never Forget National Humiliation: Historical Memory in Chinese Politics and Foreign Relations. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Wayne, Martin I. 2007. China’s War on Terrorism: Counter-Insurgency, Politics and Internal Security. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wayne, Martin I. 2008. China’s War on Terrorism: Counter-Insurgency, Politics, and Internal Security. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Weber, I., and Jia, L.. 2007. “Internet and Self-Regulation in China: The Cultural Logic of Controlled Commodification.” Media, Culture & Society 29 (5): 772789.Google Scholar
Weeks, Jessica L. P. 2014. Dictators at War and Peace. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Weinberg, Leonard, Pedahzur, Ami, and Hirsch-Hoefler, Sivan. 2004. “The Challenges of Conceptualizing Terrorism.” Terrorism and Political Violence 16 (4): 777794.Google Scholar
Weiss, Caleb. 2020 “Jihadists Discuss Coronavirus, Offer Advice.” Foundation for the Defense of Democracies’ Long War Journal, March 13. www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2020/03/jihadists-discuss-coronavirus-offer-advice.php.Google Scholar
Weiss, Jessica Chen. 2014. Powerful Patriots: Nationalist Protest in China’s Foreign Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weitz, Richard. 2015. Parsing Chinese-Russian Military Exercises. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Paul. 1997. “The Media and Terrorism: A Reassessment.” Terrorism and Political Violence 9 (2): 5164.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Paul. 2001. Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Wilson, Matthew C., and Piazza, James A.. 2013. “Autocracies and Terrorism: Conditioning Effects of Authoritarian Regime Type on Terrorist Attacks.” American Journal of Political Science 57 (4): 941955.Google Scholar
Wines, Michael. 2011. “Militant Band Claims Role in Western China Attacks.” The New York Times, September 8. www.nytimes.com/2011/09/09/world/asia/09china.html.Google Scholar
Wines, Michael, and Ansfield, Jonathan. 2010. “China Says It Is Slowing Down Military Spending.” The New York Times, March 4. www.nytimes.com/2010/03/05/world/asia/05china.html.Google Scholar
Withnall, Adam. 2018. “China Sends State Spies to Live in Uighur Muslim Homes and Attend Private Family Weddings and Funerals.” The Independent, November 30. www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-uighurs-muslim-xinjiang-weddings-minority-communist-party-a8661006.html.Google Scholar
Womack, Brantly. 2005. “Democracy and the Governing Party (执政党): A Theoretical Perspective.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 10 (1): 2342.Google Scholar
Wong, Edward. 2009. “Clashes in China Shed Light on Ethnic Divide.” The New York Times, July 7. www.nytimes.com/2009/07/08/world/asia/08china.htmlE.Google Scholar
Wood, Reed M. 2008. “‘A Hand upon the Throat of the Nation’: Economic Sanctions and State Repression, 1976–2001.” International Studies Quarterly 52 (3): 489513.Google Scholar
Wu, Xiaogang, and He, Guangye. 2018. “Ethnic Autonomy and Ethnic Inequality: An Empirical Assessment of Ethnic Policy in Urban China.” China Review 18 (2): 185216.Google Scholar
Wu, Xiaogang, and Song, Xi. 2014. “Ethnic Stratification amid China’s Economic Transition: Evidence from the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region.” Social Science Research 44: 158172.Google Scholar
Wuthnow, Joel. 2019. China’s Other Army: The People’s Armed Police in an Era of Reform. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press.Google Scholar
Xinhua News Agency. 2019. “Commentary: Xinjiang-Related Bill again Reveals U.S. True Nature of Hegemony.” December 5. www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/05/c_138607715.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua News Agency. 2011. “China-Pakistan Successfully Held Counter-Terrorism Joint Military Exercises in Pakistan.” November 24. www.gov.cn/jrzg/2011-11/24/content_2002920.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua News Agency. 2014. “习近平在第二次中央新疆工作座谈会上发表重要讲话 [Xi Jinping Delivers an Important Speech at the Second Xinjiang Work Forum].” May 29. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:OJwoYSdeyFcJ:www.xinhuanet.com/photo/2014-05/29/c_126564529.htm+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us.Google Scholar
Xinhua News Agency. 2017. “Ministry of Defense: The Fundamental Function and Responsibility of the PAP Is Not Changed.” December 28. www.xinhuanet.com/2017-12/28/c_1122181068.htm.Google Scholar
Xinhua News Agency. 2019. “Commentary: Xinjiang-Related Bill again Reveals U.S. True Nature of Hegemony.” December 5. www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/05/c_138607715.htm.Google Scholar
Xu, Beina, and Albert, Eleanor. 2017. “Media Censorship in China.” Council on Foreign Relations, February 17. www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china.Google Scholar
Xu, Beina, Fletcher, Holly, and Bajoria, Jayshree. 2014. “The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM).” Council on Foreign Relations, September 4. www.files.ethz.ch/isn/183551/The%20East%20Turkestan%20Islamic%20Movement%20(ETIM)%20-%20Council%20on%20Foreign%20Relations.pdf.Google Scholar
Xu, Xu. 2021. “To Repress or To Co-opt? Authoritarian Control in the Age of Digital Surveillance.” American Journal of Political Science 65 (2): 309325.Google Scholar
XUAR Department of Justice. 2017. “Key Points in the Work of XUAR Grassroots Justice and Administration.” Yuli Government Information Open Platform. www.yuli.gov.cn/Government/PublicInfoShow.aspx?ID=27973Google Scholar
Xue, Ruixin. 2015. “新疆拟立法反恐, 将依法赋予军队反恐权力 [Xinjiang Is Drafting Laws to Back Counterterrorism, Which Will Legally Allow the Military to Conduct Counterterrorism Activities].” China National Defense News, February 4. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:lDyNpQUHn_4J:www.81.cn/tzjy/2015-02/04/content_6340392.htm+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us.Google Scholar
Yan, Xuetong. 2014. “From Keeping a Low Profile to Striving for Achievement.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 7 (2): 153184.Google Scholar
Yang, Yuan. 2019. “Xinjiang Security Crackdown Sparks Han Chinese Exodus” Financial Times, December 21. www.ft.com/content/fa6bd0b0-1d87-11ea-9186-7348c2f183af.Google Scholar
Yang, Zi. 2016. “The Chinese People’s Armed Police in a Time of Armed Forces Restructuring.” China Brief 16 (6): 913. https://jamestown.org/program/the-chinese-peoples-armed-police-in-a-time-of-armed-forces-restructuring/.Google Scholar
Yang, Zi. 2017. “Xi Jinping and China’s Traditionalist Restoration.” China Brief 17 (9): 913. https://jamestown.org/program/xi-jinping-chinas-traditionalist-restoration/.Google Scholar
Yu, H. 2006. “From Active Audience to Media Citizenship: The Case of Post-Mao China.” Social Semiotics 16 (2): 303326.Google Scholar
Yu, Zeyuan. 2016. “The Debut of the Former Xinjiang Party Secretary Indicates No Rejection of Zhang Chunxian’s Approach to Xinjiang [卸任新疆党委书记首度亮相显示 张春贤治疆策略未遭否定].” Lianhe Zaobao. October 17. www.zaobao.com.sg/news/china/story20161017-678651.Google Scholar
Yuan, Yang. 2018. “Artificial Intelligence Takes Jobs from Chinese Web Censors.” Financial Times, May 21. www.ft.com/content/9728b178-59b4-11e8-bdb7-f6677d2e1ce8.Google Scholar
Zeileis, Achim, Kleiber, Christian, and Jackman, Simon. 2008. “Regression Models for Count Data in R.” Journal of Statistical Software 27 (8): 125.Google Scholar
Zenz, Adrian. 2018. “Corralling the People’s Armed Police: Centralizing Control to Reflect Centralized Budgets.” China Brief 18 (7). https://jamestown.org/program/corralling-the-peoples-armed-police-centralizing-control-to-reflect-centralized-budgets/.Google Scholar
Zenz, Adrian, and Leibold, James. 2017. “Xinjiang’s Rapidly Evolving Security State.” China Brief 17 (4): 2127. https://jamestown.org/program/xinjiangs-rapidly-evolving-security-state/.Google Scholar
Zhang, Chunxian. 2016. “Keep Deepening the fanghuiju Work: Contribute to Building a Beautiful Xinjiang and Achieving the National Dream.” Xinjiang Today. Issue 2. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:l0lUkhSN9foJ:www.xjdx.gov.cn/view.php%3Fid%3D5823+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jiadong. 2014. “反恐也需要’内病外治’ [Counterterrorism Needs External Therapy for the Internal Disease].” People’s Daily, May 12.Google Scholar
Zhang, Wei. 2016. “走出西方国家反恐的误区 [Avoid the Western Misunderstanding of Counter-Terrorism].” People’s Daily, April 11, p. 9.Google Scholar
Zhang, Yuxi. 2003. “Anti-Separatism Struggle and Its Historical Lessons since the Liberation of Xinjiang.” English translation and web publishing by Uyghur American Association.Google Scholar
Zhao, Kejin. 2015. “一带一路应强化安全为基 [BRI Needs Strengthened Security Measures].” Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy, June 15. https://carnegietsinghua.org/2015/06/15/zh-pub-60676.Google Scholar
Zhao, Tong. 2010. “Social Cohesion and Islamic Radicalization: Implications from the Uighur Insurgency.” Journal of Strategic Security 3 (3): 39–52.Google Scholar
Zhao, Yuezhi. 2009. “Rethinking Chinese Media Studies: History, Political Economy and Culture.” In Internationalizing Media Studies, edited by Thussu, Daya Kishan, 189209. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Zheng, Yanjiang. 2016. “Fanghuiju, a New Exploration in Grassroot Governance in Xinjiang.” iFeng News, August 29. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:NdmzJUAmlwAJ:news.ifeng.com/a/20160829/49854900_0.shtml+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us.Google Scholar
Zhong, Yuhao. 2016. “Why Do These PAP Provincial Heads Enjoy Army Grade Benefits? [同是省一级武警总队, 为何这几个军政主官是正军职?].” The Paper, August 3. www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1508045.Google Scholar
Zhou, Enlai. 1957. “Some Questions regarding China’s Ethnic Policies.Beijing Review, March 3.Google Scholar
Zhou, Minglang. 2010. “The Fate of the Soviet Model of Multinational State-Building in the People’s Republic of China.” In China Learns from the Soviet Union, 1949–Present, edited by Thomas P. Bernstein and Hua-Yu Li, 477503. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Zhou, Zunyou. 2019. “Chinese Strategy for De-radicalization.” Terrorism and Political Violence 31 (6): 11871209.Google Scholar
Zhu, Yuchao. 2011. “‘Performance Legitimacy’ and China’s Political Adaptation Strategy.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 16 (2): 123140.Google Scholar
Zi, Yang. 2018. “Securing China’s Belt and Road Initiative.United States Institute of Peace, November 26.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Philip B. K. Potter, University of Virginia, Chen Wang, University of Idaho
  • Book: Zero Tolerance
  • Online publication: 01 December 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009115247.011
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Philip B. K. Potter, University of Virginia, Chen Wang, University of Idaho
  • Book: Zero Tolerance
  • Online publication: 01 December 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009115247.011
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Philip B. K. Potter, University of Virginia, Chen Wang, University of Idaho
  • Book: Zero Tolerance
  • Online publication: 01 December 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009115247.011
Available formats
×