Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T06:03:36.592Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Nineteen - Byzantine Georgia/Georgian Byzantium

from III - Languages, Confessions, Empire

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2024

Elizabeth S. Bolman
Affiliation:
Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
Scott Fitzgerald Johnson
Affiliation:
University of Oklahoma
Jack Tannous
Affiliation:
Princeton University, New Jersey
Get access

Summary

As the recovery of the rich history of the expansive Byzantine Commonwealth pushes forward, we must renew our emphasis on the sturdy multi- and cross-cultural foundation upon which it was constructed. Christian Caucasia was a charter member of the Byzantine Commonwealth, but its social fabric and cultural orientation remained locked on the Iranian world for centuries to come. The fundamentally Iranic, or Persianate, nature of Christian Caucasian society is a reminder of the intense cross-cultural connections of Rome-Byzantium and Iran across late antiquity and into the medieval period.

Type
Chapter
Information
Worlds of Byzantium
Religion, Culture, and Empire in the Medieval Near East
, pp. 612 - 649
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alekʻsiże, Zaza, trans. Epistoletʻa cigni. T‘bilisi: Mecʻniereba, 1968.Google Scholar
Aleksidze, Zaza, Shanidze, Mzekala, Khevsuriani, Lily, and Kavtaria, Michael. Catalogue of Georgian Manuscripts Discovered in 1975 at St. Catherine’s Monastery on Mt. Sinai. Translated by Shanidze, Mzekala. Athens: Greek Ministry of Culture; Mount Sinai Foundation, 2005.Google Scholar
Alexidze, Lela. “‘One in the Beings’ and ‘One within Us’: The Basis of the Union with the One in Ioane Petritsi’s Interpretation of Proclus’ Elements of Theology.” In Georgian Christian Thought and Its Cultural Context: Memorial Volume for the 125th Anniversary of Shalva Nutsubidze (1888–1969), edited by Nutsubidze, Tamar, Horn, Cornelia B., and Lourié, Basil, pp. 175–93. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2014.Google Scholar
Andronikašvili, Mzia. Narkvevebi iranul-kʻartʻuli enobrivi urtʻiertʻobidan, vol. 1. T‘bilisi: Tʻbilisis universitetis gamomcʻemloba, 1966.Google Scholar
Arutiunov, Sergei. “Notes on the Making of a World Area.” In Caucasus Paradigms: Anthropologies, Histories and the Making of a World Area, edited by Grant, Bruce and Yalçın-Heckmann, Lale, pp. 301–6. Berlin: Lit, 2007.Google Scholar
Bennett, Kirk. A Catalog of Georgian Coins. Santa Rosa, CA: Stephen Album Rare Coins, 2014.Google Scholar
Bentley, Jerry H., Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-modern Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Bentley, Jerry H., Bridenthal, Renate, and Yang, Anand A., eds. Interactions: Transregional Perspectives on World History. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Blake, Robert P.Georgian Secular Literature, Epic, Romantic, and Lyric (1100–1800).Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature 15 (1933): 25–48.Google Scholar
Blockley, R. C., ed. and trans. The History of Menander the Guardsman. Liverpool: Francis Cairns, 1985.Google Scholar
Bowersock, G. W. The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Braund, David. Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 bc–ad 562. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canepa, Matthew P. The Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 bce–642 ce. Oakland: University of California Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canepa, Matthew P. The Two Eyes of the Earth: Art and Ritual of Kingship between Rome and Sasanian Iran. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Colarusso, John. Nart Sagas from the Caucasus: Myths and Legends from the Circassians, Abazas, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compareti, , Matteo. “The Spread Wings Motif on Armenian Steles: Its Meaning and Parallels in Sasanian Art.Iran and the Caucasus 14 (2010): 201–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porphyrogenitus, Constantine. De administrando imperio. Edited and translated by Moravcsik, Gy and Jenkins, R. J. H.. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1967.Google Scholar
Conybeare, F. C., and Wardrop, Oliver. “The Georgian Version of the Liturgy of St. James.Revue de l’Orient Chrétien 18 (1913): 396410.Google Scholar
Crone, Patricia. The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicola, di Cosmo, and Maas, Michael, eds. Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250–750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Djobadze, Wachtang Z. Early Medieval Georgian Monasteries in Historic Tao, Klarjetʻi, and Šavšetʻi. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1992.Google Scholar
Djobadze, Wachtang Z. Materials for the Study of Georgian Monasteries in the Western Environs of Antioch on the Orontes. Vol. 372 (CSCO Subsidia 48). Louvain: Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, 1976.Google Scholar
Dundua, Giorgi, and Dundua, Tʻedo. Kʻartʻuli numizmatika, vol. 1. T‘bilisi: Artanuji, 2006.Google Scholar
Dundua, Tʻedo. Christianity and Mithraism: The Georgian Story. T‘bilisi: Meridian, 1999.Google Scholar
Dzidziguri, Shota. Gruzinskie variant nartskogo eposa: issledovanie, teksty. T‘bilisi: Mecʻniereba, 1971.Google Scholar
Eastmond, Anthony. “Art and Frontiers between Byzantium and the Caucasus.” In Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261–1557). Perspectives on Late Byzantine Art and Culture, edited by Brooks, Sarah T., pp. 154–69. New York; New Haven: Metropolitan Museum of Art; Yale University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Eastmond, AnthonyThe Limits of Byzantine Art.” In A Companion to Byzantium, edited by James, Liz, pp. 313–22. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.Google Scholar
Eastmond, Anthony Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Eastmond, AnthonyRoyal Renewal in Georgia: The Case of Queen Tamar.” In New Constantines: The Rhythm of Imperial Renewal in Byzantium, 4th–13th Centuries, edited by Magdalino, Paul, pp. 283–93. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1994.Google Scholar
Fowden, Garth. Before and after Muḥammad: The First Millennium Refocused. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Fowden, Garth Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galadza, Daniel. “Sources for the Study of Liturgy in Post-Byzantine Jerusalem (638–1187 ce).Dumbarton Oaks Papers 67 (2013): 7594.Google Scholar
Gamkrelidze, Thomas V. Alphabetic Writing and the Old Georgian Script: A Typology and Provenience of Alphabetic Writing Systems. Delmar, NY: Caravan, 1994.Google Scholar
Gamqreliże, Tʻamaz. Ceris anbanuri sistema da żveli kʻartʻuli damcerloba. T‘bilisi: Tʻbilisis universitetis gamomcʻemloba, 1989.Google Scholar
Garland, Lynda, and Rapp, Stephen. “Mary ‘of Alania’: Woman and Empress between Two Worlds.” In Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800–1200, edited by Garland, Lynda, pp. 91123. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006.Google Scholar
Garsoïan, Nina G.The Iranian Substratum of the ‘Agatʻangełos’ Cycle.” In East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period, edited by Garsoïan, Nina, Mathews, Thomas, and Robert, W. Thomson, pp. 151–89. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1982.Google Scholar
Garsoïan, Nina G.The Problem of Armenian Integration into the Byzantine Empire.” In Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire, edited by Ahrweiler, Hélène and Laiou, Angeliki E., pp. 53124. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998.Google Scholar
Garsoïan, Nina G., trans. The Epic Histories (Buzandaran Patmutʻiwnkʻ). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilization, 1989.Google Scholar
Gigineishvili, Levan. The Platonic Theology of Ioane Petritsi. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giorgi, Mcʻire. Life of Giorgi Mtʻacmideli. In Żveli kʻartʻuli agiograpʻiuli literaturis żeglebi, edited by Abulaże, Ilia, vol. 2, pp. 101207. T‘bilisi: Mecʻniereba, 1967.Google Scholar
Giorgi Mt‘acmideli. Life of Iovane and Epʻtʻwme. In Żveli kʻartʻuli agiograpʻiuli literaturis żeglebi, edited by Abulaże, Ilia, vol. 2, pp. 38100. T‘bilisi: Mecʻniereba, 1967.Google Scholar
Gippert, Jost. Iranica Armeno-Iberica: Studien zu den iranischen Lehnwörtern im Armenischen und Georgischen. 2 vols. Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1993.Google Scholar
Gippert, Jost, Schulze, Wolfgang, Aleksidze, Zaza, and Mahé, Jean-Pierre, eds. The Caucasian Albanian Palimpsests of Mt. Sinai. 3 vols. Turnhout: Brepols, 2008–10.Google Scholar
Gordeziani, Levan, and Tatšvili, Irene. “Hittite Elements in the Iberian State Cult of Armaz.” In Antahšum sar “Çiğdem”: Eski Anadolu araştırmalarına ve Hititlere adanmış bir hayat. Studies in Honour of Ahmet Ünal, edited by Erkut, Sedat and Gavaz, Özlem Sir, pp. 267–73. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2016.Google Scholar
Grdzelidze, Tamara. Georgian Monks on Mount Athos: Two Eleventh-Century Lives of the Hegoumenoi of Iviron. London: Bennett & Bloom, 2009.Google Scholar
Grierson, Philip. Byzantine Coins. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Haas, Christopher. “Mountain Constantines: The Christianization of Aksum and Iberia.Journal of Late Antiquity 1 (2008): 101–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Häberl, Charles. “Iranian Scripts for Aramaic Languages: The Origin of the Mandaic Script.Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 341 (2006): 5362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haldon, John. The Empire That Would Not Die: The Paradox of Eastern Roman Survival. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, Valerie. The Silk Road: A New History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Histories and Eulogies of the Crowned. In Kʻartʻlis cʻxovreba, edited by Qauxčʻišvili, S., vol. 2, pp. 1114. T‘bilisi: Sabčotʻa sakʻartʻvelo, 1959. Trans. Gamqreliże (Gamq’relidze), Demetre, The History and Eulogy of the Monarchs. In Kartlis Tskhovreba: A History of Georgia, edited by Roin Metreveli, pp. 227312. T‘bilisi: Artanuji, 2014.Google Scholar
Hodgson, Marshall G. S. Rethinking World History: Essays on Europe, Islam, and World History, edited by Burke, Edmund III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, Catherine. “Provinces and Capital.” In A Companion to Byzantium, edited by James, Liz, pp. 5566. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horn, Cornelia B. Asceticism and Christological Controversy in Fifth-Century Palestine: The Career of Peter the Iberian. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard-Johnston, James. Witness to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huyse, Philip. “Late Sasanian Society between Orality and Literacy.” In The Sasanian Era, edited by Sarkhosh Curtis, Vesta and Stewart, Sarah, pp. 140–55. London: I. B. Tauris, 2008.Google Scholar
Jeffery, Peter. “The Lost Chant Tradition of Early Christian Jerusalem: Some Possible Melodic Survivals in the Byzantine and Latin Chant Repertories.Early Music History 11 (1992): 151–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Lynn. Between Islam and Byzantium: Aghtʻamar and the Visual Construction of Medieval Armenian Rulership. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.Google Scholar
Jong, Albert de. “Armenian and Georgian Zoroastrianism.” In The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism, edited by Stausberg, Michael and Sohrab-Dinshaw Vevaina, Yuhan, pp. 119–28. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015.Google Scholar
K’ldiašvili, Dareӡan. “L’Icôn de Saint Georges du Mont Sinaï avec le portrait de Davit Aγmašenebeli.Revue des études géorgiennes et caucasiennes 5 (1989): 107–28.Google Scholar
Kaldellis, Anthony. The Byzantine Republic: People and Power in New Rome. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaldellis, Anthony Ethnography after Antiquity: Foreign Lands and Peoples in Byzantine Literature. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kantor, Martin, and White, Richard S., trans. The Vita of Constantine and The Vita of Methodius. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Department of Slavic Languages and Literature, 1976.Google Scholar
Kapanadze, D. G. Gruzinskaia numizmatika. Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1955.Google Scholar
Kavtaradze, Giorgi Leon.Caucasica II: Georgian Chronicles and the Raison d’être of the Iberian Kingdom.Orbis Terrarum 6 (2000): 177237.Google Scholar
Kazariian, Armen. Tserkovnaia arkhitektura stran Zakavkaz’ia VII veka: formirovanie i razvitie traditsii. 4 vols. Moscow: Lokus Standi, 2012–13.Google Scholar
Kazhdan, A. Armiane v sostave gospodstvuiushchego klassa vizantiiskoi imperii v XI–XII vv. Erevan: Izd-vo AN Armianskoi SSR, 1975.Google Scholar
Khintibidze, Elguja. Georgian–Byzantine Literary Contacts. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1996.Google Scholar
King, Charles. The Black Sea: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang, David M. “Introduction.” In Rust‘aveli, Knight in the Panther’s Skin, pp. 912.Google Scholar
Lang, David M. Studies in the Numismatic History of Georgia in Transcaucasia. Numismatic Notes and Monographs 130. New York: American Numismatic Society, 1955.Google Scholar
Leeming, Emma Loosley. Architecture and Asceticism: Cultural Interaction between Syria and Georgia in Late Antiquity. Texts and Studies in Eastern Christianity 13. Leiden: Brill, 2018.Google Scholar
Lewis, Martin W., and Wigen, Kären E. The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Life of Vaxtang Gorgasali. In Kʻartʻlis cʻxovreba, edited by Qauxčʻišvili, S., vol. 1, pp. 139–20415. T‘bilisi: Saxelgami, 1955.Google Scholar
Lomouri, Nodar. “The History of Georgian–Byzantine Relations.” In Perceptions of Byzantium and Its Neighbors (843–1261), edited by Pevny, Olenka Z., pp. 182–7. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art; Yale University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Magdalino, Paul. “Byzantium = Constantinople.” In A Companion to Byzantium, edited by James, Liz, pp. 4354. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mango, Cyril. Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome. New York: Scribner, 1980.Google Scholar
Maranci, Christina. Vigilant Powers: Three Churches of Early Medieval Armenia. Turnhout: Brepols, 2015.Google Scholar
Marr, N. I. Voprosy Vepkhistkaosani i Visramiani, edited by Megrelidze, I. V.. T‘bilisi: Mecʻniereba, 1966.Google Scholar
Martin-Hisard, Bernadette. “Le roi géorgien Vaxt’ang Gorgasal dans l’histoire et dans la légende.” In Temps, mémoire, tradition au Môyen Âge, pp. 207–42. Aix-en-Provence: Université de Provence, 1983.Google Scholar
Matchabeli, Kitty. “Georgia and the Byzantine World: Artistic Aspects.” In Perceptions of Byzantium and Its Neighbors: 843–1261. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Symposia, ed. Pevny, Olenka, pp. 188–97. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000.Google Scholar
McNeill, J. R., and McNeill, William H.. The Human Web: A Bird’s-Eye View of World History. New York; London: W. W. Norton, 2003.Google Scholar
Menabde, Levan. Żveli kʻartʻuli mcerlobis kerebi. 2 vols. T‘bilisi: Tʻbilisis universitetis gamomcʻemloba, 1961 and 1980.Google Scholar
Metreveli, R., ed. Scientific and Cultural Heritage of the Bagrationis. T‘bilisi: Sakʻartʻvelos mecʻnierebatʻa akademia, 2003.Google Scholar
Mgaloblishvili, Tamila, ed. Georgians in the Holy Land: The Rediscovery of a Long-Lost Christian Legacy. London: Bennett & Bloom, 2014.Google Scholar
Millar, Fergus. The Roman Near East 31 bc–ad 337. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Minorsky, Vladimir. A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th–11th Centuries. Cambridge: Heffer, 1958.Google Scholar
Minorsky, Vladimir Studies in Caucasian History: I. New Light on the Shaddādids of Ganja; II. The Shaddādids of Ani; III. Prehistory of Saladin. London: Taylor’s Foreign Press, 1953.Google Scholar
Khorenats‘i, Moses. History of the Armenians. Translated by Robert W. Thomson. Rev. ed. Ann Arbor: Caravan Books, 2006. Google Scholar
Obolensky, Dimitri. The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe 500–1453. New York; Washington, DC: Praeger, 1971.Google Scholar
Omidsalar, Mahmoud. Poetics and Politics of Iran’s National Epic, the Shahnameh. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.Google Scholar
Paičaże, Giorgi, ed. Sakʻartʻvelosa da kʻartʻvelebis aġmnišvneli ucʻxouri da kʻartʻuli terminologia. T‘bilisi: Mecʻniereba, 1993.Google Scholar
Pakhomov, E. A. Monety Gruzii, edited by Kapanadze, D. G., pp. 3651. T‘bilisi: Mecʻniereba, 1970.Google Scholar
Patariże, Lela. “Kʻartʻveltʻa gakʻristianeba ‘kʻartʻlis cʻxovrebis’ mixedvitʻ.” In Kʻristianoba sakʻartʻveloši (istoriul-etʻnologiuri gamokvleveni), pp. 816. T‘bilisi: n.p., 2000.Google Scholar
Patariże, Lela Politikuri da kulturuli identobani IV–VIII ss-is kʻartʻul ertʻobaši: “kʻartʻlis cʻxovrebis” samqaro. T‘bilisi: Kavkasiuri saxli, 2009.Google Scholar
Payne, Richard E. A State of Mixture: Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peacock, A. C. S.Georgia and the Anatolian Turks in the 12th and 13th Centuries.Anatolian Studies 56 (2006): 127–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peacock, A. C. S.Nomadic Society and the Seljūq Campaigns in Caucasia.Iran and the Caucasus 9, no. 2 (2005): 205–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pourshariati, Parvaneh. Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian–Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London; New York: I. B. Tauris, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Procopius, . History of the Wars. Ed. and trans. Dewing., H. B. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 1914.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapp, Stephen H., Jr. “Chronology, Crossroads, and Commonwealths: World-Regional Schemes and the Lessons of Caucasia.” In Bentley, Bridenthal, and Yang, Interactions, pp. 167201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapp, Stephen H.The Coinage of Tʻamar, Sovereign of Georgia in Caucasia.Le Muséon 106, no. 3–4 (1993): 309–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapp, Stephen H.From Bumberazi to Basileus: Writing Cultural Synthesis and Dynastic Change in Medieval Georgia (Kʻartʻli).” In Eastern Approaches to Byzantium, edited by Eastmond, Antony, pp. 101–16. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001.Google Scholar
Rapp, Stephen H.The Georgian Nimrod.” In The Armenian Apocalyptic Tradition: A Comparative Perspective. Essays Presented in Honor of Professor Robert W. Thomson, edited by Bardakjian, Kevork B. and Porta, Sergio La. Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha 25. Leiden: Brill, 2014.Google Scholar
Rapp, Stephen H.Images of Royal Authority in Early Christian Georgia: The Impact of Monotheism?” In Monotheistic Kingship: The Medieval Variants, edited by Al-Azmeh, Aziz and Bak, János M, pp. 155–72. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Rapp, Stephen H. “Imagining History at the Crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the Architects of the Written Georgian Past.” 2 vols. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1997.Google Scholar
Rapp, Stephen H.The Iranian Heritage of Georgia: Breathing New Life into the Pre-Bagratid Historiographical Tradition.Iranica Antiqua 44 (2009): 645–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapp, Stephen H.The Making of Kʻartʻlis cʻxovreba, the So-Called Georgian Chronicles.Sacris Erudiri: Journal of Late Antique and Medieval Christianity 56 (2017): 465–88.Google Scholar
Rapp, Stephen H. The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014.Google Scholar
Russell, James R. Armenian and Iranian Studies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, 2004.Google Scholar
Russell, James R. Zoroastrianism in Armenia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, 1987.Google Scholar
Rustʻaveli, Šotʻa. Vepʻxistqaosani. Edited by Baramiże, A., Kekeliże, K., and Šaniże, A.. T‘bilisi: Saxelgami, 1951. Trans. Venera Urušaże. The Knight in the Panther’s Skin. T‘bilisi: Sabčotʻa sakʻartʻvelo, 1986.Google Scholar
Šaniże, Akaki. Kʻartʻveltʻa monasteri bulgaretʻši da misi tipikoni = Gruzinskii monastyr’ v Bolgarii i ego tipik. T‘bilisi: Mecʻniereba, 1971.Google Scholar
Seibt, Werner. “Roman Military Presence on the Georgian Coast from the Third to the Fifth Century with an Appendix on the Ala Abasgorum.” In Mélanges Jean-Claude Cheynet, edited by Caseau, Béatrice, Prigent, Vivien, and Sopracasa, Alessio, pp. 637–43. Travaux et mémoires 21.1. Paris: Association des amis du Centre d’histoire et civilisation de Byzance, 2017.Google Scholar
Seibt, WernerWo, wann und zu welchem Zweck wurde das georgische Alphabet geschaffen?” In Die Entstehung der kaukasischen Alphabete als kulturhistorisches Phänomen, edited by Seibt, Werner and Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes, pp. 8390. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shahbazi, A. Shahpur.On the Xwadāy-nāmag.Acta Iranica 30 (1990): 208–29.Google Scholar
Shayegan, M. Rahim. Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Shepard, Jonathan. “Byzantium’s Overlapping Circles.” In Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, edited by Jeffreys, Elizabeth, vol. 1, pp. 1555. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006.Google Scholar
Shurgaia, Gaga. Vaxt’ang I Gorgasali re di Kartli: Alle origini dell’autocefalia della Chiesa ortodossa di Georgia. Orientalia Christiana Analecta 303. Rome: Pontifical Oriental Institute, 2018.Google Scholar
Tcheishvili, Giorgi. “Georgian Perceptions of Byzantium in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries.” In Eastern Approaches to Byzantium, edited by Eastmond, Antony, pp. 199209. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001.Google Scholar
Thomas, John, and Constantinides Hero, Angela, eds. Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents, vol. 2. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2000.Google Scholar
Thomson, Robert W.The Formation of the Armenian Literary Tradition.” In East of Byzantium: Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period, edited by Garsoïan, Nina, Mathews, Thomas, and Thomson, Robert W., pp. 135–50. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1982.Google Scholar
Thomson, Robert W.Mission, Conversion, and Christianization: The Armenian Example.Harvard Ukrainian Studies 12/13 (1988/9): 2845.Google Scholar
Thomson, Robert W. Rewriting Caucasian History: The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chronicles, the Original Georgian Texts and the Armenian Adaptation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, Robert W.Syrian Christianity and the Conversion of Armenia.” In Die Christianisierung des Kaukasus, edited by Seibt, Werner, pp. 159–69. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2002.Google Scholar
Toumanoff, Cyril. Les dynasties de la Caucasie chrétienne de l’Antiquité jusqu’au XIXe siècle: Tables généalogiques et chronologiques. Rome: n.p., 1990.Google Scholar
Toumanoff, CyrilOn the Relationship between the Founder of the Empire of Trebizond and the Georgian Queen Thamar.Speculum 15, no. 3 (July 1940): 299312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toumanoff, Cyril Studies in Christian Caucasian History. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1963.Google Scholar
Traina, Giusto. 428 ad: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire. Translated by Cameron, Allan. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsetskhladze, Gocha R.Ancient West and East: Mtskheta, Capital of Caucasian Iberia.Mediterranean Archaeology 19/20 (2006/7): 75107.Google Scholar
Tsetskhladze, Gocha R.The Cult of Mithras in Ancient Colchis.Revue de l’histoire des religions 209, no. 2 (1992): 115–24.Google Scholar
Vacca, Alison. Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam: Islamic Rule and Iranian Legitimacy in Armenia and Caucasian Albania. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vašakiże, Valeri. Terminebi “iberia” da “iberebi” antikuri cqaroebši. T‘bilisi: Mec‘niereba, 1973.Google Scholar
Vasiliev, A. A.The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222).Speculum 11, no. 1 (January 1936): 337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Joel Thomas. The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Wardrop, Oliver, trans. Visramiani: The Story of the Loves of Vis and Ramin. London: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1914 (repr. 1966).Google Scholar
Wood, Philip. The Chronicle of Seert: Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yarshater, Ehsan. “Iranian National History.” In The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, edited by Yarshater, Ehsan, pp. 359477. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zgusta, Ladislav. The Old Ossetic Inscription from the Revel Zelenčuk. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1987.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×