Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T03:24:33.215Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Eight - Antioch after Dark

Archaeology and the “Dark Ages” in North Syria

from II - Images, Objects, Archaeology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 October 2024

By
Michael J. Decker
Edited by
Elizabeth S. Bolman ,
Scott Fitzgerald Johnson  and
Jack Tannous
Elizabeth S. Bolman
Affiliation:
Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
Scott Fitzgerald Johnson
Affiliation:
University of Oklahoma
Jack Tannous
Affiliation:
Princeton University, New Jersey
Get access

Summary

In this chapter we explore the textual and material evidence for the transformation of the city of Antioch in northern Syria from the seventh through ninth centuries. Through observations of the environmental shocks, including the Justinianic Plague, which first arrived in AD 542, as well as the effects of a series of major earthquakes, we assess demographic changes that likely accompanied these events. Following this, we explore some possible reconstruction of the population of Antioch and its hinterland. In the early medieval period, a reassessment of the material evidence, read together with descriptions from medieval texts, demonstrates that a level economic and social activity, probably significantly exceeding previous estimates, persisted through the ‘Dark Ages’ of the seventh-ninth centuries.

Keywords

AntiocharchaeologyDark Agesdemographyhistorical geographymedieval economyearthquakesancient seismic activityseismicityseventh centuryeighth centuryninth centuryLimestone Massif
Type
Chapter
Information
Worlds of Byzantium
Religion, Culture, and Empire in the Medieval Near East
 , pp. 226 - 251
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abulafia, David and Berend, Nora. Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002.Google Scholar
Ambraseys, Nicholas. “Descriptive Catalogues of Historical Earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East; Revisited.” In Historical Seismology, edited by Fréchet, Julien, Meghraoui, Mustapha, Stucchi, Massimiliano, pp. 25–39. Dordrecht: Springer, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avni, Gideon. The Byzantine–Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayyadurai, Saravanan, Sebbane, Florent, Raoult, Didier, and Drancourt, Michel. “Body Lice, Yersinia pestis orientalis, and Black Death.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 16, no. 5 (2010): 892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bacci, Massimo Livi. A Concise History of World Population. Malden, MA: John Wiley and Sons, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bagnall, Roger S. “The Effects of Plague: Model and Evidence.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 15 (2002): 114–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedictow, Ole Jørgen. “Morbidity in Historical Plague Epidemics.” Population Studies 41, no. 3 (1987): 401–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benedictow, Ole Jørgen What Disease Was Plague? On the Controversy over the Microbiological Identity of Plague Epidemics of the Past. Leiden: Brill, 2011.Google Scholar
Biraben, Jean-Noël. “Essai sur l’évolution du nombre des hommes.” Population 34, no. 1 (1979): 13–25.Google Scholar
Biraben, Jean-Noël Les hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranéens: Les hommes face à la peste. Paris: Mouton, 1975.Google Scholar
Bond, Gerard, Showers, William, Cheseby, Maziet, Lotti, Rusty, Almasi, Peter, deMenocal, Peter, Priore, Paul, Cullen, Heidi, Hajdas, Irka, and Bonani, Georges. “A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates.” Science 278 (1997): 1257–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonner, Michael David. “The Emergence of the Thughur: The Arab–Byzantine Frontier in the Early ‘Abbasid Age.’” Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Bouchier, Edmund Spenser. Syria as a Roman Province. London: Blackwell, 1916.Google Scholar
Brooks, E. W. “The Chronological Canons of James of Edessa.” Zeitschrift der deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 53 (1899): 261–327.Google Scholar
Bulliet, Richard W. The Camel and the Wheel. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Büntgen, Ulf, Myglan, Vladimir S., Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik, McCormick, Michael, Di Cosmo, Nicola, Sigl, Michael, Jungclaus, Johann, Wagner, Sebastian, Krusic, Paul J., Esper, Jan, Kaplan, Jed O., de Vaan, Michiel A. C., Luterbacher, Jürg, Wacker, Lukas, Tegel, Willy, and Kirdyanov, Alexander V.. “Cooling and Societal Change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 ad.” Nature Geoscience 9, no. 3 (2016): 231–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, Thomas. “Plague History: Yersin’s Discovery of the Causative Bacterium in 1894 Enabled, in the Subsequent Century, Scientific Progress in Understanding the Disease and the Development of Treatments and Vaccines.” Clinical Microbiology and Infection 20, no. 3 (2014): 202–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, Hai, Sinha, Ashish, Verheyden, Sophie, Nader, Fadi H., Li, Xianglei, Zhang, Pingzhong, Yin, Jian-Jun, Yi, L., Peng, Youbing, Rao, Zhiguo, Ning, Youfeng, and Edwards, R. Lawrence. “The Climate Variability in Northern Levant over the Past 20,000 Years.” Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 20 (2015): 8641–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, Samuel J., Jr. “The Black Death: End of a Paradigm.” American Historical Review 107, no. 3 (2002): 703–38.Google Scholar
Collet, Eva. “Dābiq et la frontière du Dār al-Islām: Histoire et représentations (Ier–Ve siècles H./VIIe–XIe siècles).” Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée 144 (2018): 237–68.Google Scholar
Cumont, Franz. “The Population of Syria.” Journal of Roman Studies 24, no. 2 (1934): 187–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curta, Florin. Borders, Barriers, and Ethnogenesis: Frontiers in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Turnhout: Brepols, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dark, K. R. and Özgümüş, Ferudun. Constantinople: Archaeology of a Byzantine Megapolis: Final Report on the Istanbul Rescue Archaeology Project 1998–2004 Directed by Ken Dark and Ferudun Özgümüş. Oxford: Oxbow, 2013.Google Scholar
De Giorgi, Andrea U. Ancient Antioch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker, Michael J. The Byzantine Dark Ages. London: Bloomsbury, 2016.Google Scholar
Decker, Michael J. “Frontier Settlement and Economy in the Byzantine East.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61 (2007): 217–67.Google Scholar
Downey, Glanville. A History of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961.Google Scholar
Downey, Glanville “The Size of the Population of Antioch.” Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 89 (1958): 84–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drancourt, Michel, Houhamdi, Linda, and Raoult, Didier. “Yersinia pestis as a Telluric, Human Ectoparasite-Borne Organism.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 6, no. 4 (2006): 234–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drancourt, Michel, Roux, Véronique, Dang, La Vu, Tran-Hung, Lam, Castex, Dominique, Chenal-Francisque, Viviane, Ogata, Hiroyuki, Fournier, Pierre-Édouard, Crubézy, Éric, and Raoult, Didier. “Genotyping, Orientalis-Like Yersinia pestis, and Plague Pandemics.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 9 (2004): 1585–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drancourt, Michel, Signoli, Michel, Dang, La Vu, Bizot, Bruno, Roux, Véronique, Tzortzis, Stéfan, and Raoult, Didier. “Yersinia pestis orientalis in Remains of Ancient Plague Patients.” Emerging Infectious Diseases 13, no. 2 (2007): 332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eger, Alexander Asa. “Ḥiṣn al-Tīnāt on the Islamic–Byzantine Frontier: Synthesis and the 2005–2008 Survey and Excavation on the Cilician Plain (Turkey).” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (2010): 49–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eger, Alexander Asa. The Islamic–Byzantine Frontier: Interaction and Exchange among Muslim and Christian Communities. London: I. B. Tauris, 2014.Google Scholar
Eger, Alexander Asa. “Islamic Frontiers, Real and Imagined.” Al-Usur Al-Wusta: The Bulletin of Middle East Medievalists 17 (2005): 1–10.Google Scholar
Eger, Alexander Asa. “(Re) Mapping Medieval Antioch: Urban Transformations from the Early Islamic to the Middle Byzantine Periods.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 67 (2013): 95–134.Google Scholar
Eger, Alexander Asa. “The Spaces between the Teeth: Environment, Settlement, and Interaction on the Islamic-Byzantine Frontier.” Ph.D. dissertation. University of Chicago, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, 2008.Google Scholar
Eger, Alexander Asa. The Spaces between the Teeth: A Gazetteer of Towns on the Islamic–Byzantine Frontier. Istanbul: Ege Yayınları, 2012.Google Scholar
Elderkin, George W., ed. Antioch-on-the-Orontes I: The Excavations of 1932. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1934.Google Scholar
Evelpidou, Niki and Pirazzoli, Paolo Antonio. “Did the Early Byzantine Tectonic Paroxysm (EBTP) Also Affect the Adriatic Area?” Geomorphology 295 (2017): 827–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Förster, Richard, ed. Libanii Opera: Fragmenta, vol. 11: Epistulae 840–1544 una cum pseudepigraphis et Basilii cum Libanio commercio epistolico. Leipzig: Teubner, 1922.Google Scholar
Foss, Clive. “Syria in Transition, ad 550–750: An Archaeological Approach.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 51 (1997): 189–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerritsen, Fokke, De Giorgi, Andrea, Eger, Asa, Özbal, Rana, and Vorderstrasse, Tasha. “Settlement and Landscape Transformations in the Amuq Valley, Hatay: A Long-Term Perspective.” Anatolica 34 (2008): 241–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, Monica H. “Editor’s Introduction to Pandemic Disease in the Medieval World: Rethinking the Black Death.” Medieval Globe 1, no. 1 (2016): 3.Google Scholar
Günsenin, Nergis. “Ganos Wine and Its Circulation in the 11th Century.” In Byzantine Trade, 4th–12th Centuries: The Archaeology of Local, Regional, and International Exchange, edited by Mango, Marlia Mundell, pp. 145–53. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009.Google Scholar
Günsenin, Nergis “Recherches sur les amphores byzantines dans les musées turcs.” In Recherches sur la céramique byzantine: Actes du colloque EFA-Université de Strasboug, Athens, April 8–10, 1987, edited by Deroche, Vincent and Spieser, Jean-Michel, pp. 267–76. Leuven: Peeters, 1989.Google Scholar
Haldon, John. “History: Cooling and Societal Change.” Nature Geoscience 9, no. 3 (2016): 191–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haldon, John, Elton, Hugh, Huebner, Sabine R., Izdebski, Adam, Mordechai, Lee, and Newfield, Timothy P.. “Plagues, Climate Change, and the End of an Empire: A Response to Kyle Harper’s The Fate of Rome (1): Climate.” History Compass 16, no. 12 (2018): e12508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haldon, John, Elton, Hugh, Huebner, Sabine R., Izdebski, Adam, Mordechai, Lee, and Newfield, Timothy P. “Plagues, Climate Change, and the End of an Empire: A Response to Kyle Harper’s The Fate of Rome (2): Plagues and a Crisis of Empire.” History Compass 16, no. 12 (2018): e12506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haldon, John, Elton, Hugh, Huebner, Sabine R., Izdebski, Adam, Mordechai, Lee, and Newfield, Timothy P. “Plagues, Climate Change, and the End of an Empire: A Response to Kyle Harper’s The Fate of Rome (3): Disease, Agency, and Collapse.” History Compass 16, no. 12 (2018): e12507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haldon, John F. and Kennedy, Hugh. “The Arab–Byzantine Frontier in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries: Military Organization and Society in the Borderlands.” Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog Instituta 19 (1980): 79–116.Google Scholar
Harbeck, Michaela, Seifert, Lisa, Hänsch, Stephanie, Wagner, David M., Birdsell, Dawn, Parise, Katy L., Wiechmann, Ingrid, Grupe, Gisela, Thomas, Astrid, Keim, Paul, Zöller, Lothar, Bramanti, Barbara, Riehm, Julia M., and Scholz, Holger C.. “Yersinia pestis DNA from Skeletal Remains from the 6th Century ad Reveals Insights into Justinianic Plague.” PLoS Pathogens 9, no. 5 (2013): e1003349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, Kyle. The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, Kyle “Integrating the Natural Sciences and Roman History: Challenges and Prospects.” History Compass 16, no. 12 (2018): e12520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, R. Martin. Excavations at Sarachane in Istanbul, vol. 1: The Excavations, Structures, Architectural Decoration. Princeton: Princeton University Press; Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, R. Martin, and Fıratlı, Nezih. “Excavations at Saraçhane in Istanbul: Second and Third Preliminary Reports.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 20 (1966): 223–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, R. Martin, Fıratlı, Nezih, and Hayes, John W.. “Excavations at Saraçhane in Istanbul: Fifth Preliminary Report, with a Contribution on a Seventh-Century Pottery Group.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 22 (1966): 195–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heidemann, Stefan. “The Merger of Two Currency Zones in Early Islam: The Byzantine and Sasanian Impact on the Circulation in Former Byzantine Syria and Northern Mesopotamia.” Iran 36, no. 1 (1998): 95–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ibn, Ḥawqal, Muhammad, trans. Kramers, Jan H. and Wiet, Gaston. Configuration de la terre (Kitab surat al-Ard). Beirut: Commission internationale pour la traduction des chefs-d’oeuvre, 1964.Google Scholar
Jacoby, David. “La population de Constantinople à l’époque byzantine: Un problème de démographie urbaine.” Byzantion 31, no. 1 (1961): 81–109.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Hugh. “Antioch: From Byzantium to Islam and Back Again.” In The City in Late Antiquity, edited by Rich, John, pp. 181–98. London: Routledge, 1992.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Hugh “From Polis to Madina: Urban Change in Late Antique and Early Islamic Syria.” Past and Present 106 (1985): 3–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, Hugh “The Last Century of Byzantine Syria: A Reinterpretation.” Byzantinische Forschungen 10 (1985): 141–83.Google Scholar
Kolb, Charles C., Charlton, Thomas H., DeBoer, Warren, Fletcher, Roland, Healy, Paul F., Janes, Robert R., Naroll, Raoul, and Shea, Daniel. “Demographic Estimates in Archaeology: Contributions from Ethnoarchaeology on Mesoamerican Peasants (and Comments and Reply).” Current Anthropology 26, no. 5 (1985): 581–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konrad, Michaela. “Research on the Roman and Early Byzantine Frontier in North Syria.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 12 (1999): 392–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lassus, Jean, ed. V: Les portiques d’Antioche. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Le Strange, G. Palestine under the Muslims: A Description of the Holy Land from a.d. 650 to 1500. London: Alexander P. Watt, 1890.Google Scholar
Liebeschuetz, John Hugo Wolfgang Gideon. The Decline and Fall of the Roman City. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Little, Lester K. Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Lohmann, H. “Beobachtungen zum Stadtplan von Timgad.” Diskussionen zur archäologischen Bauforschung 3 (1979): 167–87.Google Scholar
Magness, Jodi. The Archaeology of the Early Islamic Settlement in Palestine. Winona Lake: Indiana University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Magness, Jodi “Redating the Forts at Ein Boqeq, Upper Zohar, and Other Sites in SE Judaea, and the Implications for the Nature of the Limes Palaestinae.” In The Roman and Byzantine Near East, vol. 2: Some Recent Archaeological Research, edited by Humphrey, John H., 189–206. Princeton: Darwin Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Mayer, Wendy, and Allen, Pauline. The Churches of Syrian Antioch (300–638 ce). Leuven: Peeters, 2012.Google Scholar
McCormick, Michael. “Rats, Communications, and Plague: Toward an Ecological History.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 34, no. 1 (2003): 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikhail, Alan. “The Nature of Plague in Late Eighteenth-Century Egypt.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 82, no. 2 (2008): 249–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morony, Michael. (2019) “Madā’en.” Encyclopaedia Iranica, www.iranicaonline.org/articles/madaen-sasanian-metropolitan-area.Google Scholar
Pottier, Henri. “L’empereur survivant à la peste bubonique (542).” Travaux et mémoires 16 (2010): 685–92.Google Scholar
Price, Simon. “Estimating Ancient Greek Populations: The Evidence of Field Survey.” In Settlement, Urbanization, and Population, edited by Bowman, Alan and Wilson, Andrew, pp. 17–35. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, Gang, Lin, Aiming, and Yan, Bing. “Paleoseismic Study on Active Normal Faults in the Southeastern Weihe Graben, Central China.” Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 114 (2015): 212–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, Josiah C. “That Earlier Plague.” Demography 5, no. 1 (1968): 171–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salmon, John and Shipley, Graham. Human Landscapes in Classical Antiquity: Environment and Culture. London: Routledge, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarris, Peter. “The Justinianic Plague: Origins and Effects.” Continuity and Change 17, no. 2 (2002): 169–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sbeinati, Mohamed Reda, Darawcheh, Ryad, and Mouty, Mikhail. “The Historical Earthquakes of Syria: An Analysis of Large and Moderate Earthquakes from 1365 bc to 1900 ad.” Annals of Geophysics 48, no. 3 (2005): 347–435.Google Scholar
Scott, Susan and Duncan, C. J.. Biology of Plagues: Evidence from Historical Populations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Sebbane, Florent, Jarrett, Clayton O., Gardner, Donald, Long, Daniel, and Hinnebusch, B. Joseph. “Role of the Yersinia pestis Plasminogen Activator in the Incidence of Distinct Septicemic and Bubonic Forms of Flea-Borne Plague.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 14 (2006): 5526–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, R. Payne. The Third Part of the Ecclesiastical History of John, Bishop of Ephesus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1860.Google Scholar
Sodini, Jean-Pierre, Tate, Georges, Bavant, Bernard, Bavant, Swantje, Biscop, Jean-Luc, Orssaud, Dominique, Morrisson, Cécile, and Poplin, François. “Déhès (Syrie du nord) campagnes I–III (1976–1978) recherches sur l’habitat rural.” Syria 57, no. 1 (1980): 1–304.Google Scholar
Soter, Steven, and Katsonopoulou, Dora. “Submergence and Uplift of Settlements in the Area of Helike, Greece, from the Early Bronze Age to Late Antiquity.” Geoarchaeology 26, no. 4 (2011): 584–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stathakopoulos, Dionysios. “Death in the Countryside: Some Thoughts on the Effects of Famine and Epidemics.” Antiquité tardive 20, no. 1 (2012): 105–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stathakopoulos, Dionysios Famine and Pestilence in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Empire: A Systematic Survey of Subsistence Crises and Epidemics. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004.Google Scholar
Stathakopoulos, Dionysios “The Justinianic Plague Revisited.” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 24 (2000): 256–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stathakopoulos, Dionysios “Travelling with the Plague.” In Travel in the Byzantine World, edited by Macrides, Ruth, pp. 99–106. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002.Google Scholar
Stillwell, Richard, ed. Antioch-on-the-Orontes II: The Excavations of 1933–1936. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1938.Google Scholar
Stillwell, Richard Antioch-on-the-Orontes III: The Excavations of 1937–39. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1941.Google Scholar
Stiros, Stathis C. “The ad 365 Crete Earthquake and Possible Seismic Clustering during the Fourth to Sixth Centuries ad in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Review of Historical and Archaeological Data.” Journal of Structural Geology 23, no. 2 (2001): 545–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tate, Georges. Les campagnes de la Syrie du nord. Paris: Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tate, Georges “Prospérité économique de la Syrie du nord à l’époque byzantine (IVe–VIIe s.).” Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée 62, no. 1 (1991): 41–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tate, Georges, Abdulkarim, Maamoun, Charpentier, Gérard, Duvette, Catherine, and Piaton, Claudine. Serǧilla: Village d’Apamène. Beirut: Institut français du Proche-Orient, 2013.Google Scholar
Tchalenko, Georges. Villages antiques de la Syrie du nord: Le massif du Bélus à l’époque romaine. 3 vols. Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1953–8.Google Scholar
Todt, Klaus-Peter, “Antioch in the Middle Byzantine Period (969–1084): The Reconstruction of the City as an Administrative, Economic, Military and Ecclesiastical Center.” Topoi: Orient-Occident 5 (2004): 171–90.Google Scholar
Twigg, Graham. “The Black Death: A Problem of Population-Wide Infection.” Local Population Studies 71 (2003): 40–52.Google Scholar
Vorderstrasse, Tasha. Al-Mina: A Port of Antioch from Late Antiquity to the End of the Ottomans. Amsterdam: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 2005.Google Scholar
Waage, Frederick O., ed. Antioch-on-the-Orontes IV.1: Ceramics and Islamic Coins. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1948.Google Scholar
Wagner, David M., Klunk, Jennifer, Harbeck, Michaela, Devault, Alison, Waglechner, Nicholas, Sahl, Jason W., Enk, Jacob, Birdsell, Dawn N., Kuch, Melanie, Lumibao, Candice, Poinar, Debi, Pearson, Talima, Fourment, Mathieu, Golding, Brian, Riehm, Julia M., Earn, David J. D., Dewitte, Sharon, Rouillard, Jean-Marie, Grupe, Gisela, Wiechmann, Ingrid, Bliska, James B., Keim, Paul S., Scholz, Holger C., Holmes, Edward C., and Poinar, Hendrik. “Yersinia pestis and the Plague of Justinian 541–543 ad: A Genomic Analysis.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 14, no. 4 (2014a): 319–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walmsley, Alan. “Coin Frequencies in Sixth and Seventh Century Palestine and Arabia: Social and Economic Implications.” Journal of the Social and Economic History of the Orient 42, no. 3 (1999): 326–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walmsley, Alan Early Islamic Syria: An Archaeological Assessment. London: Duckworth, 2007.Google Scholar
Wang, Ting, Surge, Donna, and Walker, Karen Jo. “Seasonal Climate Change across the Roman Warm Period/Vandal Minimum Transition Using Isotope Sclerochronology in Archaeological Shells and Otoliths, Southwest Florida, US.” Quaternary International 308 (2013): 230–41.Google Scholar
Wilson, Andrew. “City Sizes and Urbanization in the Roman Empire.” In Settlement, Urbanization, and Population, edited by Bowman, Alan and Wilson, Andrew, pp. 161–95. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Wood, James and Sharon, DeWitte-Aviña. “Was the Black Death Yersinial Plague?” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 3, no. 6 (2003): 327–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xoplaki, Elena, Fleitmann, Dominik, Luterbacher, Juerg, Wagner, Sebastian, Haldon, John F., Zorita, Eduardo, Telelis, Ioannis, Toreti, Andrea, and Izdebski, Adam. “The Medieval Climate Anomaly and Byzantium: A Review of the Evidence on Climatic Fluctuations, Economic Performance and Societal Change.” Quaternary Science Reviews 136 (2016): 229–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yener, K. Aslihan. The Amuq Valley Regional Projects. Chicago: Oriental Institute, 2005.Google Scholar
Zorn, Jeffrey R. “Estimating the Population Size of Ancient Settlements: Methods, Problems, Solutions, and a Case Study.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 295, no. 1 (1994): 31–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×