Introduction

In the decade since John Friedmann and Goetz Wolff (1982) launched the world city hypothesis with their ‘agenda for research and action’ on what one might call the political economy of the global urban system, much attention has been focused on the still smallish group of global control centres of the world economy. The hypothesis itself stimulated a fair level of academic work and debate, although somewhat less than might have been hoped in view of the increasingly intense integration of the world capitalist system. Moreover, this system is structured by inequality between immense power and profound weakness, in which vast wealth coexists with, and depends on, deepening immiseration and marginalization within world cities as much as any other class of city or territorial unit. In the words of Friedmann and Wolff (1982: 322):

The phenomenon of ‘globalization’, itself necessarily now the subject of intense debate, more nuanced conceptualization, and more refined application (e.g. King 1991; Robertson 1992), has heightened awareness of the increasing concentration of formative political, economic, social, and cultural processes and practices on a world scale.