Most women with epilepsy must continue taking antiepileptic drugs throughout pregnancy. The risk to mother and baby of seizures outweighs the small risk associated with exposure of the baby to antiepileptic drugs. Although health-care providers have some information about the risks of birth defects from exposure to antiepileptic drugs, we have far less information about the possible effect of these medications on the baby's and child's later intellectual and emotional development. In fact, there have been no good studies within the USA following children whose mothers took antiepileptic drugs while pregnant.

Dr Kimford Meador is a Professor of Neurology at Georgetown University Hospital and Chair, Department and an expert on the intellectual and emotional effects of antiepileptic drugs. He has recently received funding to perform a landmark study to follow babies whose mothers receive antiepileptic drugs while pregnant. The babies will be followed for years and the investigators will gather information on intellectual achievements, emotional functioning, and neurologic development.

In this chapter, Dr Meador reviews what we now know about the neurological and cognitive effects of antiepileptic drugs on the developing fetus.