In this chapter, we introduce the conceptual framework that guides our analysis of tolerance judgments. At the most general level, we attempt to distinguish between long-term and short-term influences on these judgments. We will review briefly some theoretical approaches that have emphasized long-term influences and others that emphasized short-term influences. We then introduce the concepts we use to analyze the role of established convictions and more immediate environmental influences. Finally, we apply these conceptual distinctions to the existing literature on political tolerance.

For years scholars have studied long-term and short-term influences on political attitudes and behavior. Yet there is little agreement about the relative importance of these two sets of influences in shaping citizens' opinions and behaviors. On the one hand, the symbolic politics literature and personality studies emphasize the effects of early socialization. On the other hand, the rational choice and social cognition literatures pay greater attention to the role of information stemming from people's more immediate circumstances.