Abate, N., Carulli, L., Cabo-Chan, A., Chandalia, M., Snell, P. G. and Grundy, S. M. (2003). Genetic polymorphism PC-1 K121Q and ethnic susceptibility to insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 88, 5927–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adler, A. I., Stratton, I. M., Neil, A. W.et al. on behalf of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group (2000). Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. British Medical Journal, 321, 412–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adlerberth, I., Lindberg, E., Aberg, N.et al. (2005). Reduced enterobacterial and increased staphylococcal colonization of the infantile bowel: an effect of hygienic lifestyle?Pediatric Research, 59, 96–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Adlercreutz, H. (2002). Phyto-estrogens and cancer. The Lancet Oncology, 3, 364–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Agyemang, C. (2006). Rural and urban differences in blood pressure and hypertension in Ghana, West Africa. Public Health, 120, 525–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aiello, L. C. and Wells, J. C. K. (2002). Energetics and the evolution of the genus Homo. Annual Review of Anthropology, 31, 323–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aiello, L. C. and Wheeler, P. (1995). The expensive tissue hypothesis: the brain and digestive system in human and primate evolution. Current Anthropology, 36, 199–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Akdis, M., Blaser, K. and Akdis, C. A. (2005). T regulatory cells in allergy: novel concepts in the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of allergic diseases. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 116, 961–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alavanja, M. C. R., Hoppin, J. A. and Kamel, F. (2004). Health effects of chronic pesticide exposure: cancer and neurotoxicity. Annual Review of Public Health, 25, 155–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alberti, K. G. M. M., Zimmet, P. and Shaw, J. for the IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group (2005). The metabolic syndrome – a new worldwide definition. The Lancet, 366, 1059–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aligne, C. A., Auinger, P., Byrd, R. S. and Weitzman, M. (2000). Risk factors for pediatric asthma: contributions of poverty, race, and urban residence. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 162, 873–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Allen, J. S. and Cheer, S. M. (1996). The non-thrifty genotype. Current Anthropology, 37, 831–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, N. B. and Badcock, P. B. T. (2003). The social risk hypothesis of depressed mood: evolutionary, psychosocial, and neurobiological processes. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 887–913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, N. B. and Badcock, P. B. T. (2006). Darwinian models of depression: a review of evolutionary accounts of mood and mood disorders. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 30, 815–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Allen, N. E. and Key, T. J. (2000). The effects of diet on circulating sex hormone levels in men. Nutrition Research Reviews, 13, 159–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anand, S. S., Yusuf, S., Jacobs, R.et al. for the SHARE-AP Investigators (2001). Risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease among Aboriginal people in Canada: the Study of Health Assessment and Risk Evaluation in Aboriginal Peoples (SHARE-AP). The Lancet, 358, 1147–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, H. R. (1997). Air pollution and trends in asthma. In The Rising Trends in Asthma, ed. Chadwick, D. and Cardew, G.. New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 190–203.Google Scholar

Anderson, H. R., Ruggles, R., Strachan, D. P.et al. (2004). Trends in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, hay fever, and eczema in 12–14 year olds in the British Isles, 1995–2002: questionnaire survey. British Medical Journal, 328, 1052–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anderson, J. W., Johnstone, B. M. and Remley, D. T. (1999). Breast-feeding and cognitive development: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70, 525–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anderson, M. (1988). Population Change in North-Western Europe, 1750–1850. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Education.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Apter, D. and Vihko, R. (1990). Endocrine determinants of fertility: serum androgen concentrations during follow-up of adolescents into the third decade of life. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 71, 970–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Apter, D., Reinila, M. and Vihko, R. (1989). Some endocrine characteristics of early menarche, a risk factor for breast cancer, are preserved into adulthood. International Journal of Cancer, 44, 783–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arnett, D. K., Xiong, B., McGovern, P. G., Blackburn, H. and Luepker, R. V. (2000). Secular trends in dietary macronutrient intake in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, 1980–1992. American Journal of Epidemiology, 152, 868–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Asher, M. I., Montefort, S., Björkstén, B.et al. and the ISAAC Phase Three Study Group (2006). Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. The Lancet, 368, 733–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Asia–Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration (2005). Smoking, quitting, and the risk of cardiovascular disease among women and men in the Asia-Pacific region. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34, 1036–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aspray, T. J., Mugusi, F., Rashid, S.et al. for the Essential Non-Communicable Disease Health Intervention Project (2000). Rural and urban differences in diabetes prevalence in Tanzania: the role of obesity, physical inactivity and urban living. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 94, 637–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Astrup, A. and Finer, N. (2000). Redefining type 2 diabetes: ‘Diabesity’ or ‘Obesity dependent diabetes mellitus’?Obesity Reviews, 1, 57–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Atwood, L. D., Heard-Costa, N. L., Cupples, L. A., Jaquish, C. E., Wilson, P. W. F. and D'Agostino, R. B. (2002). Genomewide linkage analysis of body mass index across 28 years of the Framingham Heart Study. American Journal of Human Genetics, 71, 1044–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baier, L. J. and Hanson, R. L. (2004). Genetic studies of the etiology of type 2 diabetes in Pima Indians. Diabetes, 53, 1181–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baker, P. T. (1984). Migration, genetics, and the degenerative diseases of South Pacific Islanders. In Migration and Mobility: Biosocial Aspects of Human Movement, ed. Boyce, A. J.. London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 209–39.Google Scholar

Baker, P. T. (1988). Infectious disease. In Human Biology: An Introduction to Human Evolution, Variation, Growth, and Adaptability, ed. Harrison, G. A., Tanner, J. M., Pilbeam, D. R. and Baker, P. T.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 508–28.Google Scholar

Baker, P. T., Hanna, J. M. and Baker, T. S., eds. (1986). The Changing Samoans: Behavior and Health in Transition. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Balen, A. (1999). Pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome – the enigma unravels?The Lancet, 354, 966–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ball, H. L. (2006). Parent–infant bed-sharing behavior: effects of feeding type and presence of father. Human Nature, 17, 301–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ball, H. L. and Klingaman, K. (2008). Breastfeeding and mother–infant sleep proximity: implications for infant care. In New Perspectives in Evolutionary Medicine, ed. Trevathan, W. R., Smith, E. O. and McKenna, J. J.. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 226–241.Google Scholar

Barker, D. J. P. (1994). Mothers, Babies, and Disease in Later Life. London: BMJ Publishing Group.Google Scholar

Barker, D. J. P. and Osmond, C. (1986). Infant mortality, childhood nutrition and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. The Lancet, i, 1077–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barker, D. J. P., Osmond, C., Forsen, T. J., Kajantie, E. and Eriksson, J. G. (2005). Trajectories of growth among children who have coronary events as children. New England Journal of Medicine, 353, 1802–09.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barnes, K. C. (2006). Genetic epidemiology of health disparities in allergy and clinical immunology. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 117, 243–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barnes, K. C., Armelagos, G. J. and Morreale, S. C. (1999). Darwinian medicine and the emergence of allergy. In Evolutionary Medicine, ed. Trevathan, W. R., Smith, E. O. and McKenna, J. J.. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 209–43.Google Scholar

Barrett, R., Kuzawa, C. W., McDade, T. and Armelagos, G. J. (1998). Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: the third epidemiologic transition. Annual Review of Anthropology, 27, 247–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barroso, I. (2005). The genetics of type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 22, 517–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baschetti, R. (1998). Diabetes epidemic in newly westernized populations: is it due to thrifty genes or to genetically unknown foods. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 91, 622–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bassuk, S. S. and Manson, J. E. (2005). Epidemiological evidence for the role of physical activity in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Applied Physiology, 99, 1193–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ben-Shlomo, Y. and Smith, Davey G. (1991). Deprivation in infancy or in adult life: which is more important for mortality risk?The Lancet, 337, 530–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bennett, K., Kabir, Z., Unal, B.et al. (2006). Explaining the recent decrease in coronary heart disease mortality rates in Ireland, 1985–2000. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60, 322–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bentley, G. R. (2000). Environmental pollutants and fertility. In Infertility in the Modern World: Present and Future Prospects, ed. Bentley, G. R. and Mascie-Taylor, C. G. N.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 85–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bentley, G. R., Jasieńska, G. and Goldberg, T. (1993). Is the fertility of agriculturalists higher than that of nonagriculturalists?Current Anthropology, 34, 778–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bentley, G. R., Harrigan, A. M. and Ellison, P. T. (1998). Dietary composition and ovarian function among Lese horticulturalist women of the Ituri Forest, Democratic Republic of Congo. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52, 261–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bentley, G. R., Paine, R. R. and Boldsen, J. L. (2001). Fertility changes with the prehistoric transition to agriculture. In Reproductive Ecology and Human Evolution, ed. Ellison, P.. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 201–31.Google Scholar

Benyshek, D. C. and Watson, J. T. (2006). Exploring the thrifty genotype's food-shortage assumptions: a cross-cultural comparison of ethnographic accounts of food security among foraging and agricultural societies. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 131, 120–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beral, V., Bull, D., Doll, R.et al. (1997). Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. The Lancet, 350, 1047–59.Google Scholar

Beral, V., Bull, D., Doll, R.et al. (2002). Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50,302 women with breast cancer and 969,973 women without the disease. The Lancet, 360, 187–95.Google Scholar

Beran, D. and Yudkin, J. S. (2006). Diabetes care in sub-Saharan Africa. The Lancet, 368, 1689–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bernstein, L. and Ross, R. K. (1993). Endogenous hormones and breast cancer risk. Epidemiologic Reviews, 15, 48–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bernstein, L., Yuan, J. M., Ross, R. K.et al. (1990). Serum hormone levels in pre-menopausal Chinese women in Shanghai and white women in Los Angeles: results from two breast cancer case-control studies. Cancer Causes and Control, 1, 51–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bernstein, L., Henderson, B. E., Hanisch, R., Sullivan-Halley, J. and Ross, R. K. (1994). Physical exercise and reduced risk of breast cancer in young women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 86, 1403–08.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berrington, A. (2004). Perpetual postponers? Women's, men's and couple's infertility intentions and subsequent fertility behaviour. Population Trends, 117, 9–19.Google Scholar

Biesele, M. and Howell, N. (1981). “The old people give you life”: aging among!Kung hunter–gatherers. In Other Ways of Growing Old, ed. Amoss, P. and Harrell, S.. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 77–98.Google Scholar

Bilsborough, S. and Mann, N. (2006). A review of issues of dietary protein intake in humans. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 16, 129–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bindon, J. R. and Baker, P. T. (1997). Bergmann's rule and the thrifty genotype. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 104, 201–10.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bjerve, K. S., Brubakk, A. M., Fougner, K. H., Johnsen, H., Midthjell, K. and Vik, T. (1993). Omega-3 fatty acids: essential fatty acids with important biological effects, and serum phospholipid fatty acids as markers of dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57 (Suppl.), 801S–6S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Björkstén, B., Naaber, P., Sepp, E. and Mikelsaar, M. (1999). The intestinal microbiota in allergic Estonian and Swedish 2-year-old children. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 29, 342–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Björntorp, P. and Rosmond, R. (2000). Obesity and cortisol. Nutrition, 16, 924–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blackley, R. (2001). The arrival of the Maoris in New Zealand, 1898. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7, 914.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blair, P. S. and Ball, H. L. (2004). The prevalence and characteristics associated with parent–infant bed-sharing in England. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 89, 1106–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blumenthal, M. N., Langefeld, C. D., Beaty, T. H.et al. (2004). A genome-wide search for allergic response (atopy) genes in three ethnic groups: Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Asthma. Human Genetics, 114, 157–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, Blurton N. G., Hawkes, K. and O'Connell, J. F. (2002). Antiquity of postreproductive life: are there modern impacts on hunter–gatherer postreproductive life spans?American Journal of Human Biology, 14, 184–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bolling, K. (2006). Infant Feeding Survey 2005: Early Results. London: Information Centre, Government Statistical Service, p. 19.Google Scholar

Bonnet, M. H. and Arand, D. L. (1995). We are chronically sleep deprived. Sleep, 18, 908–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Botha, J. L., Bray, F., Sankila, R. and Parkin, D. M. (2003). Breast cancer incidence and mortality trends in 16 European countries. European Journal of Cancer, 39, 1718–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Boyd, R. and Silk, J. B. (2006). How Humans Evolved. Los Angeles, University of California: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Boyden, S. V., ed. (1970). The Impact of Civilization on the Biology of Man. Canberra: Australian National University Press.Google Scholar

Boyden, S. V. (1987). Western Civilization in Biological Perspective: Patterns in Biohistory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Braman, S. S. (2006). The global burden of asthma. Chest, 130, 4S–12S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Braun, L. (2002). Race, ethnicity and health: can genetics explain disparities?Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 45, 159–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bribiescas, R. G. (2001a). Reproductive ecology and life history of the human male. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 44, 148–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bribiescas, R. G. (2001b). Reproductive physiology of the human male: an evolutionary and life history perspective. In Reproductive Ecology and Human Evolution, ed. Ellison, P. T.. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 107–35.Google Scholar

Briefel, R. R. and Johnson, C. L. (2004). Secular trends in dietary intake in the United States. Annual Review of Nutrition, 24, 401–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brock, J. (1993). Native Plants of Northern Australia. New Holland: Frenchs Forest, Reed.Google Scholar

Brown, D. E. (2006). Measuring hormonal variation in the sympathetic nervous system: catecholamines. In Measuring Stress in Humans: A Practical Guide for the Field, ed. Ice, G. H. and James, G. D.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 94–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, E. S., Varghese, F. P. and McEwen, B. S. (2004). Association of depression with medical illness: does cortisol play a role?Biological Psychiatry, 55, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brown, P. J. and Bentley-Condit, V. K. (1998). Culture, evolution, and obesity. In Handbook of Obesity, ed. Bray, G. A., Bouchard, C. and James, W. P. T.. New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. 143–55.Google Scholar

Brown, P. J. and Konner, M. (1987). An anthropological perspective on obesity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 499, 29–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brown, P. J. and Krick, S. V. (2001). The etiology of obesity: diet, television and the illusions of personal choice. In Obesity, Growth and Development, ed. Johnston, F. E. and Foster, G. D.. London: Smith-Gordon, pp. 111–28.Google Scholar

Brunner, E. and Marmot, M. (1999). Social organization, stress, and health. In Social Determinants of Health, ed. Marmot, M. and Wilkinson, R. G.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 17–43.Google Scholar

Burkitt, D. P. (1973). Some diseases characteristic of modern western civilization. British Medical Journal, 1, 274–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Butte, N. F. (2001). The role of breastfeeding in obesity. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 48, 189–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cacioppo, J. T. and Hawkley, L. C. (2003). Social isolation and health, with an emphasis on underlying mechanisms. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 46, S39–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Caldwell, J. C. (2001). Demographers and the study of mortality: scope, perspectives and theory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 954, 19–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Calle, E. E. and Kaaks, R. (2004). Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nature Reviews Cancer, 4, 579–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Calvani, M., Alessandri, C. and Bonci, E. (2002). Fever episodes in early life and the development of atopy in children with asthma. European Respiratory Journal, 20, 391–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Camacho, T. C., Roberts, R. E., Lazarus, N. B., Kaplan, G. A. and Cohen, R. D. (1991). Physical activity and depression: evidence from the Alameda County Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 134, 220–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carmichael, A. R. and Bates, T. (2004). Obesity and breast cancer: a review of the literature. The Breast, 13, 85–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carter, H. (1999). Urban origins: a review of theories. In The Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology Reader, ed. Chant, C.. London: Routledge and The Open University, pp. 7–14.Google Scholar

Carulli, L., Rondinella, S., Lombardini, S., Canedi, I., Loria, P. and Carulli, N. (2005). Diabetes, genetics and ethnicity. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 22 (Suppl. 2), 16–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Catanese, D. M., Koetting O'Byrne, K. and Poston, W. S. C. (2001). The epidemiology of obesity in developed countries. In Obesity, Growth and Development, ed. Johnston, F. and Foster, G.. London: Smith-Gordon, pp. 69–90.Google Scholar

Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. and Feldman, M. W. (2003). The application of molecular genetic approaches to the study of human evolution. Nature Genetics, 33, 266–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cavallo, M. G., Fava, D., Monetini, L., Barone, F. and Pozzilli, P. (1996). Cell-mediated immune response to β casein in recent-onset insulin dependent diabetes: implications for disease pathogenesis. The Lancet, 348, 926–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chisholm, J. S. and Burbank, V. K. (2001). Evolution and inequality. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30, 206–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chlebowski, R. T., Blackburn, G. L., Thomson, C. A.et al. (2006). Dietary fat reduction and breast cancer outcome: interim efficacy results from the Women's Intervention Nutrition Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 98, 1767–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chobanian, A. V. and Alexander, R. W. (1996). Exacerbation of atherosclerosis by hypertension. Archives of Internal Medicine, 156, 1952–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Choi, Y. J., Cho, Y. M., Park, C. K.et al. (2006). Rapidly increasing diabetes-related mortality with socio-environmental changes in South Korea during the last two decades. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 74, 295–300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chow, C. K., Raju, P. K., Raju, R.et al. (2006). The prevalence and management of diabetes in rural India. Diabetes Care, 29, 1717–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cleave, T. L., Campbell, G. D. and Painter, N. S. (1969). Diabetes, Coronary Thrombosis, and the Saccharine Disease. Bristol: Wright.Google Scholar

Coe, K. and Steadman, L. B. (1995). The human breast and the ancestral reproductive cycle: a preliminary inquiry into breast cancer etiology. Human Nature, 6, 197–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cohen, M. N. (1989). Health and the Rise of Civilization. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Cohen, S. (2005). The Pittsburgh common cold studies: psychosocial predictors of susceptibility to respiratory infectious illness. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 123–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cohen, S., Doyle, W. and Baum, A. (2006). Socioeconomic status is associated with stress hormones. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 414–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Colagiuri, S., Colagiuri, R., Na'ati, S., Muimuiheata, S., Hussain, Z. and Palu, T. (2002). The prevalence of diabetes in the Kingdom of Tonga. Diabetes Care, 25, 1378–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cole, T. J., Bellizzi, M. C., Flegal, K. M. and Dietz, W. H. (2000). Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. British Medical Journal, 320, 1240–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Colla, J., Buka, S., Harrington, D. and Murphy, J. M. (2006). Depression and modernization: a cross-cultural study of women. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41, 271–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Collins, P. (2001). GPs and stress discourse: a preliminary report. Anthropology in Action, 8, 36–44.Google Scholar

Cook, D. C. (1984). Subsistence and health in the lower Illinois Valley: osteological evidence. In Palaeopathology at the Origins of Agriculture, ed. Cohen, M. N. and Armelagos, G. J.. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, pp. 235–69.Google Scholar

Cooke, A., Zaccone, P., Raine, T., Phillips, J. M. and Dunne, D. W. (2004). Infection and autoimmunity: are we winning the war, only to lose the peace?Trends in Parasitology, 20, 316–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cookson, W. O. and Moffatt, M. F. (1997). Asthma: an epidemic in the absence of infection?Science, 275, 41–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cooper, P. J. (2004). Intestinal worms and human allergy. Parasite Immunology, 26, 455–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cooper, R. S., Rotimi, C., Ataman, S.et al. (1997). The prevalence of hypertension in seven populations of West African origin. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 160–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cooper, R. S., Amoah, A. G. and Mensah, G. A. (2003). High blood pressure: the foundation for epidemic cardiovascular disease in African populations. Ethnicity and Disease, 13 (Suppl. 2), S48–52.Google ScholarPubMed

Cordain, L., Gotshall, R. W. and Eaton, S. B. (1997). Evolutionary aspects of exercise. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 81, 49–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cordain, L., Miller, Brand J., Eaton, S. B., Mann, N., Holt, S. H. A. and Speth, J. D. (2000). Plant–animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter–gatherer diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71, 682–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cordain, L., Eaton, S. B., Miller, Brand J., Mann, N. and Hill, K. (2002). The paradoxical nature of hunter–gatherer diets: meat-based, yet non-atherogenic. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56 (Suppl. 1), S42–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cordain, L., Eades, M. R. and Eades, M. D. (2003). Hyperinsulinemic diseases of civilization: more than just Syndrome X. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A, 136, 95–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cordain, L., Eaton, S. B., Sebastian, A.et al. (2005). Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81, 341–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J. (1997). Evolutionary Psychology: a Primer. University of California Santa Barbara: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Costa, D. L. (2000). Understanding the twentieth-century decline in chronic conditions among older men. Demography, 37, 53–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Costa, D. L. (2004). The measure of man and older age mortality: evidence from the Gould sample. Journal of Economic History, 64, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Craig, P., Halavatau, V., Comino, E. and Caterson, I. (1999). Perception of body size in the Tongan community: differences from and similarities to an Australian sample. International Journal of Obesity, 23, 1288–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Critser, G. (2003). Fat Land: How Americans became the Fattest People in the World. London: Penguin.Google Scholar

Crowther, R., Dinsdale, H., Rutter, H. and Kyffin, R. (2007). Analysis of the National Childhood Obesity Database 2005–06: South East Public Health Observatory.

Cuijpers, P., Straten, A. and Smit, F. (2005). Preventing the incidence of new cases of mental disorders – a meta-analytic review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 119–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cunningham, A. S. (1995). Breastfeeding: adaptive behavior for child health and longevity. In Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives, ed. Stuart-Macadam, P. and Dettwyler, K. A.. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 243–64.Google Scholar

Cunningham, G. R. (2006). Testosterone replacement therapy for late-onset hypogonadism. Nature Clinical Practice Urology, 3, 260–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Daniel, M., Rowley, K. G., McDermott, R. and O'Dea, K. (2002). Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in Aboriginal Australians: prevalence and risk. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 57, 23–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Smith, Davey G. and Marmot, M. G. (1991). Trends in mortality in Britain: 1920–1986. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 35 (Suppl. 1), 53–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Davidson, K., Jonas, B., Dixon, K. and Markovitz, J. (2000). Do depression symptoms predict early hypertension incidence in young adults in the CARDIA study? Coronary artery risk development in young adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160, 1495–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Davis, A. M., Kreutzer, R., Lipsett, M., King, G. and Shaikh, N. (2006). Asthma prevalence in Hispanic and Asian American ethnic subgroups: Results from the California Healthy Kids Survey. Pediatrics, 118, e363–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Boever, E., Bacquer, D., Braeckman, L., Baele, L., Rosseneu, M. and Backer, G. (1995). Relation of fibrinogen to lifestyles and to cardiovascular risk factors in a working population. International Journal of Epidemiology, 24, 915–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jong, F. H., Oishi, K., Hayes, R. B.et al. (1991). Perpipheral hormone levels in controls and patients with prostatic cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia – results from the Dutch-Japanese case-control study. Cancer Research, 51, 3445–50.Google ScholarPubMed

Laet, C. E. D. H. and Pols, H. A. P. (2000). Fractures in the elderly: epidemiology and demography. Best Practice and Research in Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 14, 171–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Delisle, H. F., Rivard, M. and Ekoe, J. M. (1995). Prevalence estimates of diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors in the two largest Algonquin communities of Quebec. Diabetes Care, 18, 1255–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeMattia, L., Lemont, L. and Meurer, L. (2006). Do interventions to limit sedentary behaviours change behaviour and reduce childhood obesity? A critical review of the literature. Obesity Reviews, 8, 69–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Der, G., Batty, D. and Deary, I. J. (2006). Effect of breast feeding on intelligence in children: prospective study, sibling pairs analysis, and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 333, 945–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Despres, J. P. (2006). Is visceral obesity the cause of the metabolic syndrome?Annals of Medicine, 38, 52–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dettwyler, K. A. (1995a). Beauty and the breast: the cultural context of breastfeeding in the United States. In Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives, ed. Stuart-Macadam, P. and Dettwyler, K. A.. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 167–215.Google Scholar

Dettwyler, K. A. (1995b). A time to wean: the hominid blueprint for the natural age of weaning in modern human populations. In Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives, ed. Stuart-Macadam, P. and Dettwyler, K. A.. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 39–74.Google Scholar

Diamond, J. (2003). The double puzzle of diabetes. Nature, 423, 599–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dietz, W. H. (1996). The role of lifestyle in health: the epidemiology and consequences of inactivity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 55, 829–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ding, E. L., Song, Y., Malik, V. and Liu, S. (2006). Sex differences of endogenous sex hormones and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 295, 1288–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dowse, G. K., Zimmet, P. Z. and King, H. (1991). Relationship between prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and NIDDM in a population. Diabetes Care, 14, 968–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dowse, G. K., Gareeboo, H., Alberti, K. G. M. M.et al. (1995). Changes in population cholesterol concentrations and other cardiovascular risk factor levels after five years of the non-communicable disease intervention programme in Mauritius. British Medical Journal, 311, 1255–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Drake, A. J. and Walker, B. R. (2004). The intergenerational effects of fetal programming: non-genomic mechanisms for the inheritance of low birth weight and cardiovascular risk. Journal of Endocrinology, 180, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dressler, W. W. (1995). Modeling biocultural interactions: examples from studies of stress and cardiovascular disease. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 38, 27–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dressler, W. W., Balieiro, M. C., Ribeiro, R. P. and Santos, Dos J. E. (2005). Cultural consonance and arterial blood pressure in urban Brazil. Social Science and Medicine, 61, 527–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dudley, R. (2000). Evolutionary origins of human alcoholism in primate frugivory. Quarterly Review of Biology, 75, 3–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Duggirala, R., Almasy, L., Blangero, J.et al. (2003). American Diabetes Association GENNID Study Group: Further evidence for a type 2 diabetes susceptibility locus on chromosome 11q. Genetic Epidemiology, 24, 240–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dunaif, A. (1997). Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocrine Reviews, 18, 774–800.Google ScholarPubMed

Dunn, J. E. (1975). Cancer epidemiology in populations of the United States – with an emphasis on Hawaii and California – and Japan. Cancer Research, 35, 3240–5.Google ScholarPubMed

Dunne, D. W. and Cooke, A. (2005). A worm's eye view of the immune system: consequences for evolution of human autoimmune disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 5, 420–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Durham, W. H. (1991). Coevolution: Genes, Culture, and Human Diversity. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Eaton, S. B. and Eaton, S. B. (1999a). Breast cancer in evolutionary context. In Evolutionary Medicine, ed. Trevathan, W. R., Smith, E. O. and McKenna, J. J.. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 429–42.Google Scholar

Eaton, S. B. and Eaton, S. B. (1999b). Hunter–gatherers and human health. In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, ed. Lee, R. B. and Daly, R.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 449–56.Google Scholar

Eaton, S. B., Konner, M. and Shostak, M. (1988a). Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. American Journal of Medicine, 84, 739–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eaton, S. B., Shostak, M. and Konner, M. (1988b). The Paleolithic Prescription: A Program of Diet and Exercise and a Design for Living. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Eaton, S. B., Pike, M. C., Short, R. V.et al. (1994). Women's reproductive biology in evolutionary context. Quarterly Review of Biology, 69, 353–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eaton, S. B., Eaton, S. B. and Konner, M. J. (1999). Paleolithic nutrition revisited. In Evolutionary Medicine, ed. Trevathan, W. R., Smith, E. O. and McKenna, J. J.. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 313–32.Google Scholar

Eaton, S. B., Eaton, S. B. and Cordain, L. (2002). Evolution, diet, and health. In Human Diet: Its Origin and Evolution, ed. Ungar, P. S. and Teaford, M. F.. Westport, Connecticut: Bergin and Garvey, pp. 7–18.Google Scholar

Eckersley, R. (2005). Is modern Western culture a health hazard?International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 252–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Eisenmann, J. C. (2003). Secular trends in variables associated with the metabolic syndrome of North American children and adolescents: review and synthesis. American Journal of Human Biology, 15, 786–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ekbom, A. (2006). The developmental environment and the early origins of cancer. In Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, ed. Gluckman, P. and Hanson, M. A.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 415–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elliott, P., Stamler, J., Nichols, R.et al. (1996). Intersalt revisited: further analyses of 24-hour sodium excretion and blood pressure within and across populations. British Medical Journal, 312, 1249–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ellison, G. T. H. and Jones, Rees I. (2002). Social identities and the ‘new genetics’: scientific and social consequences. Critical Public Health, 12, 265–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ellison, P. T. (1990). Human ovarian function and reproductive ecology: new hypotheses. American Anthropologist, 92, 933–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ellison, P. T. (1996). Developmental influences on adult ovarian hormonal function. American Journal of Human Biology, 8, 725–34.3.0.CO;2-S>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ellison, P. T. (1999). Reproductive ecology and reproductive cancers. In Hormones, Health, and Behavior, ed. Panter-Brick, C. and Worthman, C. M.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 184–209.Google Scholar

Ellison, P. T. (2001). On Fertile Ground: A Natural History of Human Reproduction. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Ellison, P. T. and Lager, C. (1986). Moderate recreational running is associated with lowered salivary progesterone profiles in women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 154, 1000–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ellison, P. T., Lipson, S. F., O'Rourke, M. T.et al. (1993a). Population variation in ovarian function. The Lancet, 342, 433–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ellison, P. T., Panter-Brick, C., Lipson, S. F. and O'Rourke, M. T. (1993b). The ecological context of human ovarian function. Human Reproduction, 8, 2248–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ellison, P. T., Bribiescas, R. G., Bentley, G. R.et al. (2002). Population variation in age-related decline in male salivary testosterone. Human Reproduction, 17, 3251–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ellison, P. T. and Jasiénska, G. (2007). Constraint, pathology, and adaptation: how can we tell them apart?American Journal of Human Biology, 19, 622–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Elsom, D. M. (1992). Atmospheric Pollution: A Global Problem. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Emanuel, M. B. (1988). Hay fever, a post industrial revolution epidemic: a history of its growth during the 19th century. Clinical Allergy, 18, 295–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2003). Body mass index, serum sex hormones, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 95, 1218–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Erdal, D., Whiten, A., Boehm, C. and Knauft, B. (1994). On human egalitarianism: an evolutionary product of Machiavellian status escalation?Current Anthropology, 35, 175–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ernst, J. and Cacioppo, J. (1999). Lonely hearts: psychological perspectives on loneliness. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 8, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eshed, V., Gopher, A. and Hershkovitz, I. (2006). Tooth wear and dental pathology at the advent of agriculture: new evidence from the Levant. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 130, 145–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ewald, P. (2002). Plague Time: The New Germ Theory of Disease. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar

Ewing, R., Schmid, T., Killingsworth, R., Zlot, A. and Raudenbush, S. (2003). Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 5, 47–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ezzati, M., Hoorn, Vander S., Lawes, C. M. M.et al. (2005). Rethinking the “diseases of affluence” paradigm: global patterns of nutritional risk in relation to economic development. PLoS Medicine, 2, e133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Falkner, B., Sherif, K., Sumner, A. and Kushner, H. (1999). Hyperinsulinism and sex hormones in young adult African Americans. Metabolism, 48, 107–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fall, C. H. D. (2001). Non-industrialised countries and affluence. British Medical Bulletin, 60, 33–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fanaro, S., Chierici, R., Guerrini, P. and Vigi, V. (2003). Intestinal microflora in early infancy: composition and development. Acta Paeditrica, 441 (Suppl.), 48–55.Google Scholar

FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation (1985). Energy and Protein Requirements. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar

Fee, M. (2006). Racializing narratives: obesity, diabetes and the “Aboriginal” thrifty genotype. Social Science and Medicine, 62, 2988–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fein, S. B. and Roe, B. (1998). The effect of work status on initiation and duration of breast-feeding. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 1042–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Feldman, H. A., Goldstein, I., Hatzichkristou, D. G., Krane, R. J. and McKinlay, J. B. (1994). Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. Journal of Urology, 151, 54–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fiennes, R. (1978). Zoonoses and the Origins and Ecology of Human Disease. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Fildes, V. (1995). The culture and biology of breastfeeding: An historical review of western Europe. In Breastfeeding: Biocultural Perspectives, ed. Stuart-Macadam, P. and Dettwyler, K. A.. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 101–26.Google Scholar

Finch, C. E. and Crimmins, E. M. (2004). Inflammatory exposure and historical changes in human life-spans. Science, 305, 1736–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Flaherman, V. and Rutherford, G. W. (2006). A meta-analysis of the effect of high weight on asthma. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91, 334–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Flegal, K. M., Carroll, M. D., Kuczmarski, R. J. and Johnson, C. (1998). Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960–1994. International Journal of Obesity, 22, 39–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fleming, J. O. and Cook, T. D. (2006). Multiple sclerosis and the hygiene hypothesis. Neurology, 67, 2085–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fletcher, E. S., Rugg-Gunn, A. J., Matthews, J. N. S.et al. (2004). Changes over 20 years in macronutrient intake and body mass index in 11- to 12-year-old adolescents living in Northumberland. British Journal of Nutrition, 92, 321–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fogel, R. W. and Costa, D. L. (1997). A theory of technophysio evolution, with some implications for forecasting population, health care costs, and pension costs. Demography, 34, 49–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Foley, R. A. (1993). The influence of seasonality on hominid evolution. In Seasonality and Human Ecology, ed. Ulijaszek, S. J. and Strickland, S. S.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 17–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foley, R. A. (1996). The adaptive legacy of human evolution: A search for the environment of evolutionary adaptedness. Evolutionary Anthropology, 4, 194–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foley, R. A. and Lee, P. C. (1991). Ecology and energetics of encephalisation in hominid evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 334, 223–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ford, E. S., Giles, W. H. and Dietz, W. H. (2002). Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287, 356–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Forouhi, N. and Sattar, N. (2006). CVD risk factors and ethnicity – a homogeneous relationship?Atherosclerosis Supplements, 7, 11–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fox, C. S., Pencina, M. J., Meigs, J. B., Vasan, R. S., Levitzky, Y. S. and D'Agostino, R. B. (2006). Trends in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus from the 1970s to the 1990s. Circulation, 113, 2914–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Friedman, J. M. (2004). Modern science versus the stigma of obesity. Nature Medicine, 10, 563–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Friedman, N. J. and Zeiger, R. S. (2005). The role of breast-feeding in the development of allergies and asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 115, 1238–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Frisch, R. E., Wyshak, G., Albright, N. L.et al. (1985). Lower prevalence of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system among former college athletes compared to non-athletes. British Journal of Cancer, 52, 885–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Frost, G. and Dornhorst, A. (2001). Starting the day the right way. The Lancet, 357, 736–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fullerton, S. M., Bartoszewicz, A., Ybazeta, G.et al. (2002). Geographic and haplotype structure of putative type 2 diabetes susceptibility variants at the Calpain-10 locus. American Journal of Human Genetics, 70, 1096–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Furberg, A. S., Jasieńska, G., Bjurstam, N.et al. (2005). Metabolic and hormonal profiles: HDL cholesterol as a plausible biomarker of breast cancer risk. The Norwegian EBBA study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 14, 33–40.Google ScholarPubMed

Fuster, V., Badimon, L., Badimon, J. J. and Chesebro, J. H. (1992a). The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes: Part I. New England Journal of Medicine, 326, 242–50.Google Scholar

Fuster, V., Badimon, L., Badimon, J. J. and Chesebro, J. H. (1992b). The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes: Part II. New England Journal of Medicine, 326, 310–18.Google Scholar

Gage, T. B. (2005). Are modern environments really bad for us?: revisiting the demographic and epidemiologic transitions. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 48, 96–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gale, E. A. M. (2002). A missing link in the hygiene hypothesis?Diabetologia, 45, 588–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gallou-Kabani, C. and Junien, C. (2005). Nutritional epigenomics of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes, 54, 1899–906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Galloway, A. (1997). The cost of reproduction and the evolution of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In The Evolving Female: A Life-History Perspective, ed. Morbeck, M. E., Galloway, A. and Zihlman, A. L.. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 132–46.Google Scholar

Gandy, M. and Zumla, A. (2002). The resurgence of disease: social and historical perspectives on the ‘new’ tuberculosis. Social Science and Medicine, 55, 385–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gann, P. H., Hennekens, C. H., Ma, J., Longcope, C. and Stampfer, M. J. (1996). Prospective study of sex hormone levels and risk of prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88, 1118–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gapstur, S. M., Gann, P. H., Kopp, P., Colangelo, L., Longcope, C. and Liu, K. (2002). Serem androgen concentrations in young men: a longitudinal analysis of associations with age, obesity, and race. The CARDIA Male Hormone study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 11, 1041–7.Google Scholar

Gardell, B. (1987). Efficiency and health hazards in mechanized work. In Work Stress, ed. Quick, J. C., Bhagat, R., Dalton, J. and Quick, J. D.. New York: Praeger, pp. 50–71.Google Scholar

Gaulin, S. J. C. (1980). Sexual dimorphism in the human post-reproductive life-span: possible causes. Journal of Human Evolution, 9, 227–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibson, M. A. and Mace, R. (2005). Helpful grandmothers in rural Ethiopia: A study of the effect of kin on child survival and growth. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 469–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glassman, A. H., Helzer, J. E., Covey, L. S., Stetner, F., Tipp, J. E. and Johnson, J. (1990). Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 1546–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gleibermann, L. (1973). Blood pressure and dietary salt in human populations. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 2, 143–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gluckman, P. and Hanson, M. (2005). The Fetal Matrix: Evolution, Development and Disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Goldin, B. R., Adlercreutz, H., Gorbach, S. L.et al. (1986). The relationship between estrogen levels and diets of Caucasian American and Oriental immigrant women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 44, 945–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gould, D. C., Petty, R. and Jacobs, H. S. (2000). The male menopause - does it exist?British Medical Journal, 320, 858–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gracey, M. and Spargo, R. M. (1987). The state of health of Aborigines in the Kimberley region. Medical Journal of Australia, 146, 200–4.Google ScholarPubMed

Gray, P. B., Kruger, A., Huisman, H. M., Wissing, M. P. and Vorster, H. H. (2006). Predictors of South African male testosterone levels: the THUSA study. American Journal of Human Biology, 18, 123–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gray-Donald, K., Jacobs-Starkey, L. and Johnson-Down, L. (2000). Food habits of Canadians: reduction in fat intake over a generation. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 91, 381–5.Google ScholarPubMed

Greenwood, D. C., Muir, K. R., Packham, C. J. and Madeley, R. J. (1996). Coronary heart disease: a review of the role of psychosocial stress and social support. Journal of Public Health Medicine, 18, 221–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Griffiths, K., Denis, L., Turkes, A. and Morton, M. S. (1998). Phytoestrogens and diseases of the prostate gland. Baillière's Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 12, 625–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gröland, M. M., Lehtonen, O. -P., Eerola, E. and Kero, P. (1999). Fecal microflora in healthy infants born by different methods of delivery: permanent changes in intestinal flora after Cesarian delivery. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 28, 19–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gross, L. S., Ford, E. S. and Liu, S. (2004). Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79, 774–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grossman, H., Bergmann, C. and Parker, S. (2006). Dementia: a brief review. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 73, 985–92.Google ScholarPubMed

Grundy, J., Matthews, S., Bateman, B., Dean, T. and Arshad, S. H. (2002). Rising prevalence of allergy to peanuts in children: data from two sequential cohorts. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 110, 784–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gu, K., Cowie, C. C. and Harris, M. I. (1998). Mortality in adults with and without diabetes in a national cohort of the US population, 1971–1993. Diabetes Care, 21, 1138–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guarner, F., Bourdet-Sicard, R., Brandtzaeg, P.et al. (2006). Mechanisms of disease: the hygiene hypothesis. Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 3, 275–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Guest, C. S., O'Dea, K., Hopper, J. L. and Larkins, R. G. (1993). Hyperinsulinaemia and obesity in Aborigines of south-eastern Australia, with comparisons from rural and urban Europid populations. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 20, 155–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guise, J. M., Austin, D. and Morris, C. D. (2005). Review of case-control studies related to breastfeeding and reduced risk of childhood leukemia. Pediatrics, 116, e724–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Guyton, A. C. (1986). Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders.Google Scholar

Haffner, S. M. (2003). Insulin resistance, inflammation, and the prediabetic state. American Journal of Cardiology, 92 (Suppl.), 18J–26J.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hagen, E. H. (1999). The functions of postpartum depression. Evolution and Human Behavior, 20, 325–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hajat, S., Haines, A. P., Atkinson, R. W., Bremner, S., Anderson, H. R. and Emberlin, J. (2001). Association between air pollution and daily consultations with General Practitioners for allergic rhinitis in London, United Kingdom. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153, 704–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hales, C. N. and Barker, D. J. P. (1992). Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia, 35, 595–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hales, C. N. and Barker, D. J. P. (2001). The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. British Medical Bulletin, 60, 5–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hall, W. D., Clark, L. T., Wenger, N. H.et al. (2003). The metabolic syndrome in African Americans: a review. Ethnicity and Disease, 13, 414–28.Google ScholarPubMed

Hamilton, G. (2005). Filthy friends. New Scientist, 2495, 35–9.Google Scholar

Hankinson, S. E., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E.et al. (1995). Alcohol, height, and adiposity in relation to estrogen and prolactin levels in postmenopausal women. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 87, 1297–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hannaford, P. C., Selvaraj, S., Elliott, A. M., Angus, V., Iversen, L. and Lee, A. J. (2007). Cancer risk among users of oral contraceptives: cohort data from the Royal College of General Practioners' oral contraception study. British Medical Journal, 335, 651–4A.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanson, R. L., Ehm, M. G., Pettitt, D. J.et al. (1998). An autosomal genomic scan for loci linked to type II diabetes mellitus and body-mass index in Pima Indians. American Journal of Human Genetics, 63, 1130–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harder, T., Bergmann, R., Kallischnigg, G. and Plagemann, A. (2005). Duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 162, 397–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harder, T., Rodekamp, E., Schellong, K., Duderhausen, J. W., Plagemann, A. (2007). Birth weight and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165, 849–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hardy, R. and Kuh, D. (2002). Change in psychological and vasomotor symptom reporting during the menopause. Social Science and Medicine, 55, 1975–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harman, S. M., Metter, E. J., Tobin, J. D., Pearson, J. and Blackman, M. R. (2001). Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86, 724–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harris, D. R. and Hillman, G. C., eds. (1989). Foraging and Farming: The Evolution of Plant Exploitation. London: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Harris, M. I., Goldstein, D. E., Flegal, K. M.et al. (1998). Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in US adults. Diabetes Care, 21, 518–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harris, R., Tobias, M., Jeffreys, M., Waldegrave, K., Karlsen, S. and Nazroo, J. (2006). Effects of self-reported racial discrimination and deprivation on Māori health and inequalities in New Zealand: cross-sectional study. The Lancet, 367, 2005–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harris, S. B., Gittelsohn, J., Hanley, A. J. G.et al. (1997). The prevalence of NIDDM and associated risk factors in Native Canadians. Diabetes Care, 20, 185–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harrison, G. A. (1973). The effects of modern living. Journal of Biosocial Science, 5, 217–28.Google ScholarPubMed

Harrison, G. A., Tanner, J. A., Pilbeam, D. R. and Baker, P. T. (1988). Human Biology: An Introduction to Human Evolution, Variation, Growth, and Adaptability. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Hart, R., Hickey, M. and Franks, S. (2004). Definitions, prevalence and symptoms of polycystic ovaries and polycystic ovary syndrome. Best Practice and Research in Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 18, 671–683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harvie, M., Hooper, L. and Howell, A. H. (2003). Central obesity and breast cancer risk: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 4, 157–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hawkes, K. (2003). Grandmothers and the evolution of human longevity. American Journal of Human Biology, 15, 380–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

He, F. J., Nowson, C. A. and MacGregor, G. A. (2006). Fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke: meta-analysis of cohort studies. The Lancet, 367, 320–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hegele, R. A. and Bartlett, L. C. (2003). Genetics, environment and type 2 diabetes in the Oji-Cree population of northern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 27, 256–61.Google Scholar

Hegele, R. A., Cao, H., Hanley, A. J. G., Zinman, B., Harris, S. B. and Anderson, C. M. (2000). Clinical utility of HNF1A genotyping for diabetes in Aboriginal Canadians. Diabetes Care, 23, 775–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Heim, C., Ehlert, U. and Hellhammer, D. H. (2000). The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25, 1–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Heinig, M. J. (2001). Host defense benefits of breastfeeding for the infant. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 48, 105–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Heinig, M. J. and Dewey, K. G. (1997). Health effects of breast feeding for mothers: a critical review. Nutrition Research Reviews, 10, 35–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Helman, C. G. (1994). Culture, Health and Illness. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.Google Scholar

Helmchen, L. A. and Henderson, R. M. (2004). Changes in the distribution of body mass index of white US men, 1890–2000. Annals of Human Biology, 31, 174–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hemingway, H. and Marmot, M. (1999). Psychosocial factors in the aetiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease: systematic review of prospective cohort studies. British Medical Journal, 318, 1460–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Henderson, B. E., Ross, R. K., Pike, M. C. and Cassagrande, J. T. (1982). Endogenous hormones as a major factor in human cancer. Cancer Research, 42, 3232–9.Google ScholarPubMed

Hendrix, S. L., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Johnson, K. C.et al. for the WHI Investigators (2006). Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on stroke in the Women's Health Initiative. Circulation, 113, 2425–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Henry, C. J. K., Lightowler, H. J. and Al-Hourani, H. M. (2004). Physical activity and levels of inactivity in adolescent females aged 11–16 years in the United Arab Emirates. American Journal of Human Biology, 16, 346–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herbst, K. L. and Bhasin, S. (2004). Testosterone action on skeletal muscle: anabolic and catabolic signals. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 7, 271–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heuveline, P., Guillot, M. and Gwatkin, D. R. (2002). The uneven tides of the health transition. Social Science and Medicine, 55, 313–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hill, K. and Hurtado, A. M. (1991). The evolution of premature reproductive senescence and menopause in human females: an evaluation of the ‘grandmother hypothesis’. Human Nature, 2, 313–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hill, K. and Hurtado, A. M. (1996). Ache Life History. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Hill, K. and Kaplan, H. (1999). Life history traits in humans: theory and empirical studies. Annual Review of Anthropology, 28, 397–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoffjan, S., Nicolae, D. and Ober, C. (2003). Association studies for asthma and atopic diseases: a comprehensive review of the literature. Respiratory Research, 4, 14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Holland, T. D. and O'Brien, M. J. (1997). Parasites, porotic hyperostosis, and the implications of changing perspectives. American Antiquity, 62, 183–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holman, R. C., Curns, A. T., Kaufman, S. F., Cheek, J. E., Pinner, R. W. and Schonberger, L. B. (2001). Trends in infectious disease hospitalizations among American Indians and Alaska Natives. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 425–31.Google ScholarPubMed

Horikawa, Y., Oda, N., Cox, N. J.et al. (2000). Genetic variation in the gene encoding calpain-10 is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nature Genetics, 26, 163–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Howard, B. V., Lee, E. T., Cowan, L. D.et al. (1999). Rising tide of cardiovascular disease in American Indians. Circulation, 99, 2389–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hrdy, S. B. (2000). Mother Nature. London: Vintage.Google Scholar

Hsing, A. W. (1996). Hormones and prostate cancer: where do we go from here?Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 88, 1093–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hsing, A. W. and Devesa, S. S. (2001). Trends and patterns of prostate cancer: What do they suggest?Epidemologic Reviews, 23, 3–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hsing, A. W., Gao, Y. T., Chua, S., Deng, J. and Stanczyk, F. Z. (2003). Insulin resistance and prostate cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 95, 67–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hudson, J. I., Hiripi, E., Pope, H. G. and Kessler, R. C. (2007). The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 348–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hulley, S., Grady, D., Bush, T.et al. (1998). Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 605–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hurtado, A. M., Arenas, I. and Hill, K. (1996). Evolutionary contexts of chronic allergic disease: the Hiwi of Venezuala. Human Nature, 8, 1–20.Google Scholar

Hussain, A., Rahim, M. A., Khan, Azad A. K., Ali, S. M. K. and Vaaler, S. (2005). Type 2 diabetes in rural and urban populations: diverse prevalence and associated risk factors in Bangladesh. Diabetic Medicine, 22, 931–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huxley, R., Neil, A. and Collins, R. (2002). Unravelling the fetal origins hypothesis: is there really an inverse association between birthweight and subsequent blood pressure?The Lancet, 360, 659–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Huxley, R., Owens, J. F., Whincup, P. H., Cook, D. G., Colman, S. and Collins, R. (2004). Birth weight and subsequent cholesterol levels: exploration of the “fetal origins” hypothesis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 2755–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Huyghe, E., Matsuda, T. and Thonneau, P. (2003). Increasing incidence of testicular cancer worldwide: a review. Journal of Urology, 170, 5–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Iglowstein, I., Jenni, O. G., Molinari, L. and Largo, R. H. (2003). Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: reference values and generational trends. Pediatrics, 111, 302–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Irons, W. (1998). Adaptively relevant environments versus the environment of evolutionary adaptedness. Evolutionary Anthropology, 6, 198–204.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ISAAC Steering Committee (1998). Worldwide variation in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC. The Lancet, 351, 1225–32.CrossRef

Jackson, M. A., Kovi, J., Heshmat, M. Y.et al. (1980). Characterization of prostatic carcinoma among blacks: A comparison between a low-incidence area, Ibadan, Nigeria, and a high-incidence area, Washington, DC. Prostate, 1, 185–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

James, G. D., Jenner, D. A., Harrison, G. A. and Baker, P. T. (1985). Differences in catecholamine excretion rates, blood pressure and lifestyle among young Western Samoan men. Human Biology, 57, 635–47.Google ScholarPubMed

James, G. D., Crews, D. E. and Pearson, J. (1989). Catecholamines and stress. In Human Population Biology, ed. Little, M. A. and Haas, J. D.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

James, G. D., Broege, P. A. and Schlussel, Y. R. (1996). Assessing cardiovascular risk and stress-related blood pressure variability in young women employed in waged jobs. American Journal of Human Biology, 8, 743–9.3.0.CO;2-U>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

James, W. P. T. (2002). Will feeding mothers prevent the Asian metabolic syndrome epidemic?Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11 (Suppl.), S516–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

James, W. P. T. (2005). Assessing obesity: are ethnic differences in body mass index and waist classification criteria justified?Obesity Reviews, 6, 179–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Janes, C. R. (1990). Migration, changing gender roles and stress: the Samoan case. Medical Anthropology, 12, 145–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jasieńska, G. and Ellison, P. T. (1998). Physical work causes suppression of ovarian function in women. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 265, 1847–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jasieńska, G. and Ellison, P. T. (2004). Energetic factors and seasonal changes in ovarian function in women from rural Poland. American Journal of Human Biology, 16, 563–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jasieńska, G. and Thune, I. (2001a). Lifestyle, hormones, and risk of breast cancer. British Medical Journal, 322, 586–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jasieńska, G. and Thune, I. (2001b). Lifestyle, progesterone, and risk of breast cancer – reply. British Medical Journal, 323, 1002.Google Scholar

Jasieńska, G., Thune, I. and Ellison, P. T. (2000). Energetic factors, ovarian steroids and the risk of breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 9, 231–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jasieńska, G., Thune, I. and Ellison, P. T. (2006a). Fatness at birth predicts adult susceptibility to ovarian suppression: an empirical test of the Predictive Adaptive Response hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 103, 12759–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jasieńska, G., Ziomkiewicz, A., Thune, I., Lipson, S. F. and Ellison, P. T. (2006b). Habitual physical activity and estradiol levels in women of reproductive age. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15, 439–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jenike, M. R. (2001). Nutritional ecology: diet, physical activity and body size. In Hunter–Gatherers: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, ed. Panter-Brick, C., Layton, R. H. and Rowley-Conwy, P.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 205–39.Google Scholar

Jenner, D. A., Reynolds, V. and Harrison, G. A. (1980). Catecholamine excretion rates and occupation. Ergonomics, 23, 237–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jenner, D. A., Harrison, G. A. and Prior, I. A. M. (1987). Catecholamine excretion in Tokelauans living in three different environments. Human Biology, 59, 165–72.Google ScholarPubMed

Jin, B., Turner, L., Zhou, Z., Zhou, E. L. and Handelsman, D. J. (1999). Ethnicity and migration as determinants of human prostate size. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84, 3613–19.Google ScholarPubMed

Jonas, B. S., Franks, P. and Ingram, D. D. (1997). Are symptoms of anxiety and depression risk factors for hypertension? Longitudinal evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I: epidemiological follow-up study. Archives of Family Medicine, 6, 43–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Julian, D. G. and Cowan, J. C. (1992). Cardiology. London: Baillière Tindall.Google Scholar

Kaaks, R., Lukanova, A. and Kurzer, M. S. (2002). Obesity, endogenous hormones, and endometrial cancer risk: a synthetic review. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 11, 1531–43.Google ScholarPubMed

Kajantie, E. and Phillips, D. I. W. (2006). The effects of sex and hormonal status on the physiological response to acute psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 151–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kaliora, A. C., Dedoussis, G. V. Z. and Schmidt, H. (2006). Dietary antioxidants in preventing atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis, 187, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kalliomäki, M., Salminen, S., Arvilommi, H., Kero, P., Koskinen, P. and Isolauri, E. (2001). Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 357, 1076–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kannel, W. B. (1987). New perspectives on cardiovascular risk factors. American Heart Journal, 114, 213–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kant, A. K. and Graubard, B. I. (2004). Eating out in America, 1987–2000: trends and nutritional correlates. Preventive Medicine, 38, 243–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 285–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kaufman, J. S. and Hall, S. A. (2003). The slavery hypertension hypothesis: dissemination and appeal of a modern race theory. Epidemiology, 14, 111–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kaur, H., Choi, W. S., Mayo, M. S. and Harris, K. J. (2003). Duration of television watching is associated with increased body mass index. Journal of Pediatrics, 143, 506–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Keighley, E. D., McGarvey, S. T., Quested, C., McCuddin, C., Viali, S. and Maga, U. A. (2007). Nutrition and health in modernizing Samoans: temporal trends and adaptive perspectives. In Health Changes in the Asia-Pacific Region: Biocultural and Epidemiological Approaches, ed. Ohtsuka, R. and Ulijaszek, S. J.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 147–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keil, J. E., Sutherland, S. E., Knapp, R. G. and Tyroler, H. A. (1992). Does equal socioeconomic status in black and white men mean equal risk of mortality?American Journal of Public Health, 82, 1133–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kemp, A. and Kakakios, A. (2004). Asthma prevention: breast is best?Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 40, 337–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kennedy, G. E. (2005). From the ape's dilemma to the weanling's dilemma: early weaning and its evolutionary context. Journal of Human Evolution, 48, 123–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kent, S. (1986). The influence of sedentism and aggregation on porotic hyperostosis and anemia: a case study. Man, 21, 605–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kero, J., Gissler, M., Hemminki, E. and Isolauri, E. (2001). Could T(h)1 and T(h)2 diseases coexist? Evaluation of asthma incidence in children with coeliac disease, type 1 diabetes, or rheumatoid arthritis: a register study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 108, 781–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Key, T. J. A., Chen, J., Wang, D. Y., Pike, M. C. and Boreham, J. (1990). Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain. British Journal of Cancer, 62, 631–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kim, S. Y., Moon, S. and Popkin, B. M. (2000). The nutrition transition in South Korea. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71, 44–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

King, H., Aubert, R. E. and Herman, W. H. (1998). Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025. Diabetes Care, 21, 1414–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kleinman, A. and Good, B. (1985). Introduction: culture and depression. In Culture and Depression: Studies in the Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Psychiatry of Affect and Disorder, ed. Kleinman, A. and Good, B.. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 1–33.Google Scholar

Kleinman, A. M. (1977). Depression, somatization and the “new cross-cultural” psychiatry. Social Science and Medicine, 11, 3–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Klerman, G. L. and Weissman, M. M. (1989). Increasing rates of depression. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 2229–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kliks, M. M. (1983). Paleoparasitology: on the origins and impact of human-helminth relationships. In Human Ecology and Infectious Disease, ed. Croll, N. A. and Cross, J. H.. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Knowler, W. C. (1978). Diabetes incidence and prevalence in Pima Indians: a 19-fold greater incidence than in Rochester, Minnesota. American Journal of Epidemiology, 108, 497–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Knowler, W. C., Pettit, D. J., Savage, P. J., et al. (1983). Diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians: genetic and evolutionary considerations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 62, 107–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kohen-Avramoglu, R., Theriault, A. and Adeli, K. (2003). Emergence of the metabolic syndrome in childhood: an epidemiological overview and mechanistic link to dyslipidemia. Clinical Biochemistry, 36, 413–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kohler, H. P., Billari, F. C. and Ortega, J. A. (2002). The emergence of lowest-low fertility in Europe during the 1990s. Population and Development Review, 28, 641–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Konner, M. and Worthman, C. M. (1980). Nursing frequency, gonadal function, and birth spacing among the!Kung hunter–gatherers. Science, 207, 788–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kraft, P., Pharoah, P., Chanock, S. J.et al. (2005). Genetic variation in the HSD17B1 gene and risk of prostate cancer. PLoS Genetics, 1, e68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kramer, M. S. (1987). Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 65, 663–737.Google ScholarPubMed

Kramer, M. S. and Kakuma, R. (2002). The Optimal Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review. Geneva: World Health Organization.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krämer, U., Heinrich, J., Wjst, M. and Wichmann, H. -E. (1999). Age of entry to day nursery and allergy in later childhood. The Lancet, 352, 450–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krantz, D. S., Contrada, R. J., Hill, R. and Friedler, E. (1988). Environmental stress and biobehavioral antecedents of coronary heart disease. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 333–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Krause, I. -B. (1989). Sinking heart: a Punjabi communication of distress. Social Science and Medicine, 29, 563–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kubzansky, L. D. and Kawachi, I. (2000). Going to the heart of the matter: do negative emotions cause coronary heart disease?Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 48, 323–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kuh, D. and Hardy, R., eds. (2002). A Life Course Approach to Women's Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kuh, D., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Lynch, J., Hallqvist, J. and Power, C. (2003). Life course epidemiology. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57, 778–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed