This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on vascular risk factors for dementia including mixed dementia, as well as risk factors for post-stroke dementia. As most vascular risk factors and disorders are modifiable or treatable, understanding the role of vascular risk factors in dementia may provide a great potential for the prevention and treatment of these dementing disorders. Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Some neuroimaging findings, such as white matter lesions (WMLs), silent stroke, microbleeds, and cerebral atrophy as detected by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are found to be associated with the occurrence of cognitive decline and dementia among older people with stroke. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are among the most relevant modifiable factors that could explain directly or indirectly a considerable proportion of non-familial dementia cases.