Amante, C. and Eakins, B. W.. 2009. ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis. NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5C8276M. www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html (accessed September 17, 2017).Google Scholar

Amato, D., Bishop, J., Glenn, C., Dulai, H., and Smith, C.. 2016. Impact of submarine groundwater discharge on marine water quality and reef biota of Maui. PLoS One 11(11):e0165825.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aon Benfield. 2013. Hurricane Sandy Event Recap Report. London: Aon Benfield.Google Scholar

Blake, E. S., Kimberlain, T. B., Berg, R. J., Cangialosi, J. P., and Beven, J. L.. 2013. Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Sandy (AL182012), National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL.Google Scholar

Blanton, J. O. 1981. Ocean currents along a nearshore frontal zone on the continental shelf of the southeastern United States. J Phys Oceanogr 11(12):1627–1637.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blumberg, A. F. and Mellor, G. L.. 1987. A description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation model. In Heaps, N. S., ed., Three-Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blumberg, A. F., Khan, L. A., and St. John, J. P.. 1999. Three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of New York Harbor Region. J Hydraul Eng 125(8):799–816.Google Scholar

Bornstein, R. D. 1968. Observations of the Urban Heat Island Effect in New York City. J Appl Meteorol 7:575–582.Google Scholar

Bruno, M. S., Boumphrey, R., Lickorish, F., et al. 2015. Foresight Review of Resilience Engineering, Designing for the Expected and Unexpected. Lloyd’s Register Foundation. Report Series: No 2015.2. London.Google Scholar

Clark, R. B. 2001. Marine Pollution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Cox, W. 2017. The 37 Megacities and Largest Cities: Demographia World Urban Areas: 2017. www.newgeography.com (accessed November 18, 2017).Google Scholar

Cushman-Roisin, B. and Beckers, J.-M.. 2011. Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Waltham, MA: Academic Press.Google Scholar

DeGroot, W. 1982. Stormwater Detention Facilities. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers.Google Scholar

Dimou, K., Su, T., Hires, R., and Miskewitz, R.. 2006. Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Newark Bay Estuary. J Hazard Mater 136(1):103–110.Google Scholar

Doocy, S., Daniels, A., Murray, S., and Kirsch, T. D.. 2013. The Human Impact of Floods: A Historical Review of Events 1980–2009 and Systematic Literature Review. PLOS Currents Disasters, 1st edn. doi: 10.1371/currents.dis.f4deb457904936b07c09daa98ee8171a.Google Scholar

Ekman, V. W. 1905. On the influence of the earth’s rotation on ocean currents. Arch Math Astron Phys 2:1–52.Google Scholar

Fischer, H. B. 1972. Mass transport mechanisms in partially stratified estuaries. J Fluid Mech 53(4):671–687.Google Scholar

Fischer, H. B., List, J., Koh, C., Imberger, J., and Brooks, N.. 1979. Mixing in Inland and Coastal Waters. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Flament, P. and Armi, L.. 1985. A series of satellite images showing the development of shear instabilities (cover blurb). Eos Trans AGU 66(27):523.Google Scholar

Georgas, N., Blumberg, A .F., Bruno, M. S., and Runnels, D. S.. 2009. Marine Forecasting for the New York Urban Waters and Harbor Approaches: The Design and Automation of NYHOPS. 3rd International Conference on Experiments/Process/System Modelling/Simulation & Optimization. Vol 1, pp. 345–352.Google Scholar

Gill, S. K. and Schultz, J. R., eds. 2001. Tidal Datums and Their Applications. NOAA Special Publication NOS CO-OPS 1. National Ocean Service, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Service, NOAA. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/tidal_datums_and_their_applications.pdf (accessed November 1, 2017).Google Scholar

Hansen, D. and Rattray, M.. 1966. New dimensions in estuary classification. Limnol Oceanogr 11:319–325.Google Scholar

Holling, C. S. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 4(1):1–23.Google Scholar

Horton, R., Little, C., Gornitz, V., Bader, D., and Oppenheimer, M.. 2015. New York City Panel on Climate Change 2015 Report Chapter 2: sea level rise and coastal storms. Ann NY Acad Sci 1336(2015):36–44.Google Scholar

Hunter, E. J., Chant, R. J., Wilkin, J. L., and Kohut, J.. 2010. High‐frequency forcing and subtidal response of the Hudson River plume. J Geophys Res 115:C07012. doi:10.1029/2009JC005620.Google Scholar

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. In Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., et al., eds., Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/indicators.php (accessed October 28, 2017).Google Scholar

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2013. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. In Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., et al., eds, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kameʻeleihiwa, L. 2016. Oʻahu is Famous as Land Fat with Food because of Ancestral Teaching that Allows Us to Call Out, “Hello, Come and Eat, and Eat What There Is! Chapter in Food and Power in Hawai’i. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.Google Scholar

Keala, G. 2007. A Manual on Hawaiian Fishpond Restoration and Management. Honolulu: College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. 96822. Available at: www.ctahr.hawaii.edu (accessed June 10, 2017).Google Scholar

Lee, Y.-W. and Kim, G.. 2007. Linking groundwater-borne nutrients and dinoflagellate red-tide outbreaks in the Southern Sea of Korea using a Ra tracer. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 71(1–2):309–317.Google Scholar

Lerczak, J. A. and Geyer, W. R.. 2004. Modeling the lateral circulation in straight, stratified estuaries. J Phys Oceanogr 34:1410–1428.Google Scholar

LOICZ (Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone). 2005. Science Plan and Implementation Strategy, report prepared under the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) by Kremer, H. H., Le Tissier, M. D. A., Burbridge, P. R., Rabalais, N. N., Parslow, J., and Crossland, C. J., eds.Google Scholar

Madsen, O. S. and Grant, W. D.. 1976. Sediment Transport in the Coastal Environment. Rep. No. 209. Cambridge, MA: Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar

Markowski, P. and Richardson, Y.. 2010. Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes. Barcelona, Spain: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mellor, G. L. and Yamada, T.. 1982. Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev. Geophys. 20(4):851–875.Google Scholar

Morison, W.S. 1912. U.S. Hydrographic Chart No. 1262. U.S. 62nd Congress, 2nd session Senate Doc. 575, Panama Canal traffic and tolls.Google Scholar

Nelson, C., Donahue, M., Dulaiova, H., et al. 2015. Fluorescent dissolved organic matter as a multivariate biogeochemical tracer of submarine groundwater discharge in coral reef ecosystems. Mar Chem 177(Part 2):232–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

New Hampshire DES. 2018. New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services website. www.des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/coastal/trash/documents/marine_debris.pdf (accessed June 18, 2018).Google Scholar

Nicholls, R.J., Hanson, S., Herweijer, C., et al. 2008. Ranking Port Cities with High Exposure and Vulnerability to Climate Extremes: Exposure Estimates, OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 1. Paris: OECD Publishing.Google Scholar

Nicklow, J. W., Boulos, P. F., and Muleta, M. K.. 2006. Comprehensive Urban Hydrologic Modeling Handbook for Engineers and Planners. Pasadena, CA: MWH Soft, Inc.Google Scholar

Nixon, S. W., Ammerman, J. W., Atkinson, L. P., et al. 1996. The fate of nitrogen and phosphorus at the land-sea margin of the North Atlantic Ocean. Biogeochemistry 35(1):141–180.Google Scholar

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2012. National Ocean Service, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services website. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/ports/ports.html?id=8518750&mode=threedayswl (accessed October 31, 2012).Google Scholar

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2014. National Ocean Service, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services website. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datum_options.html (accessed October 1, 2014).Google Scholar

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2015a. Sea Level Trends. National Ocean Service, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services website. www.tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends.html (accessed November 15, 2015).Google Scholar

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2015b. March 11, 2011 Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Updated March, 2015. http://ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard (accessed August 16, 2017).Google Scholar

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2017a. How frequent are tides? National Ocean Service website. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/tidefrequency.html (accessed November 1, 2017).Google Scholar

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2017b. National Ocean Service, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services website. www.tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/waterlevels.html (accessed January 28, 2017).Google Scholar

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2017c. US Integrated Ocean Observing System website. https://ioos.noaa.gov/about/regional-associations/ (accessed October 23, 2017).Google Scholar

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2018a. National Ocean Service, Coastal Services Center website. https://coast.noaa.gov/data/gallery/ (accessed January 15, 2018).Google Scholar

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2018b. National Ocean Service, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Service website. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datums.html?id=8651370 (accessed June 10, 2018).Google Scholar

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2018c. National Ocean Service website. www.noaa.gov/resource-collections/ocean-pollution (accessed June 18, 2018).Google Scholar

NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2018d. National Ocean Service, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Service website. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/faq2.html#10 (accessed June 10, 2018).Google Scholar

Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wych, K. F., and Pfefferbaum, R. L.. 2008. Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. Am J Community Psychol 41(1–2):127–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ochoa‐Muñoz, M. J., Valenzuela, C. P., Toledo, Si. , Bustos, C. A., and Landaeta, M. F.. 2013. Feeding of larvae of a clinid fish in a southern Chilean estuary. J Marine Biol Oceanogr 48(1):45–57.Google Scholar

Oke, T. R., Mills, G., Christen, A., and Voogt, J. A.. 2017. Urban Climates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Orlanski, I. 1975. A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric processes. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 56(5):527–530.Google Scholar

Pecchioli, J.A., Bruno, M., Chant, R., et al. 2006. The New Jersey Toxics Reduction Workplan for New York–New Jersey Harbor: Study I–E – Hydrodynamic Studies in the Newark Bay Complex. Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Environmental Department.Google Scholar

Pence, A. M., Bruno, M. S., Blumberg, A. F., Dimou, N., and Rankin, K. L.. 2005. Hydrodynamics governing contaminant transport in the Newark Bay Complex. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Remediation of Contaminated Sediments, edited by Price, S. J. and Olfebbuttel, R. F.. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press.Google Scholar

Pritchard, D. W. 1954. A study of the salt balance in a coastal plain estuary. J Mar Res 13:133–144.Google Scholar

Pritchard, D. W. 1955. Estuarine circulation patterns. Proc Am Soc Civil Eng 81:717/1–717/11.Google Scholar

Pritchard, D. W. 1967. What is an estuary: physical viewpoint? In: Lauf, G. H., ed., Estuaries. AAAS Publ. 83. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, pp. 3–5.Google Scholar

Rasian, Y. and Salama, R.. 2015. Development of Nile River Islands between Old Aswan Dam and New Esna Barrages. Water Science 29(1):77–92.Google Scholar

Robine, J.-M., Cheung, S. L. K., Le Roy, S., et al. 2008. Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003. Comptes Rendus Biologies 331(2):171–178. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., et al. 2009. Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecol Soc 14:32.Google Scholar

Seitz, R. C. 1971. Temperature and Salinity Distributions in Vertical Sections along the Longitudinal Axis and across the Entrance of the Chesapeake Bay (April 1968 to March 1969). Graphical Summary Report No. 5, Ref. 71–7. Baltimore: Chesapeake Bay Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, p. 99.Google Scholar

Shields, A. 1936. Application of Similarity Principles and Turbulence Research to Bed-Load Movement. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:HydroLabpub167Google Scholar

Shields, A. F. 1936. Application of Similarity Principles and Turbulence Research to Bed-Load Movement. Mitteilungen der Preussischen Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau und Schiffbau, Vol 26. Berlin, Germany, pp. 5–24.Google Scholar

Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., et al. 2015. Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. Science 347(6223):1259855.Google Scholar

Taleb, N. N. 2010. The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable. New York, NY: Random House Publishing Group.Google Scholar

Talke, S. A., Orton, P., and Jay, D. A.. 2014. Increasing storm tides in New York Harbor. Geophys Res Lett 41:1844–2013.Google Scholar

Torab, M. and Azab, M.. 2006. Modern Shoreline Changes along the Nile Delta Coast as an Impact of Construction of the Aswan High Dam. Philadelphia, PA: World Congress of Soil Science.Google Scholar

Trenberth, K. E. and Fasullo, J. T.. 2013. An apparent hiatus in global warming? Earth’s Future 1(1):19–32.Google Scholar

UNESCO. 2005. An Implementation Strategy for the Coastal Module of the Global Ocean Observing System. GOOS Report No. 148; IOC Information Documents Series No. 1217.Google Scholar

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2015. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/366).Google Scholar

US Army Corps of Engineers. 1948. Cooperative Beach Erosion Study, Atlantic City, New Jersey, December 1, 1948. Philadelphia, PA.Google Scholar

US Army Corps of Engineers. 1984. Shore Protection Manual, Vol. 1. Coastal Engineering Research Center, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MO.Google Scholar

US Army Corps of Engineers. 1989. Water Levels and Wave Heights for Coastal Engineering Design. Engineer Manual 1110–2-1414. Washington, DC.Google Scholar

US Army Corps of Engineers. 1998. Coastal Engineering Manual, Part III. 1110–2–292. Washington, DC.Google Scholar

US Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSOs. Document No. EPA 833‐R‐04‐001. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency.Google Scholar

USGCRP. 2017. Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume 1. Edited by Wuebbles, D. J., Fahey, D. W., Hibbard, K. A., Dokken, D. J., Stewart, B. C., and Maycock, T. K.. Washington, DC: US Global Change Research Program.Google Scholar

USGS. 2017. US Geological Service website. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/browse/ (accessed November 12, 2017).Google Scholar

USGS. 2018. Water Data for USA. https://waterdata.usgs.gov (accessed May 24, 2018).Google Scholar

Waldman, J. 2013. Heartbeats in the Muck. The History, Sea Life, and Environment of New York Harbor. New York, NY: Fordham University Press.Google Scholar

World Meteorological Organization. 2017. www.jcommops.org (accessed September 5, 2017).Google Scholar

Zajic, D., Fernando, H. J. S., Calhoun, R., et al. 2011. Flow and turbulence in an Urban Canyon. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 50:203–223.Google Scholar

Zeisel, W. N. Jr. 1990. Shark!!! and other sports fish once abundant in New York Harbor. Seaport: New York's History Magazine (Winter/Spring).Google Scholar

Zhang, J. and Mandal, A.. 2012. Linkages between submarine groundwater systems and the environment. Curr Opin Environ Sustainability 4(2):219–226.Google Scholar