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8 - Urban ecology and human social organisation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

By
Paige S. Warren ,
Sharon L. Harlan ,
Christopher Boone ,
Susannah B. Lerman ,
Eyal Shochat  and
Ann P. Kinzig
Edited by
Kevin J. Gaston
Kevin J. Gaston
Affiliation:
University of Sheffield
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Summary

Introduction

Consider a tree, growing in a forest. Its fate, in terms of growth rate, longevity and reproduction, is regulated by a suite of biotic and abiotic factors, such as soil moisture, competition with other plants and interactions with natural enemies. Its branches, leaves and roots contribute to nutrient and water cycles. The tree provides habitat for animals – insects, birds, mammals. Understanding these interactions falls squarely in the domain of classical ecology. Now, imagine that the tree and its surrounding forest is part of a city, the trees interspersed with houses, streets, lawns and gardens. Here, the fate of the tree becomes strongly intertwined with the lives and decisions of humans. Its longevity, reproductive rate and contributions to the larger ecosystem are mediated by a complex suite of anthropogenic processes. In this setting, the tree's life cycle may differ from that of all of its ancestors: its ‘birth’ perhaps in a commercial nursery, its dispersal through an economic system of marketing and transportation, its growth determined by local application of fertiliser by a resident or a lawn care firm, its ultimate removal (death/decay) perhaps mediated by city policies on tree hazards, its reproduction quelled entirely. Yet, the tree and its urban forest still contribute to ecosystem processes. It provides habitat for animals, and its leaves, branches and roots still influence the flow of water through the urban ecosystem. Humans, therefore, both consciously and unconsciously sculpt biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in cities (and elsewhere).

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Information
Urban Ecology , pp. 172 - 201
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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