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Chapter 3 - Fakir : How a Word from India Moved Through American Popular Culture for Nearly a Century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 January 2025

Harald Fischer-Tiné
Affiliation:
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich
Nico Slate
Affiliation:
Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania
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Summary

Abstract Through nearly a century of popular usage in America that started just after the Civil War, the term “fakir” acquired numerous successive meanings in the United States as it moved from India to a description of magicians in Orientalist costumes on the vaudeville stage, then a term for ostentatious salesmen on American sidewalks, then to duplicitous con artists and criminals, and finally to the yogis and swamis from India who travelled to the United States and were labelled with the various meanings of the term. More than a simple loanword, the word fakir is one of the earliest, longest-running, and perhaps most influential ways in which American popular culture has engaged with ideas of India, and through a large cache of newspaper and magazine articles, this chapter will trace its history for the first time.

Keywords: fakirs, stage magic, yoga, popular culture

“Fakir— First a magician, then a showman with a worthless exhibit, lastly a cheat. These applications of the term appear to be of American origin…”

—from Our Common Speech by Gilbert M. Tucker (New York, 1895)

Swami Vivekananda's speech at the 1893 World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago is often seen as the formal introduction of Hinduism and yoga to the general American public, and Vivekananda himself is largely depicted as a lone missionary figure. But Vivekananda was surrounded by fakirs in Chicago. As part of the wider Columbian Exhibition world's fair that hosted the Parliament, there were fakirs called “Hindoo Jugglers” who performed feats of magic, and the Midway Plaisance park was described as no less than “the paradise of fakirs… this throbbing picture of oriental life” since it was filled with salesmen. The magazine Puck crudely mocked Vivekananda's representation of Hinduism at the Parliament with a cartoon of a dark-skinned man holding a scroll that read “fakir.” The term followed Vivekananda for years, even after his death. Upon the completion of his first visit to the United States, he was nominally described as “Hindoo religious fakir” and also attacked as one of many “arrant” and “erratic” domestic religious “fakirs” in the United States who taught “all sorts of follies.” In 1902, Vivekananda was crudely eulogized by a Florida newspaper as a “fakir” who had “figured in a clever little hoax upon the American people.”

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Publisher: Amsterdam University Press
Print publication year: 2022

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